COPYRIGHT AND CARTOGRAPHY : history, law, and the circulation of geographical knowledge

This open access book explores the intertwined histories of mapmaking and copyright law in Britain from the early modern period up to World War 1, focusing chiefly on the 18th and 19th centuries. Taking a multidisciplinary approach and making extensive use of the archival record, this is the first detailed, historical account of the relationship between maps and copyright. As such, it examines how the emergence and development of copyright law affected mapmakers and the map trade and how the application of copyright law to the field of mapmaking affected the development of copyright doctrine. Its explorations cast new light on the circulation of geographical knowledge, different cultures of authorship and creativity, and connections between copyright law, print culture, technology, and society. The book will be of interest to legal historians, intellectual property scholars, and historians of the map and print culture, as well as those interested in the history of knowledge and how legal control over data has been exerted over time. It takes the reader back to the earliest attempts to establish who can own and control geographical information and its graphic representation in the form of a map. In so doing, it establishes a long history of tension between the interests of private enterprise, government, and the public. The book s investigations end in the first decades of the 20th century, but the tensions it identifies persist in the 21st century, although today paper maps have been largely replaced by web-based mapping platforms and digital geospatial data. The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the Australian Research Council. Acknowledgements Table of Contents Table of Abbreviations of Archives and Libraries List of Illustrations Table of Cases 1. Introduction I. History, Cartography, and Maps II. What is a Map? III. History, Intellectual Property, and Copyright IV. Copyright, Creativity, Authorship, and Culture V. Copyright and the Circulation of Geographical Knowledge VI. The Making of Maps 2. Early Encounters: Protecting Maps and Atlases 1400–1700 I. Introduction II. Privileges in Continental Europe III. Patents, Licences, and Registration in Britain IV. The Legal and Commercial Strategies of Richard Blome V. John Ogilby: Science, Commerce, and Royal Patronage VI. Camden's Britannia and the First Law Suit VII. Conclusion 3. Enlightenment Mapmaking and Lawmaking Part One: The Legislation I. Introduction II. The Statute of Anne 1710 III. The Engravings Act 1735 IV. The Engravings Act 1767 V. The Engravings Act 1777 VI. Conclusion 4. Enlightenment Mapmaking and Lawmaking Part Two: The Litigation I. Introduction II. Testing the Statute with a Map Game: The Case of Jefferys v Bowles (1770) III. Breaching a Publishing Agreement: The Case of Bowles v Sayer (1780) IV. Improvement and Progress: The Moore Cases (1785–97) V. Thresholds of Protection and Infringement: The Case of Faden v Stockdale (1797) VI. Conclusion 5. Legal Highways and Byways: Road Books in Court I. Introduction II. Starting the Journey: The History of Road Books III. 'You Take the High Road': Taylor and Skinner and the Roads of Scotland IV. The Legal Travails of Paterson's Roads V. John Cary and the Post Office VI. Road Book to Guidebook VII. Conclusion 6. Public Surveys, National Maps: The Rise of the Ordnance Survey I. Introduction II. The Ordnance Survey Emerges: The Period to 1816 III. Surveys, Scales, and Sales: From 1816 to 1870 IV. ‘The most perfect maps in the world’: 1870 to 1901 V. Conclusion 7. Shipwrecks and Copyrights: Hydrographic Information and the UK Hydrographic Office I. Introduction II. The Establishment of the Hydrographic Office: Information and Honour, 1795–1808 III. From Supplying to Selling Charts: 1808–1850 IV. Commerce, Competition, Monopolies, and the Merchant Marine: 1850–1900 V. Conclusion 8. ‘A Painted Assemblage of Facts’: Private Mapmaking in the Nineteenth Century I. Introduction II. The Cartographic Ideal, Labour, and Copying III. Commodities, Markets, and Formats IV. Owners, Makers, and the Scientific Author V. Literary or Artistic? Copyright and Categorisation VI. Conclusion 9. The Twentieth Century: For Crown and Country I. Introduction II. The Hydrographic Office Sails into a New Century III. The Ordnance Survey Considers Legal Action IV. Statutory Crown Copyright V. Implementing the Act: Regulations and Litigation VI. Inculcating the 'Map Habit' VII. Conclusion 10. Conclusion I. An Intimate Insight: The Case of Laurie v Newnes (1899) II. Re-surveying Copyright and Cartography Bibliography Index