Cooperation and Deception: From Evolution to Mechanisms (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society series B)

Nature is full of struggle, as predicted by the theory of evolution through natural selection, yet there are also paramount examples where individuals help each other. These instances of helping have been difficult to reconcile with Darwin's theory because it is not always obvious how individuals are working for their own direct benefit. Consequently, initial publications that offered solutions to subsets of the observed cases of helping, such as kin selection or reciprocity, are among the most influential and most cited papers in evolution/behavioural ecology. During the last few years, a wave of new studies and concepts has considerably advanced our understanding of the conditions under which individuals are selected to help others. On the empirical side, advances are due to stronger incorporation of the natural history of each study species and an emphasis on proximate questions regarding decision-making processes. In parallel, theorists have provided more realistic models together with an increased exploration of the importance of life history and ecology in understanding cooperation. The ideas presented by the authors of this volume represent, in many ways, the revolutionary new approach to studying behaviour which is currently underway. Contents......Page 3 Cooperation and deception: from evolution to mechanisms......Page 4 Integrating new disciplines into the study of cooperation......Page 6 Linking cooperation, cheating and deception to the evolution of cognitive abilities, and implications for the ‘uniqueness’ of human cooperation......Page 7 REFERENCES......Page 8 Introduction......Page 10 Selection strength and gene action......Page 11 Selection gradient in a panmictic population......Page 12 Inclusive fitness effect......Page 13 Factors promoting and inhibiting selection on helping......Page 14 Regulation before dispersal......Page 15 Variance in vital rates......Page 16 Social structure......Page 17 Environmental stochasticity......Page 18 Demographic stochasticity......Page 19 Empirical tests and the conundrum of localized dispersal......Page 20 Relatedness relative to the global scale......Page 21 Relatedness relative to the competitive neighbourhood......Page 22 Three types of quantitative outcomes......Page 23 Measuring relatedness......Page 24 Example: cooperative cleaners......Page 25 References......Page 26 Introduction......Page 29 The relevance of the market idea......Page 30 By-product mutualism, pseudo-reciprocity and defences against exploitation......Page 31 Common interest......Page 32 Conclusion......Page 33 REFERENCES......Page 34 Introduction......Page 37 Beyond sub-game perfection......Page 38 Partner quality variation......Page 39 Reputation and social sensitivity......Page 40 Discussion......Page 41 REFERENCES......Page 42 Introduction......Page 44 Terms......Page 45 Functional second-party punishment......Page 46 Functional altruistic and third-party punishment......Page 48 Psychological punishment......Page 49 Functional spite......Page 50 Psychological spite: negative social preferences......Page 52 Hyper-competition: the adaptive value of functional and psychological spite......Page 53 I would like to thank Sarah Brosnan, Redouan Bshary, Stuart West and one anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments.......Page 54 REFERENCES......Page 55 Introduction......Page 60 The data and our approach......Page 62 Results......Page 63 Summary and concluding remarks......Page 67 REFERENCES......Page 68 Introduction......Page 71 Reciprocal behaviour......Page 72 Reciprocity in humans......Page 74 Mutual cooperation......Page 75 Social dilemmas......Page 76 Proximate mechanisms underlying mutual cooperation......Page 77 Conclusions......Page 78 REFERENCES......Page 79 Introduction......Page 83 Communication networks: general overview......Page 84 The core concept: signallers can double their benefits......Page 85 Tit-for-tat and image scoring in a network......Page 88 Conflict and courtship in a network......Page 89 Conditional and condition-dependent strategies......Page 90 Caveats and considerations......Page 91 REFERENCES......Page 92 Introduction......Page 95 The definition of cooperation, cooperative behaviour and by-product mutualism......Page 96 By-product mutualism and the snowdrift game......Page 97 Reciprocity......Page 98 Reciprocity and cognition......Page 99 Background......Page 100 Pseudo-reciprocity......Page 101 Cooperation, competition and dolphin social intelligence......Page 102 REFERENCES......Page 103 Introduction......Page 106 Information and memory......Page 107 Strategic social behaviour and cognition......Page 108 Partner mobility......Page 109 Conditioning and temporal delays......Page 110 Cooperation and the problem of investments......Page 111 Planning for the future......Page 112 Conclusions......Page 113 REFERENCES......Page 114 Introduction......Page 118 Learning the need for a partner......Page 119 Contingent reciprocity......Page 120 Observational data......Page 122 Experimental approaches......Page 123 Inequity aversion and tolerance......Page 124 REFERENCES......Page 126 Introduction......Page 130 The natural history of cooperation......Page 131 Psychological rules underlying prosociality......Page 132 Identifying psychological rules......Page 133 Need......Page 134 Proactive prosociality......Page 135 Methodological issues......Page 136 Reconstructing the evolution of human prosociality......Page 137 REFERENCES......Page 138 The challenge of cooperation: a brief introduction to its main ideas......Page 143 How do hormones affect the expression of behaviour?......Page 144 Chemical neuromodulation: neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones and hormones......Page 145 The social brain......Page 146 Hormones and the cognitive modules underlying cooperative behaviour......Page 147 Hormones and prosocial behaviour......Page 148 Hormones and social bonding......Page 149 Hormones, memory and social learning......Page 150 Activational effects of hormones to prepare individuals for life-history stages......Page 151 Hormonal effects that explain differences between species......Page 152 REFERENCES......Page 153 Introduction......Page 157 Evolution of cooperative personality......Page 158 Commitment......Page 160 Pleiotropic effects and spill over......Page 161 Cooperation owing to extrinsically caused variation......Page 162 Social networks and social hierarchies......Page 163 Modelling the evolution of cooperative personality......Page 164 Conclusions and future directions......Page 165 REFERENCES......Page 166