Convict Labor in the Portuguese Empire, 1740-1932: Redefining the Empire With Forced Labor and New Imperialism (European Expansion and Indigenous Response, 13)

Forced convict labor provided the Portuguese with solutions to the growing criminal population at home and the lack of infrastructure in Angola and Mozambique. In Convict Labor in the Portuguese Empire, Timothy J. Coates examines the role of large numbers of convicts in Portuguese Africa from 1800 until 1932. This work examines the numbers, rationale, and realities of convict labor (largely) in Angola during this period, but Mozambique is a secondary area, as well as late colonial times in Brazil. This is a unique, first study of an experiment in convict labor in Africa directed by a European power; it will be welcomed by scholars of Africa and New Imperialism, as well as those interested in law and labor. Book jacket Contents 8 General Editor’s Preface 12 List of Maps, Plates, Illustrations, Charts, and Tables 16 Acknowledgements 18 Abbreviations and Glossary of Foreign Terms 20 Major Personalities 22 Introduction 28 1. Objectives 28 2. Secondary Literature 29 3. Related Aspects 30 4. Exile as Punishment 31 5. A Problem of Sources 33 6. Archival Materials 35 7. Fundamentals 35 Chapter One The Global Portuguese Penal System to circa 1830 38 1.1 Introduction and Conclusion 38 1.2 The Portuguese Use of Exile as Punishment 38 1.3 Jails 43 1.4 The Azores and Madeira 45 1.5 Public Works 46 Chapter Two Setting the Stage for Africa 48 2.1 Introduction and Conclusion 48 2.2 Brazil in Late Colonial Times 48 2.3 Penal Reform in Portugal 53 2.4 The Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa (SGL) 58 2.5 Islands in a Portuguese Sea 60 Chapter Three Colonial Realities in an Empire without Brazil 64 3.1 Introduction and Conclusion 64 3.2 Nineteenth Century Angola 69 3.3 Earlier Efforts: Penal Colonies 75 3.4 A Few Words About the Parallel Prison in Mozambique 77 3.5 The Depósito Geral de Degredados in Luanda 82 3.6 Organization and Administration 84 3.7 Discipline and Punishment 89 3.8 A Question of Numbers: Angola and Mozambique 92 Chapter Four Crimes, Punishments, Ages, and Origins of Convicts 96 4.1 Introduction and Conclusion 96 4.2 Ages and Origins of Prisoners 96 4.3 Crimes and Punishments 100 4.4 Petty Recidivists (Addidos) 102 4.5 Political Prisoners (Deportados) 102 4.6 Vagrants (Vadios) 104 4.7 Military Deportees 106 4.8 Health 107 4.9 Diet 111 4.10 Uniforms 115 Chapter Five Work and Freedom 118 5.1 Introduction and Conclusion 118 5.2 Rehabilitation through Work 119 5.3 What Did They Do in the Colony? 119 5.4 Salaries and Deductions 129 5.5 Exiting the Depósito 133 5.6 The End of the Luanda Prison 142 Chapter Six Comparisons and Conclusions 146 6.1 Introduction 146 6.2 The British 146 6.3 The French 148 6.4 The Spanish 149 6.5 Secondary Punishment 150 6.6 Major Differences 151 6.7 Were the Depósitos Successes or Failures? 152 6.8 The End of Degredo as Punishment 156 6.9 A Question of Overall Numbers 157 6.10 Lingering Questions and Concluding Remarks 159 Appendices 162 Appendix One 162 Appendix Two 167 Appendix Three 171 Appendix Four 176 Appendix Five 179 Appendix Six 197 Appendix Seven 213 Bibliography 216 Index 230 Forced convict labor provided the Portuguese with solutions to the growing criminal population at home and the lack of infrastructure in Angola and Mozambique. In Convict Labor in the Portuguese Empire, Timothy J. Coates examines the role of large numbers of convicts in Portuguese Africa from 1800 until 1932. This work examines the numbers, rationale, and realities of convict labor (largely) in Angola during this period, but Mozambique is a secondary area, as well as late colonial times in Brazil. This is a unique, first study of an experiment in convict labor in Africa directed by a European power; it will be welcomed by scholars of Africa and New Imperialism, as well as those interested in law and labor.--Publisher In Convict Labor in the Portuguese Empire, Timothy J. Coates examines the numbers, rationale, and realities of convict labor (largely) in Angola from 1800 to 1932. Mozambique is a secondary area as well as late colonial times in Brazil