Contending Voices: Biographical Explorations of the American Past, Volume I: To 1877

Each chapter in CONTENDING VOICES examines the lives of two individuals, some of them familiar historical figures and some of them lesser known, who took opposing positions on important issues in American history. The "paired biographies" in the text are followed by a set of four to six related primary sources, many in the individuals' own voices; a "Questions to Consider" section; and an annotated bibliography. This unique format promotes critical thinking and engages students in historical debates. Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 PREFACE......Page 11 1 The Cross and the Sword in Spain’s New World: Bartolomé de Las Casas and Hernán Cortés......Page 15 “THE INDIANS HAVE SLAIN LAS CASAS!”......Page 16 “A VAST MULTITUDE OF CORPSES”......Page 20 A “TYRANNICAL PESTILENCE”......Page 23 SOURCE 1: Cortés Describes the Aztecs (1519, 1520)......Page 25 SOURCE 2: An Aztec View of the Temple Massacre (ca. 1550)......Page 27 SOURCE 3: Cortés Defends Encomiendas (1522)......Page 28 SOURCE 4: Las Casas Attacks Conversion by Conquest (1537)......Page 29 SOURCE 5: Las Casas Attacks Encomiendas (1542)......Page 30 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 31 2 Revolt on the Virginia Frontier: Nathaniel Bacon and William Berkeley......Page 32 “AMBITIOUS AND ARROGANT”......Page 33 “A SAD DILEMMA”......Page 35 “SO GLORIOUS A CAUSE”......Page 38 “THAT NAKED COUNTRY”......Page 40 SOURCE 1: Frontier Planters Appeal to Governor William Berkeley (Spring 1676)......Page 42 SOURCE 2: William Berkeley, “Declaration and Remonstrance” (May 1676)......Page 43 SOURCE 4: Bacon’s Manifesto (July 1676)......Page 44 SOURCE 5: Grievances Submitted to the King’s Commissioners (1677)......Page 45 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 46 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 47 3 Enthusiasm, Authority, and the Great Awakening: James Davenport and Charles Chauncy......Page 48 “OUR RELIGION RUNS LOW”......Page 49 “THE DEVIL INCARNATE”......Page 52 “FREAKS OF MADNESS”......Page 54 “STRUTT ABOUT BARE-ARSED”......Page 56 THE REVOLUTION’S “ILLUSTRIOUS AGENT”......Page 57 SOURCE 1: “A Song of Praise” (1742)......Page 58 SOURCE 2: Charles Chauncy, Enthusiasm Described and Caution’d Against (1742)......Page 59 SOURCE 3: “A Report on Religious Excess at New London” (1743)......Page 61 SOURCE 4: James Davenport, Confession and Retractions (1744)......Page 62 SOURCE 5: Charles Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New-England (1743)......Page 63 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 64 4 The Price of Patriotism: Jonathan Sewall and John Adams......Page 65 “A BRILLIANT IMAGINATION”......Page 66 “JUST GETTING UNDER SAIL”......Page 67 “RENDERED HIMSELF QUITE SUBSERVIENT”......Page 69 “ATLAS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE”......Page 71 “UNGRATEFUL SONS OF BITCHES”......Page 72 “AS ARDENT AN AMERICAN ... AS I”......Page 74 SOURCE 1: “Instructions of the Town of Braintree to the Representative” (1765)......Page 75 SOURCE 2: Jonathan Sewall Offers a Defense of British Authority (1771)......Page 76 SOURCE 3: Jonathan Sewall on the Revolutionary Threat (1775)......Page 77 SOURCE 4: John Adams, “Novanglus” (1775)......Page 78 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 79 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 80 5 The Conflict over the Constitution: Patrick Henry and James Madison......Page 81 “I SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THOUSANDS”......Page 82 “TO CONTROL THE GOVERNED”......Page 85 “OVERPOWERED IN A GOOD CAUSE”......Page 87 SOURCE 1: Mercy Otis Warren, “Observations on the New Constitution” (1788)......Page 90 SOURCE 2: James Madison, “The Federalist No. 10” (1788)......Page 91 SOURCE 3: Patrick Henry, Speech to the Virginia Convention ( June 4, 1788)......Page 92 SOURCE 4: Patrick Henry, Speech to the Virginia Convention ( June 5, 1788)......Page 93 SOURCE 5: James Madison, “The Federalist No. 39” (1788)......Page 94 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 96 6 Political Conflict in the Early Republic: Benjamin Franklin Bache and Alexander Hamilton......Page 97 “I RISE TO BE USEFUL”......Page 98 “BASTARD BRAT”......Page 100 “SHAMELESS FALSEHOODS”......Page 104 SOURCE 1: Alexander Hamilton, “To the People of the United States” (1794)......Page 107 SOURCE 2: Benjamin Bache on Hamilton and the Whiskey Rebellion (1794)......Page 109 SOURCE 3: Alexander Hamilton, “The French Revolution” (1794)......Page 110 SOURCE 4: Resolutions of the Pennsylvania Democratic Society (1794)......Page 111 SOURCE 5: Hamilton Defends Jay’s Treaty (1795)......Page 112 SOURCE 6: Benjamin Bache Assaults Jay’s Treaty (1795......Page 114 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 115 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 116 7 Resistance and Western Expansion: Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison......Page 117 “PANTHER PASSING ACROSS”......Page 118 “A MOST DESIRABLE OBJECT”......Page 120 “THE OPEN DOOR”......Page 121 SOURCE 1: Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Henry Harrison(1803)......Page 125 SOURCE 2: William Henry Harrison, Letter to William Eustis, Secretary of War (1809)......Page 126 SOURCE 4: Tecumseh, Speech to Harrison at Vincennes (1810)......Page 127 SOURCE 5: Tecumseh, “Sleep Not Longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws” (1811)......Page 128 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 129 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 130 8 The Fruits of the Factory System: Sarah Bagley and Nathan Appleton......Page 131 “LIKE THE SETTING AT AN OPERA”......Page 132 “DOOMED TO ETERNAL SLAVERY”......Page 136 “HIGH PRICED, ... INTELLIGENT LABOR”......Page 139 “FOR THE HAPPINESS OF OUR COUNTRY”......Page 141 SOURCE 1: Nathan Appleton, “The Introduction of the Power Loom, and Origin of Lowell” (1858)......Page 142 SOURCE 2: Regulations of the Appleton Company (1833)......Page 143 SOURCE 3: Sarah Bagley, “The Pleasures of Factory Life” (1840)......Page 144 SOURCE 5: Nathan Appleton, “Labor, Its Relations, in Europe and the United States, Compared” (1844......Page 145 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 146 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 147 9 Politics, Morality, and Race in the Abolitionist Crusade: William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass......Page 148 “I WILL BE HEARD”......Page 149 “ I BECAME MY OWN MASTER”......Page 153 “AN AGREEMENT WITH HELL”......Page 156 “THIS FOURTH [OF] JULY IS YOURS, NOT MINE”......Page 158 SOURCE 1: Detail of Liberator Masthead (1831)......Page 159 SOURCE 2: Garrison Announces His New Reform Policy (1837)......Page 160 SOURCE 3: Douglass Recounts His Life as a Slave (1845)......Page 161 SOURCE 4: Garrison Announces “No Union with Slaveholders” (1844)......Page 162 SOURCE 5: Frederick Douglass Responds to William Lloyd Garrison (1853)......Page 163 SOURCE 6: Frederick Douglass, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro” (1852)......Page 164 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 165 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 166 10 The Feminine Sphere in Antebellum Society: Catharine Beecher and Elizabeth Cady Stanton......Page 167 “THE SUBORDINATE STATION”......Page 169 “ABSOLUTE TYRANNY OVER HER”......Page 172 “YOU CAN DO EVERY ONE OF YOUR DUTIES”......Page 177 SOURCE 1: “Differences Between the Sexes” (1835)......Page 179 SOURCE 2: Catharine Beecher on Women’s Proper Place (1837)......Page 180 SOURCE 3: Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841)......Page 182 SOURCE 4: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Addresses the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)......Page 183 SOURCE 5: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Answers the Critics of Woman’s Rights (1848)......Page 184 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 185 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 186 11 Manifest Destiny and Conquest: Thomas Larkin and Juan Bautista Alvarado......Page 187 “VIVA LA LIBERTAD!”......Page 189 “WE MUST HAVE IT, OTHERS MUST NOT”......Page 191 “HALCYON DAYS THEY WERE”......Page 195 SOURCE 1: Richard Henry Dana Assesses the Californios (1840)......Page 197 SOURCE 2: Thomas Larkin on the Situation in California (1845)......Page 198 SOURCE 3: Juan Bautista Alvarado on the Conquest of California (1876)......Page 199 SOURCE 4: Vigilante Justice in Los Angeles (1857)......Page 200 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 201 12 The South and the Slavery Debate: Hinton Rowan Helper and George Fitzhugh......Page 203 “THE FREEST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD”......Page 204 “SUNK ... IN GALLING POVERTY AND IGNORANCE”......Page 207 “PURPOSELY KEPT ... IN IGNORANCE”......Page 210 SOURCE 1: George Fitzhugh, Slavery Justified (1850)......Page 212 SOURCE 2: George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! (1857)......Page 213 SOURCE 3: Hinton Rowan Helper on Chinese Immigrants (1855)......Page 215 SOURCE 4: Hinton Rowan Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South (1857)......Page 216 SOURCE 5: Emily Burke, Reminiscences of Georgia (1850)......Page 217 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 219 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 220 13 Yankees and “Border Ruffians” in “Bleeding Kansas”: Sara Robinson and David Atchison......Page 221 “COMPELLED TO SHOOT, BURN & HANG”......Page 223 “HOMESTEAD OF THE FREE!”......Page 225 “WHITE SLAVES”......Page 228 “BLOW THEM TO HELL WITH A CHUNK OF COLD LEAD”......Page 230 SOURCE 1: John C. Calhoun, “Address to the People of the Southern States” (1849)......Page 232 SOURCE 2: Report of the Committee to Investigate the Troubles in Kansas (1856)......Page 233 SOURCE 3: Sara Robinson on “Bleeding Kansas” (1856)......Page 234 SOURCE 4: Sara Robinson on the “Sack” of Lawrence (1856)......Page 235 SOURCE 5: David Atchison on the “Abolitionist” Threat (1856)......Page 236 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 237 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 238 14 Mr. Lincoln’s War: Clement Vallandigham and Benjamin Wade......Page 239 “VALIANT VAL”......Page 240 “BLUFF BEN”......Page 243 “EXACT AND EQUAL JUSTICE”......Page 246 SOURCE 1: Benjamin Wade Assaults a Southern Colleague (1854)......Page 249 SOURCE 2: Abraham Lincoln, Letter to Horace Greeley (1862)......Page 250 SOURCE 3: Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis, The Wade-Davis Manifesto (1864)......Page 251 SOURCE 4: Clement Vallandigham, “The Great Civil War in America” (1863)......Page 252 SOURCE 5: Clement Vallandigham Attacks Benjamin Wade (1862)......Page 253 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 254 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 255 15 Race and Redemption in the Reconstructed South: Robert Smalls and Wade Hampton......Page 256 “THE SMARTEST CULLUD MAN”......Page 257 “A HORDE OF BARBARIANS”......Page 259 “MASSACRED IN COLD BLOOD”......Page 263 “NOTHING MORE TO DO WITH HIM”......Page 266 SOURCE 1: Zion Presbyterian Church, “Memorial to the Senate and House of Representatives” (1865)......Page 268 SOURCE 2: Wade Hampton Protests to the President (1866)......Page 269 SOURCE 3: A Northerner Assesses Southern Attitudes (1866)......Page 271 SOURCE 4: Wade Hampton Testifies before a Congressional Committee (1871)......Page 273 SOURCE 5: Representative Robert Smalls Protests the Withdrawal of Federal Troops (1876)......Page 277 SOURCE 6: Instructions to Red Shirts (1876)......Page 279 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER......Page 280 FOR FURTHER READING......Page 281 Cover Page 1 Title Page 2 Copyright Page 4 Contents 5 PREFACE 11 1 The Cross and the Sword in Spain’s New World: Bartolomé de Las Casas and Hernán Cortés 15 “THE INDIANS HAVE SLAIN LAS CASAS!” 16 “A VAST MULTITUDE OF CORPSES” 20 A “TYRANNICAL PESTILENCE” 23 SOURCE 1: Cortés Describes the Aztecs (1519, 1520) 25 SOURCE 2: An Aztec View of the Temple Massacre (ca. 1550) 27 SOURCE 3: Cortés Defends Encomiendas (1522) 28 SOURCE 4: Las Casas Attacks Conversion by Conquest (1537) 29 SOURCE 5: Las Casas Attacks Encomiendas (1542) 30 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 31 FOR FURTHER READING 31 2 Revolt on the Virginia Frontier: Nathaniel Bacon and William Berkeley 32 “AMBITIOUS AND ARROGANT” 33 “A SAD DILEMMA” 35 “SO GLORIOUS A CAUSE” 38 “THAT NAKED COUNTRY” 40 SOURCE 1: Frontier Planters Appeal to Governor William Berkeley (Spring 1676) 42 SOURCE 2: William Berkeley, “Declaration and Remonstrance” (May 1676) 43 SOURCE 3: A Summary of the June Assembly’s Laws (1676) 44 SOURCE 4: Bacon’s Manifesto (July 1676) 44 SOURCE 5: Grievances Submitted to the King’s Commissioners (1677) 45 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 46 FOR FURTHER READING 47 3 Enthusiasm, Authority, and the Great Awakening: James Davenport and Charles Chauncy 48 “OUR RELIGION RUNS LOW” 49 “THE DEVIL INCARNATE” 52 “FREAKS OF MADNESS” 54 “STRUTT ABOUT BARE-ARSED” 56 THE REVOLUTION’S “ILLUSTRIOUS AGENT” 57 SOURCE 1: “A Song of Praise” (1742) 58 SOURCE 2: Charles Chauncy, Enthusiasm Described and Caution’d Against (1742) 59 SOURCE 3: “A Report on Religious Excess at New London” (1743) 61 SOURCE 4: James Davenport, Confession and Retractions (1744) 62 SOURCE 5: Charles Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New-England (1743) 63 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 64 FOR FURTHER READING 64 4 The Price of Patriotism: Jonathan Sewall and John Adams 65 “A BRILLIANT IMAGINATION” 66 “JUST GETTING UNDER SAIL” 67 “RENDERED HIMSELF QUITE SUBSERVIENT” 69 “ATLAS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE” 71 “UNGRATEFUL SONS OF BITCHES” 72 “AS ARDENT AN AMERICAN ... AS I” 74 SOURCE 1: “Instructions of the Town of Braintree to the Representative” (1765) 75 SOURCE 2: Jonathan Sewall Offers a Defense of British Authority (1771) 76 SOURCE 3: Jonathan Sewall on the Revolutionary Threat (1775) 77 SOURCE 4: John Adams, “Novanglus” (1775) 78 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 79 FOR FURTHER READING 80 5 The Conflict over the Constitution: Patrick Henry and James Madison 81 “I SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THOUSANDS” 82 “TO CONTROL THE GOVERNED” 85 “OVERPOWERED IN A GOOD CAUSE” 87 SOURCE 1: Mercy Otis Warren, “Observations on the New Constitution” (1788) 90 SOURCE 2: James Madison, “The Federalist No. 10” (1788) 91 SOURCE 3: Patrick Henry, Speech to the Virginia Convention ( June 4, 1788) 92 SOURCE 4: Patrick Henry, Speech to the Virginia Convention ( June 5, 1788) 93 SOURCE 5: James Madison, “The Federalist No. 39” (1788) 94 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 96 FOR FURTHER READING 96 6 Political Conflict in the Early Republic: Benjamin Franklin Bache and Alexander Hamilton 97 “I RISE TO BE USEFUL” 98 “BASTARD BRAT” 100 “SHAMELESS FALSEHOODS” 104 SOURCE 1: Alexander Hamilton, “To the People of the United States” (1794) 107 SOURCE 2: Benjamin Bache on Hamilton and the Whiskey Rebellion (1794) 109 SOURCE 3: Alexander Hamilton, “The French Revolution” (1794) 110 SOURCE 4: Resolutions of the Pennsylvania Democratic Society (1794) 111 SOURCE 5: Hamilton Defends Jay’s Treaty (1795) 112 SOURCE 6: Benjamin Bache Assaults Jay’s Treaty (1795 114 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 115 FOR FURTHER READING 116 7 Resistance and Western Expansion: Tecumseh and William Henry Harrison 117 “PANTHER PASSING ACROSS” 118 “A MOST DESIRABLE OBJECT” 120 “THE OPEN DOOR” 121 SOURCE 1: Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Henry Harrison(1803) 125 SOURCE 2: William Henry Harrison, Letter to William Eustis, Secretary of War (1809) 126 SOURCE 3: William Henry Harrison, A Discourse on the Aborigines of the Ohio Valley (1839) 127 SOURCE 4: Tecumseh, Speech to Harrison at Vincennes (1810) 127 SOURCE 5: Tecumseh, “Sleep Not Longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws” (1811) 128 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 129 FOR FURTHER READING 130 8 The Fruits of the Factory System: Sarah Bagley and Nathan Appleton 131 “LIKE THE SETTING AT AN OPERA” 132 “DOOMED TO ETERNAL SLAVERY” 136 “HIGH PRICED, ... INTELLIGENT LABOR” 139 “FOR THE HAPPINESS OF OUR COUNTRY” 141 SOURCE 1: Nathan Appleton, “The Introduction of the Power Loom, and Origin of Lowell” (1858) 142 SOURCE 2: Regulations of the Appleton Company (1833) 143 SOURCE 3: Sarah Bagley, “The Pleasures of Factory Life” (1840) 144 SOURCE 4: Sarah Bagley, “Voluntary?” (1845) 145 SOURCE 5: Nathan Appleton, “Labor, Its Relations, in Europe and the United States, Compared” (1844 145 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 146 FOR FURTHER READING 147 9 Politics, Morality, and Race in the Abolitionist Crusade: William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass 148 “I WILL BE HEARD” 149 “ I BECAME MY OWN MASTER” 153 “AN AGREEMENT WITH HELL” 156 “THIS FOURTH [OF] JULY IS YOURS, NOT MINE” 158 SOURCE 1: Detail of Liberator Masthead (1831) 159 SOURCE 2: Garrison Announces His New Reform Policy (1837) 160 SOURCE 3: Douglass Recounts His Life as a Slave (1845) 161 SOURCE 4: Garrison Announces “No Union with Slaveholders” (1844) 162 SOURCE 5: Frederick Douglass Responds to William Lloyd Garrison (1853) 163 SOURCE 6: Frederick Douglass, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro” (1852) 164 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 165 FOR FURTHER READING 166 10 The Feminine Sphere in Antebellum Society: Catharine Beecher and Elizabeth Cady Stanton 167 “THE SUBORDINATE STATION” 169 “ABSOLUTE TYRANNY OVER HER” 172 “YOU CAN DO EVERY ONE OF YOUR DUTIES” 177 SOURCE 1: “Differences Between the Sexes” (1835) 179 SOURCE 2: Catharine Beecher on Women’s Proper Place (1837) 180 SOURCE 3: Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841) 182 SOURCE 4: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Addresses the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 183 SOURCE 5: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Answers the Critics of Woman’s Rights (1848) 184 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 185 FOR FURTHER READING 186 11 Manifest Destiny and Conquest: Thomas Larkin and Juan Bautista Alvarado 187 “VIVA LA LIBERTAD!” 189 “WE MUST HAVE IT, OTHERS MUST NOT” 191 “HALCYON DAYS THEY WERE” 195 SOURCE 1: Richard Henry Dana Assesses the Californios (1840) 197 SOURCE 2: Thomas Larkin on the Situation in California (1845) 198 SOURCE 3: Juan Bautista Alvarado on the Conquest of California (1876) 199 SOURCE 4: Vigilante Justice in Los Angeles (1857) 200 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 201 FOR FURTHER READING 201 12 The South and the Slavery Debate: Hinton Rowan Helper and George Fitzhugh 203 “THE FREEST PEOPLE IN THE WORLD” 204 “SUNK ... IN GALLING POVERTY AND IGNORANCE” 207 “PURPOSELY KEPT ... IN IGNORANCE” 210 SOURCE 1: George Fitzhugh, Slavery Justified (1850) 212 SOURCE 2: George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! (1857) 213 SOURCE 3: Hinton Rowan Helper on Chinese Immigrants (1855) 215 SOURCE 4: Hinton Rowan Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South (1857) 216 SOURCE 5: Emily Burke, Reminiscences of Georgia (1850) 217 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 219 FOR FURTHER READING 220 13 Yankees and “Border Ruffians” in “Bleeding Kansas”: Sara Robinson and David Atchison 221 “COMPELLED TO SHOOT, BURN & HANG” 223 “HOMESTEAD OF THE FREE!” 225 “WHITE SLAVES” 228 “BLOW THEM TO HELL WITH A CHUNK OF COLD LEAD” 230 SOURCE 1: John C. Calhoun, “Address to the People of the Southern States” (1849) 232 SOURCE 2: Report of the Committee to Investigate the Troubles in Kansas (1856) 233 SOURCE 3: Sara Robinson on “Bleeding Kansas” (1856) 234 SOURCE 4: Sara Robinson on the “Sack” of Lawrence (1856) 235 SOURCE 5: David Atchison on the “Abolitionist” Threat (1856) 236 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 237 FOR FURTHER READING 238 14 Mr. Lincoln’s War: Clement Vallandigham and Benjamin Wade 239 “VALIANT VAL” 240 “BLUFF BEN” 243 “EXACT AND EQUAL JUSTICE” 246 SOURCE 1: Benjamin Wade Assaults a Southern Colleague (1854) 249 SOURCE 2: Abraham Lincoln, Letter to Horace Greeley (1862) 250 SOURCE 3: Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis, The Wade-Davis Manifesto (1864) 251 SOURCE 4: Clement Vallandigham, “The Great Civil War in America” (1863) 252 SOURCE 5: Clement Vallandigham Attacks Benjamin Wade (1862) 253 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 254 FOR FURTHER READING 255 15 Race and Redemption in the Reconstructed South: Robert Smalls and Wade Hampton 256 “THE SMARTEST CULLUD MAN” 257 “A HORDE OF BARBARIANS” 259 “MASSACRED IN COLD BLOOD” 263 “NOTHING MORE TO DO WITH HIM” 266 SOURCE 1: Zion Presbyterian Church, “Memorial to the Senate and House of Representatives” (1865) 268 SOURCE 2: Wade Hampton Protests to the President (1866) 269 SOURCE 3: A Northerner Assesses Southern Attitudes (1866) 271 SOURCE 4: Wade Hampton Testifies before a Congressional Committee (1871) 273 SOURCE 5: Representative Robert Smalls Protests the Withdrawal of Federal Troops (1876) 277 SOURCE 6: Instructions to Red Shirts (1876) 279 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 280 FOR FURTHER READING 281