Contemporary Physics: Proceedings of the International Symposium, National Centre for Physics Islamabad, Pakistan 26 - 30 March 2007

La 4e de couverture indique : "This proceedings volume reviews the current status of research in major frontline areas of physics. With contributions from leading physicists, the areas of research covered in the various papers include condensed matter physics, particle physics, quantum optics, quantum computing and laser physics, nanosciences, synchrotron radiation, relativity, astrophysics and cosmology, and plasma physics." Contents 10 Section I: Synchroton Radiation and Applications 12 1. Physics and Biology: Applications of Synchroton Radiation in Biology Louise N. Johnson 14 Early history of application of X-rays in biology 14 Synchrotron radiation 16 Applications of synchrotron radiation in macromolecular crystallography 17 Achievements 18 Drug design 19 Future 20 Other applications of synchrotron radiation in biology 22 Non-crystalline diffraction 22 Circular dichroism 22 Infrared Microspectroscopy 23 Soft X-ray imaging 23 Medical beam lines 24 Concluding remarks 25 2 . Sesame - A Project to Foster Science and Peace and Its Relevance for the Region Henvig Schopper 32 1. Why a synchrotron radiation facility? 32 2. The foundation of SESAME 34 3. The SESAME facility 35 4. Training 38 5. General Lessons learned from SESAME 39 3. The Impact of Synchroton Light Sources on Science and Society in Developing Countries Herman Winick 46 1, Laboratdrio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron (LNLS); Campinas, Brazil (ref. 1) http://www. lnls. br/index. asp ?idioma=2&opcaoesq 48 2. Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF); Beijing, China: (ref. 2) http://www. ihep. ac. cn/bsrf/english/main/main. htm 48 3. National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL); Hefei, China (ref. 3) http://en.nsrl. ustc. edu. cn/ 49 4. Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL); Pohang, Korea (ref. 4) http://pal. postech. ac. kr/eng/index. html 49 5 . National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) HsinchqTaiwan (ref. 5) http://www.nsrrc. org. tw/ 50 6. National Synchrotron Research Center (NSRC) Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand (ref. 6) http://www.nsrc. or. th/Eng/index. htm 51 References 51 Section II: Quantum Physics and Quantum Information 52 1. Discrimination of Quantum States with Selected Applications Jhnos A . Bergou 54 1. Introduction 54 2. State discrimination strategies 56 2.1. Unambiguous discrimination of two pure states 56 2.2 . Minimum error discrimination of two quantum states 61 3. Example: The B92 quantum key distribution protocol 65 4. Recent developments 67 5 . Summary and outlook 69 Acknowledgements 70 Appendix A. Standard quantum measurements 70 Appendix B. Positive Operator Valued Measures (POVMs) 73 Appendix C. POVM via generalized measurements Neumark's theorem and the implementation of a 76 References 78 2. Physical Problems of Brain-Computer Interfacing Peter Fromherz 82 1. Introduction 82 2. Cell-Chip Contact 83 2.1. Distance 83 2.2. Resistance 84 3. Ion-Electron Coupling 84 3.1. Ion Ch~nne~s and EOS Capacitors 85 3.2. Ion Channels and EOS transistors 86 4. Nerve Cell on Semiconductor 87 4.2. EOS FET Recording 88 4.3. EOS FET Recording and Noise 89 5. Elementary Neuroelectronic Hybrids 90 5.1. Cellular Neuroprosthesis 90 5.2. Neuronal Memory on Chip 90 6. Neuronal Networks on Chip 91 6.1. Immobilized Neurons 91 6.2. Topographical Guidance 92 6.3. Random Nets on CMOS Chips 92 6.4. Synaptic Recording 92 7. Brain Tissue on Chips 92 7.1. Two-Way interfacing 93 7.2. Mapping with CMOS Chip 94 8. Summary and Outlook 95 Acknowledgments 95 References 95 3. NMR Implementation of Exponential Sums for Integer Factorization M. Stefaiihk, W. Merkel, M. Mehring and W. P. Schleich 98 1. Introduction 98 2. Factorization with Gauss sums: the central idea 99 3. Exponential sums 100 4. NMR realization 101 5 . Conclusions 103 6. Acknowledgement 104 References 104 Section III: Nonlinear Phenomena and Plasma Physics 106 1. Complexity and Hydrodynamic Turbulence K. R. Sreenivasan 108 1. Introduction 108 2. The case for hydrodynamic turbulence 110 3. The nature of the inertial range 112 4. Dissipation anomaly and anomalous scaling 113 5 . Statistical conservation laws 115 6. Closing remarks 116 References 117 2 . Nonlinear Interactions in Quantum Systems P. K. Shukla and B. Eliasson 118 1. Introduction 118 2. Dark solitons and vortices in a dense quantum plasma 120 3. Interaction between intense electromagnetic waves and quantum plasma oscillations 126 4. Conclusions 132 References 133 3. Vortex in Plasmas - Topology, Singularity and Scale Hierarchy Z. Yoshida 136 1. Introduction 136 2. Fluid Mechanics in Lagrangian View 137 3. Fluid Mechanics in Eulerian View 139 4. Connection Between the Lagrangian and Eulerian Views 141 5. Casimir Invariants, Beltrami Fields, Lyapunov Function 142 6. Beltrami Fields -multi-scale flow-field couplings 144 Acknowledgements 145 References 145 Section IV: Nanophysics and Applications 146 1. Symmetry and Novelty in the Electronic and Geometric Structure of Nanoalloys: The Case of Ag27Cu7 M. Alcdntara Ortigoza and T. S. Rahman 148 1. Introduction 148 2. Computational Details 151 3. Results and Discussion 152 3.1. Geometry, bond coordination, and stability considerations 152 3.1.1. Geometric Structure 152 3.1.2. Nearest Neighbor Bond Lengths 153 3.1.3. Formation energy 154 3.2. Electronic structure and charge density distribution 156 3.2.1. Electronic Density of States 156 3.2.2. Charge density distribution 159 4. Summary 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 169 2. New Approaches to Photovoltaic and Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion S. Ismat Shah, Hong- Ying Lin, Yinghong Miao, Meghan E. Schulz 172 1. Introduction 172 2. Advanced Photovoltaics 173 2.1. The Shockley-Queisser limit 173 2.2. TiOTCe nanocomposite working principle 173 2.3. Advantages of nanocomposite crystalline solar cells 174 3. Photocatalytic Water Splitting 175 3.1. Mechanism 175 3.2. Fundamental limitations of PECs 176 3.2.1. Ineficiency 176 3.2.2. Corrosion 177 3.3. Strategy for water splitting by PEC systems 179 3.3.1. Energy Alignment 179 3.3.2. PEC Designs 181 Acknowledgments 182 References 182 Section V: Particle Physics, Gravity and Cosmology 184 1. Theoretical Interest in B-Meson Physics at the B Factories, Tevatron and the LHC Ahmed Ali 186 1. Introduction 186 2. Status of the CKM Matrix 188 2.1. Current determinations of lv&l and Ivubl 189 2.2. lVcbl from B -+ (D,D*)k've decays 191 2.3. IVubl from the decays B --f X,he 192 2.4. IVubl from exclusive decays 195 3. Status of the Third Row of VCKM 195 3.1. Status of lVtdl 196 3.2. Present status of lVt8[ 197 4. Radiative and Semileptonic Rare B Decays 198 4.1. B --+ X,y: SM us. Experiments 199 4.2. B + X,e+e-: SM us. Experiments 200 4.3. B --+ Vy: SM us. Experiments 205 5. B + M1Mz Decays 208 5.1. lnterplay of Mixing and Decays of Bo- and BO-Mesons to CP Eigenstates 209 5.2. B -+ mr: SM us. Experiments 211 5.3. Present bounds on the phase y from B decays 213 5.4. B -+ KT: SM us. Experiments 216 6. B: Physics: Eldorado for the Tevatron and the LHC 217 7. Summary and Outlook 219 2. Quantum Gravity and Black Holes Viqar Husain 230 1. Classical setting 230 1.1. Black hole and cosmological solutions 231 2. Quantum theory 232 2.1. Semiclassical approximation 233 2.2. Background independent quantization 234 3. Gravitational collapse in quantum gravity 236 3.1. Scalar field model 236 3.2. Quantum black hole formation 238 4. Summary and outlook 239 References 239 3. Constraints on Alternative Theories of Gravity and Cosmology Alexander F. Zakharov 240 1. Introduction 240 2. CMB anisotropy studies, Relikt-1 & COBE 241 2.1. The Relikt-1 experiment 241 2.2. The Nobel prize 243 2.3. Summary on the Quadrupole Anisotropy Discovery 243 3. Precise cosmology & Conformal Cosmological Models 244 4. Standard Cosmology vs. f(R) gravity 245 Acknowledgements 246 References 246 List of Participants 248 Contents......Page 10 Section I: Synchroton Radiation and Applications......Page 12 Early history of application of X-rays in biology......Page 14 Synchrotron radiation......Page 16 Applications of synchrotron radiation in macromolecular crystallography......Page 17 Achievements......Page 18 Drug design......Page 19 Future......Page 20 Circular dichroism......Page 22 Soft X-ray imaging......Page 23 Medical beam lines......Page 24 Concluding remarks......Page 25 1. Why a synchrotron radiation facility?......Page 32 2. The foundation of SESAME......Page 34 3. The SESAME facility......Page 35 4. Training......Page 38 5. General Lessons learned from SESAME......Page 39 3. The Impact of Synchroton Light Sources on Science and Society in Developing Countries Herman Winick......Page 46 2. Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF); Beijing, China: (ref. 2) http://www. ihep. ac. cn/bsrf/english/main/main. htm......Page 48 4. Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL); Pohang, Korea (ref. 4) http://pal. postech. ac. kr/eng/index. html......Page 49 5 . National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) HsinchqTaiwan (ref. 5) http://www.nsrrc. org. tw/......Page 50 References......Page 51 Section II: Quantum Physics and Quantum Information......Page 52 1. Introduction......Page 54 2.1. Unambiguous discrimination of two pure states......Page 56 2.2 . Minimum error discrimination of two quantum states......Page 61 3. Example: The B92 quantum key distribution protocol......Page 65 4. Recent developments......Page 67 5 . Summary and outlook......Page 69 Appendix A. Standard quantum measurements......Page 70 Appendix B. Positive Operator Valued Measures (POVMs)......Page 73 Appendix C. POVM via generalized measurements Neumark's theorem and the implementation of a......Page 76 References......Page 78 1. Introduction......Page 82 2.1. Distance......Page 83 3. Ion-Electron Coupling......Page 84 3.1. Ion Ch~nne~s and EOS Capacitors......Page 85 3.2. Ion Channels and EOS transistors......Page 86 4. Nerve Cell on Semiconductor......Page 87 4.2. EOS FET Recording......Page 88 4.3. EOS FET Recording and Noise......Page 89 5.2. Neuronal Memory on Chip......Page 90 6.1. Immobilized Neurons......Page 91 7. Brain Tissue on Chips......Page 92 7.1. Two-Way interfacing......Page 93 7.2. Mapping with CMOS Chip......Page 94 References......Page 95 1. Introduction......Page 98 2. Factorization with Gauss sums: the central idea......Page 99 3. Exponential sums......Page 100 4. NMR realization......Page 101 5 . Conclusions......Page 103 References......Page 104 Section III: Nonlinear Phenomena and Plasma Physics......Page 106 1. Introduction......Page 108 2. The case for hydrodynamic turbulence......Page 110 3. The nature of the inertial range......Page 112 4. Dissipation anomaly and anomalous scaling......Page 113 5 . Statistical conservation laws......Page 115 6. Closing remarks......Page 116 References......Page 117 1. Introduction......Page 118 2. Dark solitons and vortices in a dense quantum plasma......Page 120 3. Interaction between intense electromagnetic waves and quantum plasma oscillations......Page 126 4. Conclusions......Page 132 References......Page 133 1. Introduction......Page 136 2. Fluid Mechanics in Lagrangian View......Page 137 3. Fluid Mechanics in Eulerian View......Page 139 4. Connection Between the Lagrangian and Eulerian Views......Page 141 5. Casimir Invariants, Beltrami Fields, Lyapunov Function......Page 142 6. Beltrami Fields -multi-scale flow-field couplings......Page 144 References......Page 145 Section IV: Nanophysics and Applications......Page 146 1. Introduction......Page 148 2. Computational Details......Page 151 3.1.1. Geometric Structure......Page 152 3.1.2. Nearest Neighbor Bond Lengths......Page 153 3.1.3. Formation energy......Page 154 3.2.1. Electronic Density of States......Page 156 3.2.2. Charge density distribution......Page 159 4. Summary......Page 160 Acknowledgments......Page 161 References......Page 169 1. Introduction......Page 172 2.2. TiOTCe nanocomposite working principle......Page 173 2.3. Advantages of nanocomposite crystalline solar cells......Page 174 3.1. Mechanism......Page 175 3.2.1. Ineficiency......Page 176 3.2.2. Corrosion......Page 177 3.3.1. Energy Alignment......Page 179 3.3.2. PEC Designs......Page 181 References......Page 182 Section V: Particle Physics, Gravity and Cosmology......Page 184 1. Introduction......Page 186 2. Status of the CKM Matrix......Page 188 2.1. Current determinations of lv&l and Ivubl......Page 189 2.2. lVcbl from B -+ (D,D*)k've decays......Page 191 2.3. IVubl from the decays B --f X,he......Page 192 3. Status of the Third Row of VCKM......Page 195 3.1. Status of lVtdl......Page 196 3.2. Present status of lVt8[......Page 197 4. Radiative and Semileptonic Rare B Decays......Page 198 4.1. B --+ X,y: SM us. Experiments......Page 199 4.2. B + X,e+e-: SM us. Experiments......Page 200 4.3. B --+ Vy: SM us. Experiments......Page 205 5. B + M1Mz Decays......Page 208 5.1. lnterplay of Mixing and Decays of Bo- and BO-Mesons to CP Eigenstates......Page 209 5.2. B -+ mr: SM us. Experiments......Page 211 5.3. Present bounds on the phase y from B decays......Page 213 5.4. B -+ KT: SM us. Experiments......Page 216 6. B: Physics: Eldorado for the Tevatron and the LHC......Page 217 7. Summary and Outlook......Page 219 1. Classical setting......Page 230 1.1. Black hole and cosmological solutions......Page 231 2. Quantum theory......Page 232 2.1. Semiclassical approximation......Page 233 2.2. Background independent quantization......Page 234 3.1. Scalar field model......Page 236 3.2. Quantum black hole formation......Page 238 References......Page 239 1. Introduction......Page 240 2.1. The Relikt-1 experiment......Page 241 2.3. Summary on the Quadrupole Anisotropy Discovery......Page 243 3. Precise cosmology & Conformal Cosmological Models......Page 244 4. Standard Cosmology vs. f(R) gravity......Page 245 References......Page 246 List of Participants......Page 248