Contaminated Soil ’95: Proceedings Of The Fifth International Fzk/tno Conference On Contaminated Soil, 30 October–3 November 1995, Maastricht, The Netherlands (soil & Environment)

Towards sustainable land use Dr. P. Folstar, Member of the TNO Board of Management Dr. M. Popp, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Research Centre Karlsruhe (FZK) Ten years ago, in 1985, TNO initiated the First Conference on Contaminated Soil in Utrecht. At that time, a rather complete inventory of suspected contaminated sites existed in The Netherlands. Time had come to consider further actions for investigations, evaluation and remediation. This concern has been spreading ever since to other European countries and throughout the world. In particular, German scientists and authorities soon recognized the significance of this problem, and consequently joined TNO in organizing and funding a forum for discussions in a series of conferences. Following three venues in German cities, the 5th conference in Maastricht, a Dutch as well as a European city, marks the increasing interest in the international scientific and political community. Application of the concept of sustainable development to soil as an essential element of human existence requires an answer to the question how to meet the needs of today's generation without impairing the possibilities of mankind in the future. As we do not know the needs of the future, especially regarding the functional requirements of soil use, we can hardly do better than starting from the present priorities. This can not mean to guarantee the quality of soil functions everywhere at any time. Front Matter....Pages i-liii Front Matter....Pages 1-1 Soil Degradation and Contamination: A Global Perspective....Pages 3-13 Lessons from the Soil....Pages 15-24 Front Matter....Pages 25-27 Progress in Clean-Up and Technological Developments in U.S. Superfund Program....Pages 29-38 The Contaminated Sites Policy in Flanders (Belgium)....Pages 39-48 Contaminated Soil Sites in Finland, Present Situation and Policy Goals....Pages 49-53 Planned Legal Regulations on Soil Conservation and Rehabilitation of Contaminated Sites in The Federal Republic of Germany....Pages 55-59 United States/German Bilateral Agreement on Hazardous Waste Site Clean-Up Projects....Pages 61-74 UK Contaminated Land Policy Developments....Pages 75-83 The Master Plan for Soil Protection of the Basque Autonomous Community....Pages 85-86 Legislation for Soil Quality Protection and Contaminated Sites Reclamation in Regione Lombardia (Italy)....Pages 87-88 Contaminated Land and Groundwater Quality: The Need for Clean-Up....Pages 89-90 International Ad Hoc Working Group on Contaminated Land....Pages 91-92 The French Water Agencies Contaminated Sites Remediation Program: An Example of Public Policy....Pages 93-94 Polish-German Cooperation in the Field of Soil Protection....Pages 95-96 Remediation Strategies for Contaminated (Former) Military Sites....Pages 97-98 Integral Approach to Contaminated Sites Management in Urban-Industrial Agglomerates of Developing Countries-Example São Paulo, Brazil....Pages 99-100 Standards and Protocols for Evaluating Innovative Technologies in the United States and Germany — A Market Perspective....Pages 101-102 The Austrian Register of Contaminated Sites....Pages 103-104 Front Matter....Pages 105-107 On-Site Versus Off-Site Analysis; a Matter of Balance Between Heterogeneity and Accuracy....Pages 109-112 Quality Trade-Offs in Site Investigations: Advantages of Using Test Methods Instead of Laboratory Analyses....Pages 113-123 Front Matter....Pages 105-107 Site Investigation Patterns for Solid Soil Matrices of Contaminated Sites Used by the Metal-Working Industry: Tools for Technical Preliminary and Orientational Investigations Within the Risk Assessment....Pages 125-134 Sampling Strategies — An Important Choice in Site Investigations....Pages 135-144 Developments in Site Investigation Methods for the Ground Beneath Planned, Operating and Abandoned Waste Disposal Sites....Pages 145-151 Regional Distribution Patterns of Heavy Metals in Sediments Dredged from a Harbour Basin....Pages 153-161 Strategy for Environmental Soil Investigation for Pipeline Construction. Approach and Evaluation....Pages 163-170 3D Vertical Circulation Flows around Groundwater Circulation Wells (GZB) for Aquifer Remediation: Numerical Calculations and Field Experiments....Pages 171-181 On-Site Free and Bound Water Determination of Contaminated Soil....Pages 183-184 Fate of Jet Fuel Derived Hydrocarbons in the Unsaturated Soil Zone under the Influence of Deicing Chemicals....Pages 185-186 Classification Concept of Substrates and Soils from Urban and Industrial Sites....Pages 187-188 Electrical Methods to Monitor Pollutant Diffusion....Pages 189-190 Research on the Spatial Variability of Three Sediment Types in Flanders....Pages 191-192 Detection of Contaminated Land Using a Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer in a Solar Powered Airship Description of a Project....Pages 193-194 Applications of the Transient Tracers Tritium/Helium-3, and Chlorofluorocarbons for Tracing and Age-Dating Young Ground Water: Field Examples from the USA and Germany....Pages 195-196 Rehabilitating Open Dump Sites....Pages 197-198 Inventory of Ancient Mining Dumps in Baden-Württemberg, FRG....Pages 199-200 Guiding Field Activities by Using Rapid, Cost Effective Analyses Performed in a Fixed Laboratory....Pages 201-202 Specification Requirements for Ground Investigations of Contaminated Land....Pages 203-204 Optimization of a cleanup using moving window kriging....Pages 205-206 Methodology for Linking Site-Specific Information to a Customised in Situ Solution....Pages 207-208 Post-Closure Surveys of an Industrial Site: A Case Study....Pages 209-210 Front Matter....Pages 105-107 Computer Aided Evaluation of Groundwater Samples....Pages 211-212 The Contents and Availabilities of Heavy Metals in Soils from Oberhausen (Ruhr Industrial Area) Which Were Transformed by Urban and Industrial Impact....Pages 213-214 The Use of VOC Multisensors Data for the Rapid Cartography of Organic Contamination Heterogeneities and Better Sampling Strategies....Pages 215-216 Soil Vapor Investigation and On-Site Analyses to Determine Groundwater Contamination Plumes....Pages 217-218 Analysis of Inactive Waste Deposits and Landfills: Methodical and Economical Optimization of Data Acquisition....Pages 219-220 The Modelling of Multiphase Flow and Transport Processes in Porous Media....Pages 221-222 A New Method for Assessing Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination of Soil in the Field....Pages 223-224 Prediction Uncertainty Associated with Simulated Field-Scale Water Flow....Pages 225-226 Magnetic Survey of Non-Controlled Landfills: A Case History....Pages 227-228 An Integral Approach to Soil Investigations in the Old Harbour District Schiehaven / Müllerpier in Rotterdam....Pages 229-230 Remediation and Definitive Groundwater Protection from Petroleum Hydrocarbons — Horny Hricov....Pages 231-232 Multisampling, Fast Field GC-MS-Analysis and Statistics for Site Investigation and Remediation of Inhomogeneous Soil Contaminations....Pages 233-234 Adequate and Efficient Handling of the Consequences of Dispersed Pollution in Urban Areas; Use and Function of Soil Quality Maps....Pages 235-236 Remediation of a Mercury-Contaminated Site in Egypt....Pages 237-238 Design of Studies in Evaluating Effects of Mining on Aquatic Ecosystems....Pages 239-240 Techniques to Assess the Reliability of Site Investigation Data....Pages 241-242 Resolving the Heterogeneity of Tarry Wastes During Investigation of Acid Tar Pits....Pages 243-244 Investigation and Remediation of Gaswork Sites: Facts and Fiction....Pages 245-246 Mathematical Groundwater Modelling of Industrial Sites: A useful Tool for environmental Monitoring and Remediation....Pages 247-248 Systematic Design of Monitoring Schemes....Pages 249-250 Front Matter....Pages 105-107 The Risk of Risk Assessment and Site Investigation in Dependence on Sampling and Data Analysis — A Case History of a Saxonian Industrial Site....Pages 251-252 Importance of Variability in Moisture Content in the Soil While Mapping Ground Layers with ‘Ground-Penetrating Radar’....Pages 253-254 An Optimized Interpolation-Kriging Method for the Study of Spatiality Distributed Parameters from Contaminated Sites....Pages 255-256 Estimation of Horizontal and Vertical Conductivities with Pumping Test at Single Multilevel Wells....Pages 257-259 Monitoring of the Isolated Waste Disposal Site Hamburg-Georgswerder....Pages 261-262 Experience of Environmental Assessments in Hungary....Pages 263-264 Differential Reactions of Lumbricids to Radioactive Pollution in Various Biotopes of Chernobyl Region....Pages 265-266 A Method to Determine the Degree of Heterogeneity of Soils at Various Scales....Pages 267-268 Heavy Metals in Soils and Plants of Allotment Gardens in the City of Zurich (Switzerland)....Pages 269-270 Register of Radioactively Contaminated Sites — Example of the Suspected Area “Freital”....Pages 271-273 Evaluation of Investigation Strategies for an Old Municipal Dumping Site....Pages 275-276 Sampling of Anaerobic Groundwater....Pages 277-278 Front Matter....Pages 279-281 Heavy Metal Immision and Fate According to a Dynamic Balance Approach....Pages 283-292 Changes in Microstructure Influence the Transport of Hazardous Hydrocarbons in Clays....Pages 293-302 Modelling and Assessing the Impact of Diffuse Sources on Soil Quality....Pages 303-311 A Natural Gradient Tracer Experiment in a Heterogeneous Aquifer Showing Natural Attenuation....Pages 313-318 In-Situ Bioremediation of Mineral Oil Contaminated Soils and Aquifers: Quantification of Degradation Rates and Fate of Hydrocarbons....Pages 319-326 Limitations to the In-Situ Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Organic Chemicals in Relation to the Potential to Achieve Clean-Up Criteria....Pages 327-336 Biological Treatment of TNT-Contaminated Soil by a Two-Stage Anaerobic/Aerobic Process....Pages 337-346 Soil Background Values in Germany....Pages 347-356 Front Matter....Pages 279-281 Soil Parameters Influencing of PCB Sorption....Pages 357-358 Fate of Phenanthrene and the Induced Ecotoxicity Under Biodegradative Conditions in Five Contrasted Soil Materials of European Areas....Pages 359-360 Investigations on the Effects of Different Solids on the Biodegradation of Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in the Slurry Phase....Pages 361-362 Fate of phosphorus in soils as a threat for surface water....Pages 363-364 Evolution and Biodedegradation of PCB’s in Soil....Pages 365-366 Monitoring of Contaminant Release from Estuarine Sediments at Inverkeithing Bay Scotland....Pages 367-368 The Mobility of Hydrocarbons at Unsaturated Water Conductivity Under Field and Laboratory Conditions....Pages 369-370 Contaminant Detection by Soil Gas Surveys....Pages 371-373 In-Situ Determination of Retention Processes in Artifical and Natural Mineral Layers Under Landfills and Contaminated Sites....Pages 375-376 Microbial PAH Degradation in Soil Material from a Contaminated Site — Mass Balance Experiments with Pleurotus Ostreatus and Different 14 C-PAH....Pages 377-378 Effects of Oil Contaminations on the Mobility of Polychlorinated Dioxines, Biphenyls and Other Related Compounds in the Soil/Water System....Pages 379-380 Modelling Contaminant Movement into Simple Cover Systems....Pages 381-382 The Mobility and Environmental Impact of Vanadium Contaminated Flue Ash in a Wetland Environment....Pages 383-384 Sorption of Polar Degradation Products of Lubricating Oil onto Subsoil Particles....Pages 385-386 Prevention of Colliery Waste Material Acidification by Addition of Thermally Treated Soil Material....Pages 387-388 Mobilization of HCH’s and PAH’s from Polluted Wetland Soils Near Bitterfeld and the Role of Dissolved Organic Matter....Pages 389-390 Basin Population Density and Sedimental Concentration of Chemicals....Pages 391-392 Influence of Soil Characteristic on Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Pyrene and Chrysene....Pages 393-393 A Field Experiment to Study the Behaviour of Perchloro-Ethylene in the Unsaturated Zone....Pages 395-396 Migration of Organic Contaminants from an Abandoned Hazardous Waste Dumpsite — A Case Study....Pages 397-398 Front Matter....Pages 279-281 Substrate Range of the (Chloro)Biphenyl Degradation Pathway of Alcaligenes Sp. JB1....Pages 399-400 Gaseous Diffusion of Volatile Organic Compounds Through Soil and Covering Systems....Pages 401-402 Halogenes in Soil Animal Bodies: A Background Level....Pages 403-404 Speciation of Chromium from Soil....Pages 405-406 Desorption of Hydrophobic PAHs from Contaminated Soil: Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)....Pages 407-408 Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil Suspensions Separated by Soil Washing....Pages 409-410 Distribution and Mobilisation of Nitroaromatic Compounds in a Former Military Shooting Area....Pages 411-412 The Fate of Arsenic Derived from Mine Tailings in Soils — A Case Study....Pages 413-414 PAH-degradation in soil: Microbial activation or inoculation? A comparative evaluation with different supplements and soil materials....Pages 415-416 Adsorption and Desorption Kinetics of a Hydrophobic Organic Compound on Natural Organic Matter....Pages 417-418 Transport in Relation to Physical Heterogeneity....Pages 419-420 Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge....Pages 421-421 Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Dibenzo- p -Dioxins by a Bacterial Consortium Isolated from Lake Ketelmeer Sediment....Pages 423-424 The Role of Metal-Ligand Complexation Equilibria in the Retention and Mobilization of Heavy Metals in Soil....Pages 425-426 Emission of PAH’s from Aged Soil Contamination at Former Gasworks....Pages 427-428 Cadmium Accumulation in Cress as a Measure for Bioavailable Pore Water Concentration....Pages 429-430 Front Matter....Pages 431-433 Redox Effects on Metal Release from Contaminated Sediments — Concepts, Processes, Experiments, Prognosis and Remediation....Pages 435-444 Sorption of Organic Contaminants to Soil in Rotterdam....Pages 445-452 Volatile Organic Compounds and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils Polluted by Industrial Activities: Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR) as an Investigation Tool....Pages 453-462 Case Study: the Use of Field Screening Methods with the Sensor Technique....Pages 463-472 Front Matter....Pages 431-433 Development of an Integrated Contaminated Sediments Assessment Approach in Flanders....Pages 473-479 Characterization of PAH’ S Contaminated Soils by HPLC/DAD and HRGC/MS....Pages 481-482 Separation and Characterization of Crude Oil Compounds from the Oil Contaminated Soil....Pages 483-484 Characterization of Clayey Soil Contaminated with Herbicides for Use as Landfill Liner Material....Pages 485-486 Extraction and Analysis of Pollutants from Physical Contaminated Environments....Pages 487-488 Assessment of the Bio-Activity and Bio-Availability in Oil Contaminated Soils with a Biological Activity Test....Pages 489-490 Assessing the Suitability of Contaminated Soils for Soil Washing....Pages 491-493 Changes of Metals Forms During the Thermophilic Digestion of Municipal and Tannery Wastes....Pages 495-495 Lead, Cadmium and Other Toxic Metal Contamination in Various Roadside Ecosystems in Hungary....Pages 497-498 Supercritical Fluid Extraction — a rapid extraction method for the characterization of contaminated soil....Pages 499-500 A Summary of Treatability Studies for Cesium Contaminated Soils at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory....Pages 501-502 Soil Analyses in the Rothamsted Park Grass Experiment....Pages 503-504 Transformation of Elemental Mercury to Organic Mercury Species at Sites of Former Caustic Soda Plants in East-Germany....Pages 505-506 Strategies for an Exact Determination of Age of Hydrocarbon-Based Soil Contaminations....Pages 507-507 Alternative Sampling Method for Site Screening of VOCs in (Deep) Groundwater....Pages 509-510 Pretreatment of Soil Samples: A Necessity for Obtaining High Quality Analytical Results....Pages 511-512 A description of the distribution of heavy metals in soils and sediments containing iron oxides and consequences for the decontamination process....Pages 513-514 Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of Volga Delta....Pages 515-516 Contamination of Agricultural Soil — As Evaluated on the Basis of Metals, Sulphur and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Content....Pages 517-518 New Strategies for Quality Assurance in Fast Soil Analysis in the Field....Pages 519-520 Front Matter....Pages 431-433 Evaluation of Sediment Contamination in Harbour Canals and Basins in View of Bioremediation Process....Pages 521-522 Gore-Sorber Screening Surveys — A Passive Sorptive Method for Detecting Organic Compounds in Soil and Groundwater....Pages 523-524 Determination of Mass Transfer Rates in an Aquifer Sand of Low Organic Carbon Content — Laboratory Experiments....Pages 525-526 Assessment of Bioavailability of Metals to Plants with Metplate, A Microbiological Test....Pages 527-528 Quantitative determination of sulphur in contaminated sediments by means of wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy involving sulphur speciation....Pages 529-530 Floating Layer Detection with the Hydrocarbon Probe: Results, Calibration, and Sampling Strategy....Pages 531-532 Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction for the Quantitative Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Samples....Pages 533-534 Chemical Characterisation of an Arsenic Contamination and Its Changes Through Remediation by Chemical Fixation with Concrete....Pages 535-536 Characterization of Contaminated Soil with Immunoassay Tests for Site Remediation by Excavation....Pages 537-538 The Influence of Oil on the Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pah) on Different Soils....Pages 539-540 Front Matter....Pages 541-543 Occurrence and Evaluation of Volatile Substances at Toxic Waste Sites in Relation to Environmental Medicine....Pages 545-550 Modeling Voc Migration and Vapor Intrusion Into Building Indoor Air from Subsurface Soil Sources....Pages 551-556 Risk Assessment of Lead in Soil: an Alternative Approach to Calculate Maximum Tolerable Levels....Pages 557-564 Risk Assessment, Risk Acceptance and Risk Management: A Psychological Decision Theorist’s View....Pages 565-579 Risc: Computer Models for Soil Investigation, Risk Analysis and Urgency Estimation....Pages 581-588 Applications of a Risk-Based Corrective Action Framework for Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil and Groundwater....Pages 589-596 The Need for Risk Communication in Support of Risk Assessment....Pages 597-598 Comparative Study on Nitrate Determination in Plant Material....Pages 599-600 Multispecies Test-Systems in Soil Ecotoxicology: Case Study....Pages 601-602 Risk Assessment for Nature Development on Polluted Soils....Pages 603-604 Front Matter....Pages 541-543 A Prioritization System for Former Gasworks Sites Based on the Sensitivity of the Environment....Pages 605-606 Impact of Emissions Loaded with Heavy Metals on Soil and Plant....Pages 607-608 Plant Test as an Index of Decontamination of Soil Polluted with Heavy Metals....Pages 609-610 Development of a Standardized Soil Ecotoxicity Test with platynothrus Peltifer (Acari: Oribatida), Using Copper as a Reference Chemical....Pages 611-612 Risc-Human: A Computer Model for Calculating Site Specific Human Exposure....Pages 613-614 State of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Allotments Situated in The Upper Silesia Region of Poland....Pages 615-616 Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Landfill Regulation....Pages 617-618 Ecotoxicological Testing of Contaminated Soil....Pages 619-620 Validation of the Csoil Model Intended to Quantify Human Exposure to Soil Pollution....Pages 621-622 Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment for Contaminant Exposures....Pages 623-624 Acute Toxicity of Some Industrial Chemicals....Pages 625-626 Influence of Soil Contamination (Heavy Metals, Aromatic Hydrocarbons) on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, an Important Group of Symbiotic Fungi....Pages 627-628 Predicting Trace Metal Uptake by Vegetables Grown in Contaminated Soils....Pages 629-630 Soils Contaminated with Lead and Antimony from Sports Shooting....Pages 631-632 Derivation of Risk Based Cleanup Criteria Following a Major Gasoline Accident in a Residential Area....Pages 633-634 Evaluation of the Hazardous Capacity of Contaminants on Industrial Waste Disposal Sites by Danger Scores....Pages 635-636 Formausedriskassessmentprocedures Fortheredevelopment of Contaminated Land....Pages 637-638 Safety Provisions at the Technical Examination of Abandoned Waste Sites Under the Special Regard of the Risks Caused by Landfill Gas....Pages 639-640 Sensitivity and Indicator Function of Bioassays....Pages 641-642 Concentration of Microorganisms in Soil and Air Samples from a Microbiological Soil Remediation Plant....Pages 643-644 Front Matter....Pages 541-543 Influence of Temperature and Humidity Fluctuations on the Sensitivity of folsomia Candida (Collembola) for Zinc....Pages 645-646 Risc-Transport: A Computer Model for Calculating the Transport of Contaminants in the Saturated Zone....Pages 647-648 Guideline for Contaminated Sites in Baden-WÜRttemberg - Scientific Rationale for the Soil Assessment Values....Pages 649-650 Radiological Assessment of Sites for Copper Ore Smelting....Pages 651-652 Toxicological Risk Evaluation of an Inhabited Disused Munitions Plant in Empelde....Pages 653-658 Front Matter....Pages 659-661 Standardization and Quality Control of Soil Investigation - Regulatory Aspects and International Dimensions....Pages 663-672 Standards and Protocols, a Scottish Case Study....Pages 673-679 Soil Quality Criteria and Remediation Goals for Regione Lombardia’s Legislation on Soil Quality Protection and Contaminated Sites Reclamation....Pages 681-690 Generic Values to Assess Soil Quality in the Basque Autonomous Community: Ecological Criteria....Pages 691-700 Uk Standard Procedures for Contaminated Land....Pages 701-709 Soil Levels Based on the German Soil Protection Bill....Pages 711-719 Pollutant Radionuclide Geochemistry in Saltmarsh Sediments....Pages 721-722 Quality Assurance and Quality Control During the Installation Process of a Vertical Slurry Wall of Plastic Concrete....Pages 723-724 Reference Level for Soils in the Basque Autonomous Community....Pages 725-726 Soil Standards in Flanders....Pages 727-729 Analytical Procedures for the Analysis of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils....Pages 731-732 The Potential Problem Associated with Setting Water Quality Standards for Naturally Occurring Substances: Case Study Boron....Pages 733-734 Japan’s National Soil Quality Standards as Expanded in 1994....Pages 735-736 Radiocaesium Behaviour in Scottish Upland Soils....Pages 737-738 Setting Soil Quality Standards for Health Protection in the Basque Autonomous Community....Pages 739-740 Front Matter....Pages 659-661 Development of remediation goals in the unsaturated zone for groundwater protection....Pages 741-742 Sampling and Biodegradation of Very Volatile Organoha-Logens (VVOX)....Pages 743-744 Application of the Rotterdam Soil Research Manual....Pages 745-746 Setting Remedial Standards with Respect to Groundwater: Experiences with the Procedure Used in Baden-WÜRttemberg....Pages 747-748 The Use of Toxicological Data in Setting Soil Guideline Values....Pages 749-750 Communication Essential for an Effective Soil Clean-Up Operation....Pages 751-752 Development of a Protocol for “Further Investigation of Contaminated Sites....Pages 753-754 Quality Assurance in Environmental Consultancy: A Quality Approach for Contaminated Land Consultancy....Pages 755-756 Back Matter....Pages Iiii-lxxxi