Contaminants Of The Great Lakes (the Handbook Of Environmental Chemistry, 101)

This book reviews the globally important freshwater resource of the Great Lakes, which is currently threatened by contaminants that compromise water quality and impact its ecological and economic health. Divided into four parts, this volume covers historic, current and emerging sources of contamination from heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants to microplastics; and identifies their ecological impacts. Due to factors ranging from rapidly changing land use practices, climate change and our emerging understanding of their impact on biological, chemical and physical interactions, the effectiveness of management strategies has proven highly variable. Continued enhancements in the rate of lake recovery are required to sustain the health of the Great Lakes. Accordingly, the book also explores recent advances in contaminant detection, along with future steps forward in lake management approaches. Revealing our current knowledge gaps and providing a roadmap towards sustainable solutions, the book offers a valuable asset for scientists, managers and the public alike. Series Preface 7 Preface 9 Contents 11 Contaminants in the Great Lakes: An Introduction 13 1 The World ́s Largest Freshwater Lakes Under Stress 14 2 Source, Transport, and Impacts of Existing and Emerging Contaminants 16 2.1 Persistent/Legacy Chemicals 16 2.2 Nutrients 17 2.3 Biological and Emerging Contaminants 18 3 Progress in Critical Science and Future of Management Considerations 20 4 Conclusion: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 21 References 22 Part I: Source, Transport and Fate 25 Occurrence, Sources, Transport, and Fate of Microplastics in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin 26 1 Introduction 27 2 Microplastics Sampling and Analysis in the Great Lakes 29 3 Microplastics Occurrence in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin 32 3.1 Beaches 32 3.2 Surface Waters 33 3.2.1 Lake Water 33 3.2.2 River Water 36 3.3 Sediments 38 3.4 Organisms 41 3.4.1 Fish 41 3.4.2 Birds 42 4 Sources and Pathways of Microplastics to the Great Lakes 42 4.1 Sources 43 4.2 Pathways 45 4.2.1 Rivers and Stormwater 45 4.2.2 Wastewater 46 4.2.3 Air 46 5 Fate of Microplastics in the Great Lakes Basin 47 5.1 Surface Transport and Distribution 47 5.2 Degradation 48 5.3 Sedimentation 49 5.4 Microplastic Fate in Organisms 50 6 Conclusions and Future Directions 51 References 52 Spatial and Temporal Trends of Metal and Organic Contaminants in the Huron-Erie Corridor: 1999-2014 59 1 Introduction 62 2 Methods 64 2.1 Study Area 64 2.2 Sample Collection and Chemical Analysis 66 2.3 Data Analysis 69 3 Results and Discussion 70 3.1 Inter-chemical Correlations and Data Reduction 73 3.2 Spatial and Temporal Trends at the Corridor Scale 74 3.3 Spatial and Temporal Trends Within the AOCs 79 3.3.1 St. Clair River 79 3.3.2 Detroit River 84 4 Conclusions 90 References 92 A Review of Heavy Metals Contamination Within the Laurentian Great Lakes 94 1 Historical and Contemporary Sources 95 2 Contamination Status 97 2.1 Lake Superior 98 2.2 Lake Michigan 99 2.3 Lake Huron 100 2.4 Huron-Erie Corridor 100 2.5 Lake Erie 101 2.6 Lake Ontario 102 3 Fate and Environmental Impact 103 4 Monitoring and Remediation Actions 105 5 Temporal Changes and Future Prospects 107 References 109 Part II: Ecological Impact 115 Binational Efforts Addressing Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in the Great Lakes 116 1 Cyanobacterial Blooms as Contaminants in the Great Lakes 117 2 History of CyanoHABs in Lake Erie 118 3 Reemergence of CyanoHABs in Western Lake Erie 120 4 Effects of Global Change on CyanoHABs 122 4.1 Temperature 122 4.2 CO2 123 4.3 Eutrophication 123 5 Beyond Lake Erie: Examples of CyanoHABs in Other Laurentian Great Lakes 124 5.1 Green Bay, Lake Michigan 124 5.2 Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron 125 5.3 Hamilton Harbour and Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario 125 5.4 Lake St. Clair 126 5.5 Apostle Islands, Lake Superior 126 6 Cyanotoxins Produced in the Great Lakes 126 6.1 Microcystins 127 6.2 Cylindrospermopsins 127 6.3 Saxitoxins 128 6.4 Anatoxins 128 7 Binational Efforts Addressing CyanoHABs 129 References 131 Impacts of Invasive Species in the Laurentian Great Lakes 141 1 Introduction 142 2 Dreissenid Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis) 145 2.1 Overview 145 2.2 Phosphorous 146 2.3 Stable Isotopes 146 2.4 Carbon, Nitrate, and Silica 147 2.5 Legacy Contaminants 147 3 Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) 148 3.1 Overview 148 3.2 Stable Isotopes 148 3.3 Legacy Contaminants 149 3.3.1 Hg 149 4 Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and Cattail (Typha spp.) 150 4.1 Overview 150 4.2 Nitrogen 151 4.3 Carbon 152 5 Knowledge Gaps 152 6 Conclusion 154 References 154 Understanding the Ecological Consequences of Ubiquitous Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Laurentian Great Lakes Watersh... 163 1 Introduction 164 2 CECs in the Great Lakes Watershed 165 3 Resident Fish Studies 167 4 Caged Fish Studies 168 5 On-Site Laboratory Studies 169 6 Controlled Laboratory Studies 171 7 Strategies to Link CECs to Observed Biological Effects 175 8 Obstacles to Resource Management Solutions 177 9 Conclusions 179 References 180 Part III: Monitoring and Modelling 187 Geochemical Approaches to Improve Nutrient Source Tracking in the Great Lakes 188 1 Introduction 189 2 Nitrate and Ammonia 191 2.1 Stable Isotope Analysis: Nitrate and Ammonia 192 2.1.1 Nitrate Isotopes 193 2.1.2 Ammonia Isotopes 194 2.2 Reaction Pathways 195 2.3 Source Identification 198 2.3.1 Natural Sources 198 2.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources 199 2.4 Fractionation and Other Isotopic Limitations 199 2.4.1 Phytoplankton Processes 200 2.4.2 Microbial Processes 200 2.4.3 Physical and Hydrological Processes 201 2.5 Nitrates Affecting Other Processes 202 3 Chloride 203 3.1 Stable Isotope Analysis: Chlorine 204 3.2 Chlorine Isotopes and Fractionation 204 3.3 Chlorine in the Environment 205 4 Use of Isotope Indicators in the Great Lakes 206 4.1 Nitrates and Ammonia 206 4.2 Chlorine 207 4.3 Applied Multi-indicator Approach in the Great Lakes 208 5 Conclusion 211 References 211 Advances in Remote Sensing of Great Lakes Algal Blooms 222 1 Background 223 2 Satellite Sensors 224 2.1 Multi-mission Data and Product Continuity 225 3 Bloom Detection Algorithms 226 4 Products and Applications 228 4.1 Consistency in Bloom Products 229 5 Challenges and Limitations of Remote Sensing 231 5.1 Product Validation 231 5.2 Algal Bloom Toxicity 232 5.3 Vertical Bloom Variability 232 5.4 Variable Optical Properties 233 6 Conclusions 233 References 233 Part IV: Management 238 Land Use, Land Cover, and Climate Change in Southern Ontario: Implications for Nutrient Delivery to the Lower Great Lakes 239 1 Population of Southern Ontario 240 2 Urban Land Cover in Southern Ontario 240 2.1 Effects of Urban Land Use on Water Resources 242 2.2 Urban Contributions to Nutrient Losses 243 3 Agricultural Land Cover in Southern Ontario 244 3.1 Changes in Southern Ontario Agriculture 244 3.2 Changes in Agricultural Practices: Impacts on Water Quantity and Quality 245 3.3 The Interaction Between Water Resources, Land Use, and Climate Change 248 4 Where Do We Go From Here? 251 References 251 Enhanced Transboundary Governance Capacity Needed to Achieve Policy Goals for Harmful Algal Blooms 254 1 Introduction 255 2 The Context 256 3 Transboundary Governance Capacity: The Importance of Institutions 257 4 History of the Binational Management Regime for Addressing HABs 260 5 Institutional Effectiveness of the Binational Management Regime for Addressing HABs 265 6 Conclusions 266 References 267 Front Matter ....Pages i-xii Contaminants in the Great Lakes: An Introduction (J. Crossman, C. Weisener)....Pages 1-12 Front Matter ....Pages 13-13 Occurrence, Sources, Transport, and Fate of Microplastics in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin (Paul A. Helm)....Pages 15-47 Spatial and Temporal Trends of Metal and Organic Contaminants in the Huron-Erie Corridor: 1999–2014 (Ken G. Drouillard, Joseph Lafontaine, Alice Grgicak-Mannion, Kerry McPhedran, Ewa Szalińska)....Pages 49-83 A Review of Heavy Metals Contamination Within the Laurentian Great Lakes (Ewa Szalinska)....Pages 85-105 Front Matter ....Pages 107-107 Binational Efforts Addressing Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in the Great Lakes (Katelyn McKindles, Thijs Frenken, R. Michael L. McKay, George S. Bullerjahn)....Pages 109-133 Impacts of Invasive Species in the Laurentian Great Lakes (Emma M. DeRoy, Hugh J. MacIsaac)....Pages 135-156 Understanding the Ecological Consequences of Ubiquitous Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Laurentian Great Lakes Watershed: A Continuum of Evidence from the Laboratory to the Environment (Heiko L. Schoenfuss, Lina C. Wang, Victoria R. Korn, Chryssa K. King, Satomi Kohno, Stephanie L. Hummel)....Pages 157-180 Front Matter ....Pages 181-181 Geochemical Approaches to Improve Nutrient Source Tracking in the Great Lakes (Meagan L. Beaton, Neda Mashhadi, R. Paul Weidman, Karlynne R. Dominato, Scott O. C. Mundle)....Pages 183-216 Advances in Remote Sensing of Great Lakes Algal Blooms (Caren E. Binding, Richard P. Stumpf, Robert A. Shuchman, Michael J. Sayers)....Pages 217-232 Front Matter ....Pages 233-233 Land Use, Land Cover, and Climate Change in Southern Ontario: Implications for Nutrient Delivery to the Lower Great Lakes (M. Catherine Eimers, Freddy Liu, Jennifer Bontje)....Pages 235-249 Enhanced Transboundary Governance Capacity Needed to Achieve Policy Goals for Harmful Algal Blooms (Irena F. Creed, Kathryn Bryk Friedman)....Pages 251-265