Construction 4.0: Advanced Technology, Tools and Materials for the Digital Transformation of the Construction Industry (Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering)

At the beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the advent of digitalization, innovative technologies and materials, and new construction techniques have begun transforming the way that infrastructure, real estate, and other built assets can be designed, constructed, and operated in order to create a more attractive, energy-efficient, comfortable, affordable, safe, and sustainable built environment. Developments in materials and cutting-edge technologies (such as artificial intelligence, robotics, nanotechnology, 3D printing, and biotechnology) have finally started to move the construction towards a new era. Massive changes are occurring as a result of the possibilities created by big data and the Internet of Things, along with the technological advances that are driving down the cost of sensors, data storage, and computer services. Construction 4.0: Advanced Technology, Tools and Materials for the Digital Transformation of the Construction Industry presents a thorough review of developments in materials, emerging trends, cutting-edge technologies, and strategies in the fields of smart building design, construction, and operation, providing the reader with a comprehensive guideline on how to exploit the new possibilities offered by the digital revolution. It will be an essential reference resource for academic researchers, material scientists, and civil engineers, undergraduate and graduate students, and other professionals working in the fields of smart eco-efficient construction and cutting-edge technologies applied to construction. Features discussions on how nanomaterials, bio-based materials, and recycled materials are applied in the construction of buildings Analyzes the lifecycle of materials, buildings and design and construction operations Covers new methodologies and construction processes Provides case studies on cutting-edge digital technology such as AI and machine learning Examines all aspects of sustainability, including end-of-life of buildings Front Cover Construction 4.0 Copyright Page Contents About the author Acknowledgments Introduction I. Challenges and opportunities for a new construction industry 1 Toward a new building era 1.1 Construction industry: economic and societal relevance 1.1.1 Labor productivity and safety 1.1.2 New century megatrends for construction 1.2 Energy and environmental impact of buildings 1.2.1 State of planet: time to act 1.2.2 Buildings as a key part of the energy and environmental system 1.2.3 Sustainable buildings and construction policies 1.3 Low-carbon and sustainable cities 1.4 Built environment and circular economy 1.4.1 Circular economy paradigm 1.4.2 A circular model for construction 1.5 Climate positive and smart buildings 1.5.1 Zero energy buildings 1.5.2 Green buildings 1.5.3 Smart buildings 1.6 Toward a digital future for construction 1.6.1 Construction 4.0 technologies 1.6.1.1 Data acquisition technologies 1.6.1.2 Digital information and analysis 1.6.1.3 Automating construction process technologies 1.6.1.4 Advanced materials and products 1.6.2 Benefits of Construction 4.0 1.7 Conclusions and future trends References 2 Holistic building design approach 2.1 Life cycle design 2.1.1 Life cycle analysis of buildings 2.1.2 Life cycle design strategies 2.1.3 Building life cycle costing 2.2 Climate and context adaptive design 2.2.1 New building operational performance targets 2.2.1.1 Thermal comfort 2.2.1.2 Indoor air quality 2.2.1.3 Lighting and visual comfort 2.2.1.4 Acoustics and noise protection 2.2.1.5 Safety and human interaction 2.2.1.6 Energy efficiency 2.2.1.7 Water efficiency 2.2.1.8 Smart readiness 2.2.1.9 Durability and maintainability 2.2.1.10 Adaptability 2.2.1.11 Adaptation and resilience 2.2.2 Context analysis 2.2.2.1 Land use 2.2.2.2 Landscape, historical, and cultural context 2.2.2.3 Morphology 2.2.2.4 Vegetation 2.2.2.5 Soil pollution and radioactivity 2.2.2.6 Acoustic climate 2.2.2.7 Air quality 2.2.3 Climate analysis 2.2.3.1 Air temperature and humidity 2.2.3.2 Winds 2.2.3.3 Solar radiation 2.2.3.4 Sky conditions 2.2.3.5 Extreme weather events 2.3 Holistic design strategies 2.3.1 Building geometry 2.3.1.1 Massing 2.3.1.2 Orientation Orientation to the sun Natural ventilation Noise protection 2.3.1.3 Openings Energy balance Daylighting Natural ventilation Cross-ventilation Stack ventilation 2.3.2 Building envelope 2.3.3 Building systems 2.3.4 Building integrated renewable energy 2.3.5 Landscape and vegetation 2.3.6 Design for construction and deconstruction 2.3.6.1 Design for lower impact in construction 2.3.6.2 Design for deconstruction 2.4 Conclusion and future trends References 3 Building digital revolution 3.1 Construction 4.0 technology drivers 3.1.1 Building information modeling 3.1.2 Cloud and edge computing 3.1.3 Internet of things 3.1.4 5G network 3.1.5 Artificial intelligence and machine learning 3.1.6 Big Data and advanced analytics 3.1.7 Nanotechnology 3.2 Digital building life cycle 3.2.1 Augmented digital design 3.2.1.1 Data-driven design 3.2.1.2 Design exploration and visualization 3.2.1.3 Design optimization and digital fabrication 3.2.2 Connected construction 3.2.2.1 Digital construction management 3.2.2.2 Connected construction site 3.2.2.3 Virtual design in construction 3.2.2.4 Automated construction processes 3.2.2.5 New on-site and off-site fabrication techniques 3.2.3 Smart operation 3.3 Conclusion and future trends References II. Building modeling and advanced digital design tools 4 Building information modeling 4.1 The road to building information modeling 4.2 Building information modeling and multidimensional design 4.2.1 Project and asset information models 4.2.2 Levels of development of a building information model 4.2.3 Building information modeling dimensions 4.2.3.1 Two- and three-dimensional BIM: virtual three-dimensional parametric model 4.2.3.2 Four-dimensional building information modeling—scheduling 4.2.3.3 Five-dimensional building information modeling—cost estimation 4.2.3.4 Six-dimensional building information modeling—sustainability 4.2.3.5 Seven-dimensional building information modeling—facility management 4.2.3.6 Eight-dimensional building information modeling—end of life 4.2.4 Building information modeling software tools 4.3 Application of building information modeling along the construction value chain 4.3.1 Design development 4.3.2 Building information modeling in the construction phase 4.3.3 Building information modeling in the operation phase 4.4 Building information modeling information requirements 4.4.1 Exchange information requirements 4.4.2 Building information modeling execution plan 4.4.3 Building information modeling roles and professions 4.5 Building information modeling maturity levels 4.6 Collaborative practices and standardization 4.6.1 Building information modeling standardization 4.6.2 Common data environment 4.6.3 Interoperability 4.6.3.1 Industry Foundation Classes and openBIM 4.6.3.2 Construction operations building information exchange 4.7 Conclusion and future trends References 5 Building performance simulation tools 5.1 Basic principles of building performance simulation 5.1.1 Building performance metrics 5.1.1.1 Building energy performance and emissions metrics 5.1.1.2 Occupant-centric performance metrics 5.1.2 BPS applications 5.1.2.1 Early-stage simulation 5.1.2.2 Systems sizing 5.1.2.3 Life cycle analysis 5.1.2.4 Code compliance verification 5.1.2.5 Traffic and pedestrian simulation 5.1.2.6 Building energy prediction 5.2 BPS software tools 5.2.1 DOE-2 5.2.2 EnergyPlus 5.2.3 IES virtual environment 5.3 Data and accuracy for building performance simulation 5.3.1 Occupant behavior 5.3.2 Weather data 5.4 Integration with BIM 5.4.1 BIM-BEM interoperability 5.4.2 Parametric energy modeling 5.4.3 BIM and life cycle analysis integration 5.5 Conclusion and future trends References 6 Advanced digital design tools and methods 6.1 Advanced survey systems 6.1.1 Aerial mapping 6.1.1.1 Satellite imagery 6.1.1.2 Low altitude aerial mapping 6.1.2 Geographic information system 6.1.2.1 GIS spatial analysis 6.1.2.2 Integration with BIM 6.1.3 On site survey 6.1.3.1 Total stations and global navigation satellite system survey Mechanical total stations Robotic total stations Global Navigation Satellite System Survey systems Construction staking and site layout surveys 6.1.3.2 Light detection and ranging 3D site scanning 6.1.3.3 3D reconstruction 6.2 Real-time 3D visualization 6.3 Extended reality in design 6.3.1 Virtual reality 6.3.1.1 Virtual reality technologies Tethered VR headsets Standalone virtual reality headsets Smartphone VR headsets 6.3.1.2 Virtual reality content creation Static VR Dynamic VR 6.3.1.3 Virtual reality design applications Virtual reality-based design review Virtual reality collaborative environment User-centered design Human behavior investigation 6.3.2 Augmented and mixed reality 6.3.2.1 Augmented and mixed reality technologies 6.3.2.2 Augmented and mixed reality content creation 6.3.2.3 Augmented and mixed reality applications 6.4 Computational and generative design 6.4.1 Parametric design 6.4.2 Generative design 6.4.2.1 Genetic algorithms 6.4.2.2 Parametric and generative design applications 6.4.3 Parametric and generative design software 6.5 Design for digital fabrication 6.6 Conclusions and future trends References III. Advanced materials, technologies, and building construction methods 7 Advanced construction materials 7.1 Advanced materials for construction 4.0 7.2 Nanomaterials 7.3 Smart materials 7.3.1 Shape memory materials 7.3.2 Smart sensors 7.4 Bio-based materials 7.4.1 Bio-based insulation and phase change materials 7.4.2 Bio-bricks 7.5 Advanced building products 7.5.1 Advanced concrete 7.5.1.1 Nanocomposite concrete 7.5.1.2 Fiber-reinforced concrete 7.5.1.3 Self-healing concrete 7.5.1.4 Sensors integrated concrete 7.5.1.5 3D printable concrete 7.5.2 Engineered mass timber structures 7.5.2.1 Cross-laminated timber 7.5.2.2 Engineered structural bamboo 7.5.3 High-performance insulators 7.5.3.1 Super insulation materials 7.5.3.2 Phase change materials 7.5.4 Dynamic windows 7.5.4.1 Thermochromic glazing 7.5.4.2 Electrochromic glazing 7.5.5 Smart coatings 7.5.5.1 Air purifying coatings 7.5.5.2 Self-cleaning coatings 7.5.5.3 Antibacterial coatings 7.5.5.4 Thermal responsive surfaces 7.5.5.5 Photo luminous coatings 7.5.5.6 Self-healing surfaces 7.5.6 Mimetic photovoltaics 7.5.6.1 Colored and textured building integrated photovoltaic modules Products with colored anti-reflective coatings on solar cells (c-Si) Products with colored/patterned interlayers and/or special solar filters Products with coated, printed, specially finished, or colored front glass covers 7.5.6.2 Semitransparent and colored thin-film photovoltaic glazing 7.5.6.3 Invisible photovoltaic solar system for windows, skylights, and canopies 7.6 Conclusion and future trends References 8 Advanced building construction methods 8.1 Prefabrication and off-site construction methods 8.1.1 2D panelized solutions 8.1.2 3D volumetric assembly 8.1.3 Modular buildings 8.1.4 Robotic off-site prefabrication 8.2 Robotic fabrication on site 8.2.1 Single task construction robots 8.2.1.1 Demolition robots 8.2.1.2 Robots for structural works 8.2.1.3 Bricklaying robots 8.2.1.4 Finishing robots 8.2.1.5 Overhead drilling robots 8.2.2 Biomorphic robots 8.2.3 Human augmentation 8.2.3.1 Power gloves 8.2.3.2 Arm and shoulder support 8.2.3.3 Back support 8.2.3.4 Standing and crouching support 8.2.3.5 Whole-body suits 8.2.3.6 Virtual exoskeletons 8.2.4 Autonomous and teleoperated vehicles 8.2.5 Robotic on-site factories 8.3 Additive manufacturing in construction 8.3.1 3D printing processes and technologies 8.3.1.1 Additive manufacturing process 8.3.1.2 Additive manufacturing techniques Material extrusion Vat photopolimerization Material jetting Binder jetting Powder bed fusion Directed energy deposition Sheet lamination 8.3.1.3 3D printers 8.3.1.4 3D printable materials Polymers Polymer composites Metals Ceramics 8.3.1.5 4D printing 8.3.2 3D printing of building components 8.3.2.1 Metal 3D printing 8.3.2.2 Concrete 3D printing 3D concrete printing Contour crafting CONPrint3D Characteristics of 3D printing concrete 8.3.2.3 Polymers and composites 3D printing 8.3.3 Building scale 3D printing 8.4 Conclusions and future trends References 9 Advanced site management tools and methods 9.1 Digital construction management 9.1.1 Construction management software 9.1.2 Virtual design and construction 9.1.2.1 Model-based design construction review and remote site observation 9.1.2.2 Quantity take-off 9.1.2.3 4D simulations 9.1.2.4 5D simulations 9.1.3 BIM and lean construction 9.1.4 Construction site digital twin 9.1.5 Smart contracts and blockchain 9.2 Drones in construction 9.2.1 Unmanned aerial vehicles 9.2.2 Topography surveying 9.2.3 Worksite supervision and building inspection 9.2.3.1 Drones in construction site supervision 9.2.3.2 Buildings and infrastructure drone inspection 9.3 Wearable devices in construction 9.3.1 Uses and benefits 9.3.2 Wearable devices on the market 9.3.2.1 Smart watches 9.3.2.2 Hearables 9.3.2.3 Smart safety footwear 9.3.2.4 Smart helmets 9.3.2.5 Smart glasses 9.3.2.6 Wearable badges 9.4 Extended reality in construction 9.4.1 Virtual reality in construction 9.4.1.1 Site planning 9.4.1.2 Construction interpretation and visualization 9.4.1.3 Training 9.4.1.4 Communication and real estate 9.4.2 Augmented reality in construction 9.4.3 Mixed reality in construction 9.5 Connected construction sites 9.6 Artificial intelligence in construction 9.6.1 Artificial intelligence as-a-service 9.6.1.1 Machine learning 9.6.1.2 Deep learning 9.6.2 Artificial intelligence-enabled software-as-a-service 9.7 Conclusions and future trends References IV. Smart building operation and management 10 Building automation systems 10.1 System architecture, components, and services 10.2 BAS topology 10.2.1 Controllers, sensors, and actuators 10.2.2 Communication infrastructure and protocols 10.2.2.1 Communication infrastructure 10.2.2.2 Communication protocols KNX LonWorks BACnet Modbus ZigBee EnOcean Bluetooth low energy Wi-Fi Long-range wireless communication 10.2.3 Internet of Things for smart buildings 10.2.3.1 Internet of Things architecture 10.2.3.2 IoT and BAS applications 10.3 Connected services 10.3.1 Energy management system 10.3.2 HVAC and DHW automation 10.3.3 Smart lighting 10.3.4 Adaptive facades 10.3.5 Water management 10.4 Control strategies 10.4.1 Traditional control strategies 10.4.1.1 Rule-based control 10.4.1.2 Proportional-integral-derivative control 10.4.2 Advanced control strategies 10.4.3 Model predictive control 10.4.3.1 White-box methods 10.4.3.2 Black-box methods Statistical models SVM Artificial Neural Network Deep learning and transfer learning 10.4.3.3 Gray-box methods 10.4.3.4 Control optimization techniques 10.4.4 Reinforced learning 10.5 Advanced human interfaces 10.6 Smart Home 10.6.1 Smart home services 10.6.2 Connected homes 10.7 Conclusion and future trends References 11 Advanced facility management 11.1 Building facility management 11.1.1 Building maintenance policies 11.1.2 Computer-aided facility management 11.1.3 BIM-enhanced facility management 11.2 Predictive building maintenance 11.3 Extended reality in building operation 11.3.1 Virtual reality in maintenance 11.3.2 Augmented reality in maintenance 11.3.3 Mixed reality in maintenance 11.4 Digital twin 11.4.1 Digital twin structure 11.4.2 Digital building twin 11.5 Conclusion and future trends References 12 Smart buildings and smart cities 12.1 Smart city 12.1.1 Big Data and machine learning 12.1.2 Smart city digital twin 12.2 Smart energy infrastructure 12.2.1 Smart grids 12.2.2 Smart meters 12.2.3 Microgrids 12.2.4 The role of hydrogen in decarbonization 12.2.5 Modeling tools for urban energy system planning 12.3 Smart energy buildings 12.3.1 Building integrated renewable energy 12.3.1.1 Building integrated photovoltaics 12.3.1.2 Building augmented wind turbines 12.3.1.3 Energy harvesting systems 12.3.2 Building electricity storage 12.3.3 Vehicle to building 12.3.4 Demand response 12.4 Conclusions and future trends References Index Back Cover Developments in data acquisition technologies, digital information and analysis, automated construction processes, and advanced materials and products have finally started to move the construction industry - traditionally reluctant to innovation and slow in adopting new technologies - toward a new era. Massive changes are occurring because of the possibilities created by Building information modeling, Extended reality, Internet of Things, Artificial intelligence and Machine Learning, Big data, Nanotechnology, 3D printing, and other advanced technologies, which are strongly interconnected and are driving the capabilities for much more efficient construction at scale. Construction 4.0: Advanced Technology, Tools and Materials for the Digital Transformation of the Construction Industry provides readers with a state-of-the-art review of the ongoing digital transformation of the sector within the new 4.0 framework, presenting a thorough investigation of the emerging trends, technologies, and strategies in the fields of smart building design, construction, and operation and providing a comprehensive guideline on how to exploit the new possibilities offered by the digital revolution. It will be an essential reference resource for academic researchers, material scientists and civil engineers, undergraduate and graduate students, and other professionals working in the field of smart ecoefficient construction and cutting-edge technologies applied to construction. Provides an overview of the Construction 4.0 framework to address the global challenges of the buildingsector in the 21st century and an in-depth analysis of the most advanced digital technologies and systems forthe operation and maintenance of infrastructure, real estate, and other built assets Covers major innovations across the value chain, including building design, fabrication, construction, operationand maintenance, and end-of-life Illustrates the most advanced digital tools and methods to support the building design activity, includinggenerative design, virtual reality, and digital fabrication Presents a thorough review of the most advanced construction materials, building methods, and techniquesfor a new connected and automated construction model Explores the digital transformation for smart energy buildings and their integration with emerging smartgrids and smart cities Reflects upon major findings and identifies emerging market opportunities for the whole AECO sector