Constitutional Interpretation

One of the best-known, most complete, and widely read Constitutional Law textbooks published today, CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, Ninth Edition, is updated to reflect current issues and cases relevant to you, the student. Offering clear explanations and actual court cases written in concise language, this text remains the standard text for both students and instructors alike. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, Ninth Edition, is popular with instructors because the text explains difficult concepts extensively and clearly, and sometimes uses graphs to get the point across. In addition, each chapter is its own unit, making studying easier. Throughout the text, major cases, notes, and charts are bridged with helpful explanations so you can clearly see how one concept relates to another. Front Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Summary of Contents......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 14 CHAPTER 1: JUDICIAL POWER......Page 16 Judicial Review......Page 18 Original Jurisdiction......Page 32 Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions......Page 33 Appellate Jurisdiction......Page 38 Checking the Court......Page 40 The Structure of the Judicial System......Page 41 The Writ of Certiorari......Page 42 The Process by Which the Supreme Court Decides Cases......Page 49 Judicial Independence......Page 53 Case and Controversy......Page 54 Ripeness......Page 60 Standing......Page 63 Political Questions......Page 69 The Debate over Justiciability......Page 88 Discretionary and Ministerial Acts......Page 89 CHAPTER 2: THE MODES OF CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION......Page 90 The Traditional Theory of Judicial Review: Constitutional Absolutism or Interpretivism......Page 91 The Balancing of Interests or Judicial Self-Restraint......Page 96 Strict Scrutiny or the Preferred Freedoms Approach......Page 101 The Court in American History: Judicial Values and Constitutional Interpretation......Page 104 Speaking Up and Speaking More......Page 113 The Court and Political Accountability......Page 115 Qualifications of Members of Congress......Page 118 Enumerated and Implied Powers......Page 120 Amendment-Enforcing Powers......Page 127 Inherent Powers......Page 136 The Treaty Power......Page 139 B. DELEGATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWER......Page 142 C. THE POWER TO INVESTIGATE......Page 162 Investigations and the First Amendment......Page 171 Immunity......Page 174 D. THE SPEECH OR DEBATE CLAUSE (CONGRESSIONAL IMMUNITY)......Page 178 A. THE PRESIDENT'S APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS......Page 183 Theories of Executive Power......Page 197 Presidential Power Under Nixon......Page 222 Executive Privilege......Page 225 The Attorney-Client and Protective Function Privileges......Page 235 Liability of the President for Damages......Page 237 Executive Agreements......Page 243 Presidential Dominance in Foreign Relations......Page 249 The Power to Use Military Force......Page 254 D. GEORGE W. BUSH AND THE CONCEPT OF THE UNILATERAL PRESIDENCY......Page 264 CHAPTER 5: POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT IN THE FEDERAL SYSTEM......Page 282 Dual Federalism......Page 283 National Supremacy and Cooperative Federalism......Page 285 A. THE GENERAL SCOPE OF CONGRESS'S POWER TO REGULATE INTERSTATE COMMERCE......Page 288 The “Federal Police Power”......Page 298 The Commerce Power and Racial Discrimination......Page 303 The Rise of Dual Federalism......Page 311 The Decline of Dual Federalism......Page 325 C. REKINDLING DUAL FEDERALISM: THE REHNQUIST COURT......Page 336 The Rehnquist Court and the Commerce Clause......Page 337 The Eleventh Amendment......Page 351 D. THE TAXING AND SPENDING POWER......Page 355 The Rise of Dual Federalism......Page 358 The Decline of Dual Federalism......Page 365 The Police Power......Page 377 Federal Preemption and Federal Dictation......Page 380 The Interstate Movement of Persons......Page 401 The Negative or Dormant Commerce Clause......Page 405 Judicial Federalism......Page 422 CHAPTER 7: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ECONOMIC LIBERTIES......Page 425 A. THE CONTRACT CLAUSE AND THE STATE POLICE POWER......Page 426 Social Darwinism......Page 438 The Rise of "Liberty of Contract"......Page 440 The End of "Liberty of Contract"......Page 455 C. THE REGULATION AND "TAKING" OF PROPERTY......Page 461 D. NON-TRADITIONAL PROPERTY INTERESTS......Page 479 The Bill of Rights Before Incorporation......Page 485 The Theories and Process of Incorporation......Page 492 The Jury Trial Guarantee: A Case Study of Incorporation......Page 509 The Nonincorporated Second Amendment......Page 515 Competing Priorities in Criminal Justice......Page 521 The Right to Counsel at Trial......Page 527 The Pretrial Right to Counsel......Page 536 C. THE RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION......Page 552 The Voluntariness of Confessions Before Miranda......Page 560 Admissibility of Confessions After Miranda......Page 561 D. CONFRONTATION AND CROSSEXAMINATION......Page 567 Punishment for an Act, Not a Condition......Page 574 The Death Penalty......Page 579 Victim Impact Evidence......Page 604 Mandatory Life Imprisonment......Page 608 Forfeiture......Page 609 The Ex Post Facto Clause and Sex Offenders......Page 610 Confining Dangerous Persons Other Than Upon Criminal Conviction......Page 615 Excessive Fines and Excessive Bail......Page 617 A. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE......Page 620 Consent......Page 640 Search Incident to Arrest......Page 644 Hot Pursuit......Page 648 Motor Vehicles......Page 649 Plain Sight......Page 655 Emergencies and Inspections......Page 662 Street Stops......Page 667 Border Searches......Page 677 Probable Cause and Reasonableness......Page 678 C. CURRENT CONTROVERSIES IN SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW......Page 680 D. WIRETAPPING AND EAVESDROPPING......Page 702 Reproductive Rights and Family Values Before Griswold......Page 728 Recognizing a Constitutional Right of Privacy......Page 730 Abortion......Page 737 Restricting the Use of Public Funds and Facilities in Performing Abortions......Page 761 Other Lifestyle Issues......Page 767 The Right to Die......Page 779 CHAPTER 11: FREEDOM OF SPEECH......Page 791 The Literal Meaning of "Speech"......Page 792 The Social Function of Speech......Page 794 The Effects of Speech......Page 797 Justices Holmes and Brandeis and the "Clear and Present Danger" Test......Page 798 The "Bad Tendency" Test......Page 803 The Preferred Freedoms Approach......Page 807 The "Clear and Probable Danger" Test......Page 814 "Clear and Present Danger" Triumphant......Page 818 The "Heckler's Veto"......Page 825 B. TIME, PLACE, AND MANNER LIMITATIONS......Page 828 Speech in a "Public Forum"......Page 829 Speech on Private Property......Page 854 Offensiveness......Page 866 Compelling the Flag Salute......Page 874 Protest in School......Page 881 Draft Card Burning and the Beginning of Intermediate Scrutiny in the Regulation of "Speech Plus"......Page 886 Flag Burning and Nude Dancing: Whether to Apply the O'Brien Test......Page 889 Cross Burning and Hate Speech......Page 896 Campaign Finance Reform......Page 903 Corporate Speech......Page 915 Party Patronage......Page 923 E. COMMERCIAL SPEECH......Page 930 CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 947 CHAPTER 12: FREEDOM OF THE PRESS......Page 950 The Right to Publish......Page 951 Confidentiality of Sources......Page 975 The Right of Access......Page 982 B. OBSCENITY......Page 997 C. LIBEL......Page 1027 D. FAIR TRIAL-FREE PRESS......Page 1048 A. THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE......Page 1064 Prayer, Bible-Reading, and Sunday Closing Laws......Page 1068 The Lemon Test and Financial Aid to Religion......Page 1079 Whither Lemon?......Page 1106 B. THE FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF......Page 1121 CHAPTER 14: EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS......Page 1142 The Doctrine of "Separate but Equal"......Page 1143 The Brown Decision......Page 1149 The Scope and Duration of Desegregation......Page 1160 Proving Discriminatory Intent......Page 1180 Affirmative Action or "Reverse Discrimination"......Page 1186 B. "PRIVATE" DISCRIMINATION AND THE CONCEPT OF "STATE ACTION"......Page 1200 "State Action" Under the Fourteenth Amendment......Page 1204 Reaching Private Conduct Through the Thirteenth Amendment......Page 1214 Private Discrimination and First Amendment Issues......Page 1222 The Voting Rights Act......Page 1230 Voting Rights and Constitutional Access to the Ballot......Page 1237 The 2000 Presidential Election......Page 1243 D. MALAPPORTIONMENT......Page 1249 E. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION......Page 1274 Social Welfare Benefits and Limitations on the Right to Travel......Page 1276 Indigency......Page 1283 Illegitimacy......Page 1294 Gender......Page 1298 Age......Page 1320 Mental Impairment......Page 1324 Sexual Preference......Page 1326 Alienage......Page 1343 APPENDIX A. TIME CHART Of THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT......Page 1352 APPENDIX B. BIOGRAPHICAL CHART OF SUPREME COURT JUSTICES SINCE 1900......Page 1358 APPENDIX C. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE CURRENT JUSTICES......Page 1364 APPENDIX D. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES......Page 1368 APPENDIX E. A BRIEF GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATIONS AND RESEARCH......Page 1382 Exhibit E.1 The National Reporter System......Page 1383 Exhibit E.2 Map of the National Reporter System......Page 1384 Glossary......Page 1388 Index......Page 1396 Table of Cases......Page 1414 MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict Front Cover 1 Title Page 2 Copyright 3 Summary of Contents 5 Table of Contents 6 Preface 14 CHAPTER 1: JUDICIAL POWER 16 A. THE SUPREME COURT'S JURISDICTION AND ITS ASSUMPTION OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 18 Judicial Review 18 Original Jurisdiction 32 Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions 33 Appellate Jurisdiction 38 Checking the Court 40 The Structure of the Judicial System 41 The Writ of Certiorari 42 The Process by Which the Supreme Court Decides Cases 49 Judicial Independence 53 B. INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE EXERCISE OF JUDICIAL POWER 54 Case and Controversy 54 Ripeness 60 Standing 63 Political Questions 69 The Debate over Justiciability 88 Discretionary and Ministerial Acts 89 CHAPTER 2: THE MODES OF CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION 90 The Traditional Theory of Judicial Review: Constitutional Absolutism or Interpretivism 91 The Balancing of Interests or Judicial Self-Restraint 96 Strict Scrutiny or the Preferred Freedoms Approach 101 The Court in American History: Judicial Values and Constitutional Interpretation 104 Speaking Up and Speaking More 113 The Court and Political Accountability 115 CHAPTER 3: LEGISLATIVE POWER 118 Qualifications of Members of Congress 118 A. THE SOURCES AND SCOPE OF CONGRESS'S POWER TO LEGISLATE 120 Enumerated and Implied Powers 120 Amendment-Enforcing Powers 127 Inherent Powers 136 The Treaty Power 139 B. DELEGATION OF LEGISLATIVE POWER 142 C. THE POWER TO INVESTIGATE 162 Investigations and the First Amendment 171 Immunity 174 D. THE SPEECH OR DEBATE CLAUSE (CONGRESSIONAL IMMUNITY) 178 CHAPTER 4: EXECUTIVE POWER 183 A. THE PRESIDENT'S APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL POWERS 183 B. THE SCOPE OF EXECUTIVE POWER 197 Theories of Executive Power 197 Presidential Power Under Nixon 222 Executive Privilege 225 The Attorney-Client and Protective Function Privileges 235 Liability of the President for Damages 237 C. EXECUTIVE AUTHORITY IN THE CONDUCT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS 243 Executive Agreements 243 Presidential Dominance in Foreign Relations 249 The Power to Use Military Force 254 D. GEORGE W. BUSH AND THE CONCEPT OF THE UNILATERAL PRESIDENCY 264 CHAPTER 5: POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT IN THE FEDERAL SYSTEM 282 Dual Federalism 283 National Supremacy and Cooperative Federalism 285 A. THE GENERAL SCOPE OF CONGRESS'S POWER TO REGULATE INTERSTATE COMMERCE 288 The “Federal Police Power” 298 The Commerce Power and Racial Discrimination 303 B. CONGRESS'S POWER TO REGULATE PRODUCTION UNDER THE COMMERCE CLAUSE 311 The Rise of Dual Federalism 311 The Decline of Dual Federalism 325 C. REKINDLING DUAL FEDERALISM: THE REHNQUIST COURT 336 The Rehnquist Court and the Commerce Clause 337 The Eleventh Amendment 351 D. THE TAXING AND SPENDING POWER 355 The Rise of Dual Federalism 358 The Decline of Dual Federalism 365 CHAPTER 6: THE REGULATORY POWER OF THE STATES IN THE FEDERAL SYSTEM 377 The Police Power 377 Federal Preemption and Federal Dictation 380 The Interstate Movement of Persons 401 The Negative or Dormant Commerce Clause 405 Judicial Federalism 422 CHAPTER 7: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ECONOMIC LIBERTIES 425 A. THE CONTRACT CLAUSE AND THE STATE POLICE POWER 426 B. THE LIFE AND DEATH OF "LIBERTY OF CONTRACT" 438 Social Darwinism 438 The Rise of "Liberty of Contract" 440 The End of "Liberty of Contract" 455 C. THE REGULATION AND "TAKING" OF PROPERTY 461 D. NON-TRADITIONAL PROPERTY INTERESTS 479 CHAPTER 8: DUE PROCESS OF LAW 485 A. DUE PROCESS AND THE FEDERAL SYSTEM: THE SELECTIVE INCORPORATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS INTO THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT 485 The Bill of Rights Before Incorporation 485 The Theories and Process of Incorporation 492 The Jury Trial Guarantee: A Case Study of Incorporation 509 The Nonincorporated Second Amendment 515 B. THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL 521 Competing Priorities in Criminal Justice 521 The Right to Counsel at Trial 527 The Pretrial Right to Counsel 536 C. THE RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION 552 The Voluntariness of Confessions Before Miranda 560 Admissibility of Confessions After Miranda 561 D. CONFRONTATION AND CROSSEXAMINATION 567 E. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT 574 Punishment for an Act, Not a Condition 574 The Death Penalty 579 Victim Impact Evidence 604 Mandatory Life Imprisonment 608 Forfeiture 609 The Ex Post Facto Clause and Sex Offenders 610 Confining Dangerous Persons Other Than Upon Criminal Conviction 615 Excessive Fines and Excessive Bail 617 CHAPTER 9: OBTAINING EVIDENCE 620 A. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE 620 B. WARRANTLESS SEARCHES AND SEIZURES 640 Consent 640 Search Incident to Arrest 644 Hot Pursuit 648 Motor Vehicles 649 Plain Sight 655 Emergencies and Inspections 662 Street Stops 667 Border Searches 677 Probable Cause and Reasonableness 678 C. CURRENT CONTROVERSIES IN SEARCH AND SEIZURE LAW 680 D. WIRETAPPING AND EAVESDROPPING 702 CHAPTER 10: THE RIGHT OF PRIVACY 728 Reproductive Rights and Family Values Before Griswold 728 Recognizing a Constitutional Right of Privacy 730 Abortion 737 Restricting the Use of Public Funds and Facilities in Performing Abortions 761 Other Lifestyle Issues 767 The Right to Die 779 CHAPTER 11: FREEDOM OF SPEECH 791 The Literal Meaning of "Speech" 792 The Social Function of Speech 794 The Effects of Speech 797 A. THE "CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER" TEST 798 Justices Holmes and Brandeis and the "Clear and Present Danger" Test 798 The "Bad Tendency" Test 803 The Preferred Freedoms Approach 807 The "Clear and Probable Danger" Test 814 "Clear and Present Danger" Triumphant 818 The "Heckler's Veto" 825 B. TIME, PLACE, AND MANNER LIMITATIONS 828 Speech in a "Public Forum" 829 Speech on Private Property 854 Offensiveness 866 C. SYMBOLIC SPEECH 874 Compelling the Flag Salute 874 Protest in School 881 Draft Card Burning and the Beginning of Intermediate Scrutiny in the Regulation of "Speech Plus" 886 Flag Burning and Nude Dancing: Whether to Apply the O'Brien Test 889 Cross Burning and Hate Speech 896 D. CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM, CORPORATE SPEECH, AND PARTY PATRONAGE 903 Campaign Finance Reform 903 Corporate Speech 915 Party Patronage 923 E. COMMERCIAL SPEECH 930 CHAPTER SUMMARY 947 CHAPTER 12: FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 950 A. CENSORSHIP AND PRIOR RESTRAINT 951 The Right to Publish 951 Confidentiality of Sources 975 The Right of Access 982 B. OBSCENITY 997 C. LIBEL 1027 D. FAIR TRIAL-FREE PRESS 1048 CHAPTER 13: FREEDOM OF RELIGION 1064 A. THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE 1064 Prayer, Bible-Reading, and Sunday Closing Laws 1068 The Lemon Test and Financial Aid to Religion 1079 Whither Lemon? 1106 B. THE FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF 1121 CHAPTER 14: EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS 1142 A. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 1143 The Doctrine of "Separate but Equal" 1143 The Brown Decision 1149 The Scope and Duration of Desegregation 1160 Proving Discriminatory Intent 1180 Affirmative Action or "Reverse Discrimination" 1186 B. "PRIVATE" DISCRIMINATION AND THE CONCEPT OF "STATE ACTION" 1200 "State Action" Under the Fourteenth Amendment 1204 Reaching Private Conduct Through the Thirteenth Amendment 1214 Private Discrimination and First Amendment Issues 1222 C. VOTING RIGHTS AND ELECTORAL DISCRIMINATION 1230 The Voting Rights Act 1230 Voting Rights and Constitutional Access to the Ballot 1237 The 2000 Presidential Election 1243 D. MALAPPORTIONMENT 1249 E. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION 1274 Social Welfare Benefits and Limitations on the Right to Travel 1276 Indigency 1283 Illegitimacy 1294 Gender 1298 Age 1320 Mental Impairment 1324 Sexual Preference 1326 Alienage 1343 APPENDIX A. TIME CHART Of THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT 1352 APPENDIX B. BIOGRAPHICAL CHART OF SUPREME COURT JUSTICES SINCE 1900 1358 APPENDIX C. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE CURRENT JUSTICES 1364 APPENDIX D. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 1368 APPENDIX E. A BRIEF GUIDE TO LEGAL CITATIONS AND RESEARCH 1382 Exhibit E.1 The National Reporter System 1383 Exhibit E.2 Map of the National Reporter System 1384 Glossary 1388 Index 1396 Table of Cases 1414

Retaining the format of its predecessor, this eighth edition of this first volume of a two-volume set reflects developments in American constitutional law through the end of the Supreme Court's October 2001 term. Material on the presidential pardoning power has been restored, and there is new coverage of the USA Patriot Act, the authorization to intervene in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the relationship between judicial attitudes and constitutional doctrines in the context of American political history. Ducat is professor emeritus of Northern Illinois University. Annotation ©2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Beth M. Henschen

In this fifth edition of CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION (and the third produced without Harold Chase), Craig Ducat continues to offer a comprehensive treatment of the major areas of constitutional law. Rather than take a particular thematic approach, the authors seek to provide a set of materials that is both generous and compatible with many different approaches to teaching about the Constitution (pp. vii-viii)--and they do just that. The number of cases that are included (in introductory discussions if not excerpted) is nearly exhaustive, and instructors who reflect different styles of teaching will be comfortable with the straightforward manner in which the cases are presented. The first chapter (Judicial Power) has a somewhat longer introductory section (20 pages) than most of the others, since it includes a description of federal court jurisdiction and case processing in addition to a review of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the nature and extent of judicial power. Interspersed among the case excerpts are some additional discussions that add interest. When Should Justices Disqualify Themselves? (pp. 29-31), for example, provides information that is relevant to John Marshall's participation in MARBURY. Sometimes, however, these features seem to be rather abruptly stuck in. The Process By Which The Supreme Court Decides Cases (pp. 46-49) follows EX PARTE MCCARDLE and precedes U.S. V. WOODLEY, a decision by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals involving the president's power to make recess appointments to federal courts. Finally, Chapter 1 includes some essays, one by Ducat, for example, on methods by which justices interpret the Constitution (pp. 82-98) and another by Lon Fuller on adjudication (pp. 120- 123). While these topics are certainly not irrelevant, the level at which they are addressed (especially by Fuller) may be beyond the reach of a fair number of undergraduates, and I am not certain that they add much to the text. It is also somewhat curious that, for the most part, the twelve remaining chapters contain neither supplementary essays nor the additional feature sections noted above. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 deal with legislative and executive power; Chapters 5 and 6 cover the powers of the national and state governments in the federal system. A new chapter (7) on substantive due process is a welcome addition. It summarizes the Court's interpretation of the Contract Clause and includes cases on liberty of contract and privacy rights. In this edition, material on procedural guarantees in the administrative process has been eliminated (wisely, I think) from Chapter 8, Due Process of Law. Chapter 9, Obtaining Evidence, is followed by two very thorough chapters on speech and press. Chapter 12, Freedom of Religion and Chapter 13, Equal Protection of the Laws, round out the text. Surely one of the greatest strengths of CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION is the wealth of cases it includes. Coverage of the Court's decisions comes in four forms: 1) case excerpts that are appropriately introduced and edited; 2) discussions of other cases interspersed among excerpts in which a fair amount of the Court's ruling is reprinted; 3) tables of additional cases relevant to a particular subject matter; and 4) cases mentioned in chapter introductions. My only disagreement with this format is that the cases which are scattered among the excerpts come up rather abruptly (see, for example, LYNCH V. DONNELLY, pp. 1253-1258; DAVIS V. BANDEMER, pp. 1445-1446). Setting these decisions off by a heading would help. In a similar vein, I think it would be useful for the reader if the chapter introductions were split up so that a discussion of a single topic (for example, Page 144 follows: warrantless searches and seizures, pp. 788-793) immediately preceded the case excerpts in that area (pp. 818-854). A final minor point: the minimum monetary amount in diversity cases has been raised from $10,000 (p. 7) to $50,000. In addition to being published in one master volume, CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION has now been divided into two paperback texts which facilitate its use in a three-course sequence. POWERS OF GOVERNMENT includes Chapters 1-7; Chapters 7- 13 comprise RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL. I used earlier editions of Ducat and Chase when I taught constitutional law in a two-course sequence but had to search for other, more appropriately divided texts when I came to Loyola with its three courses on constitutional law. I will now happily reconsider using one of the most comprehensive casebooks for political science classes on the market.

One of the best-known, most complete, and widely read Constitutional Law textbooks published today, CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION, Ninth Edition, is updated to reflect current issues and cases relevant to you, the student. Offering clear explanations and actual court cases written in concise language, this text remains the standard text for both students and instructors alike. CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION, Ninth Edition, is popular with instructors because the text explains difficult concepts extensively and clearly, and sometimes uses graphs to get the point across. In addition, each chapter is its own unit, making studying easier. Throughout the text, major cases, notes, and charts are bridged with helpful explanations so you can clearly see how one concept relates to another.