Conservation and Sustainable Use: A Handbook of Techniques (Techniques in Ecology and Conservation) (Techniques in Ecology & Conservation)

The relentless exploitation and unsustainable use of wildlife, whether for food, medicine or other uses, is a key concern for conservationists worldwide. Indeed, wildlife conservation and sustainable use have recently become centrepieces in conservation and development research. Assessment, interpretation and ultimate action in a scientific study of exploited species must consider numerous factors: from the biology, habitat requirements and population dynamics of the species in question to the relationships that people have with their environment and the species within it. Any long-term management plan must ensure that people and wildlife can coexist - otherwise it is doomed to failure. Conservation and Sustainable Use provides a practical and integrated approach to carrying out research on the conservation of exploited species. It is relevant to both tropical and temperate biomes and is applicable to all exploited species, including mammals, fish and plants. It describes both the practical (field) and theoretical (modelling) techniques for obtaining and interpreting information, integrating biological, social, economic and institutional analyses. It also demonstrates how to translate information into effective action through appropriate interventions, from legislation to changing people's attitudes. This is the first time that all these issues have been covered together in a single, practically-orientated volume. This book will be essential reading for graduate level students and researchers in conservation biology, human ecology, sociology and resource economics. It will also provide an important reference for anyone who is interested in carrying out a scientifically-based conservation program for an exploited species, including field biologists, wildlife managers and practitioners in the fields of conservation and international development. Contents......Page 8 1.1 Who is this book for?......Page 14 1.2.1 Is exploitation the threat?......Page 15 1.2.2 Defining sustainable use......Page 17 1.3.1 The essentials of population dynamics......Page 19 1.3.2 Economics of supply and demand......Page 21 1.3.3 Bioeconomic systems......Page 23 1.4 Book structure......Page 24 2.2 Sampling considerations......Page 26 2.2.1 Bias......Page 28 2.2.2 Precision......Page 29 2.2.3 Getting the best possible sample......Page 31 2.3 Measuring abundance......Page 32 2.3.1 Plot sampling......Page 33 2.3.3 Distance sampling......Page 35 2.3.4 Mark-recapture......Page 42 2.3.5 Offtake-based methods......Page 48 2.3.6 Other methods......Page 56 2.3.7 Which method is best?......Page 58 2.4 Measuring demographic rates......Page 62 2.4.1 Population growth rate......Page 63 2.4.2 Survival rate......Page 65 2.4.3 Productivity......Page 77 2.4.4 Density dependence......Page 80 2.4.5 Physical growth and size class transition rates......Page 83 2.5.1 Movement rates......Page 86 2.5.2 Abundance–environment relationships......Page 89 2.6 Surveying as a component of monitoring......Page 93 2.7.1 Websites......Page 94 2.7.2 Textbooks......Page 95 3.1 Scope of the chapter......Page 96 3.2.1 What do we need this information for?......Page 97 3.2.2 Ethical issues......Page 100 3.2.3 Gathering social data—the basics......Page 102 3.2.4 Techniques for data collection......Page 106 3.2.5 Techniques for data analysis......Page 117 3.3.1 Individual resource users’ behaviour......Page 119 3.3.2 Natural resource use as a component of livelihoods......Page 123 3.3.3 Framework for designing a study of natural resource users’ incentives......Page 132 3.4.1 Websites......Page 135 3.4.2 Textbooks......Page 136 4.2 Simple comparisons......Page 138 4.3 Trends over time......Page 150 4.3.1 Trends in population size or structure......Page 151 4.3.3 Trends in catch per unit effort......Page 154 4.3.5 Spatial extent of hunting......Page 157 4.4 Multivariate explanatory models......Page 159 4.4.1 Confronting models with data......Page 160 4.5 Meta-analyses......Page 163 4.6.1 Websites......Page 166 4.6.2 Textbooks......Page 167 5.1 Scope of the chapter......Page 168 5.2 Types of model......Page 169 5.2.1 Off-the-shelf packages......Page 171 5.3.1 Conceptual model......Page 172 5.3.2 Writing the model in equation form......Page 175 5.3.3 Coding the model......Page 177 5.3.4 Model exploration......Page 181 5.3.5 Incorporating uncertainty......Page 185 5.3.6 Validation......Page 189 5.3.7 Scenario exploration......Page 191 5.4.1 Biological models......Page 193 5.4.2 Behavioural models......Page 195 5.4.3 Bio-economic models......Page 196 5.4.4 Bayesian models......Page 197 5.5 Moving from modelling to action......Page 203 5.6.1 Websites......Page 204 5.6.2 Textbooks......Page 205 6.1 Scope of the chapter......Page 209 6.2 A taxonomy of management approaches......Page 213 6.3 How can we intervene?......Page 214 6.3.1 Setting and enforcing rules......Page 219 6.3.2 Promoting goodwill and cultural value......Page 225 6.3.3 Alternative livelihoods......Page 229 6.3.4 Payment for conservation services......Page 233 6.3.5 Which approach?......Page 236 6.4.1 Direct use......Page 237 6.4.2 Promoting goodwill and cultural value......Page 239 6.4.3 Alternative livelihoods......Page 241 6.4.4 Payment for conservation services......Page 243 6.5 An integrated approach......Page 246 6.6.2 Textbooks......Page 250 7.2 Management in the real world......Page 252 7.3 Designing for success......Page 255 7.4 Monitoring......Page 258 7.4.1 Monitoring for compliance......Page 259 7.4.2 Monitoring ecological trends......Page 263 7.5.1 Who makes the decisions?......Page 268 7.5.2 How to make decisions......Page 271 7.6 Contextualising management......Page 281 7.6.1 External factors affecting conservation success......Page 282 7.6.2 Cross-sectoral environmental planning......Page 283 7.7 A last word......Page 285 7.8.1 Websites......Page 287 7.8.2 Textbooks......Page 288 Bibliography......Page 290 B......Page 312 C......Page 313 D......Page 314 F......Page 315 H......Page 316 M......Page 317 N......Page 318 P......Page 319 R......Page 320 S......Page 321 T......Page 322 Z......Page 323 Contents 8 1. Introduction 14 1.1 Who is this book for? 14 1.2 Assessing threats and sustainability 15 1.2.1 Is exploitation the threat? 15 1.2.2 Defining sustainable use 17 1.3 The dynamics of bio-economic systems 19 1.3.1 The essentials of population dynamics 19 1.3.2 Economics of supply and demand 21 1.3.3 Bioeconomic systems 23 1.4 Book structure 24 2. Techniques for surveying exploited species 26 2.1 Scope of the chapter 26 2.2 Sampling considerations 26 2.2.1 Bias 28 2.2.2 Precision 29 2.2.3 Getting the best possible sample 31 2.3 Measuring abundance 32 2.3.1 Plot sampling 33 2.3.2 Nearest neighbour (plotless) sampling 35 2.3.3 Distance sampling 35 2.3.4 Mark-recapture 42 2.3.5 Offtake-based methods 48 2.3.6 Other methods 56 2.3.7 Which method is best? 58 2.3.8 The future 62 2.4 Measuring demographic rates 62 2.4.1 Population growth rate 63 2.4.2 Survival rate 65 2.4.3 Productivity 77 2.4.4 Density dependence 80 2.4.5 Physical growth and size class transition rates 83 2.5 Spatial issues 86 2.5.1 Movement rates 86 2.5.2 Abundance–environment relationships 89 2.6 Surveying as a component of monitoring 93 2.7 Resources 94 2.7.1 Websites 94 2.7.2 Textbooks 95 3. Understanding natural resource users’ incentives 96 3.1 Scope of the chapter 96 3.2 General issues 97 3.2.1 What do we need this information for? 97 3.2.2 Ethical issues 100 3.2.3 Gathering social data—the basics 102 3.2.4 Techniques for data collection 106 3.2.5 Techniques for data analysis 117 3.3 Case studies 119 3.3.1 Individual resource users’ behaviour 119 3.3.2 Natural resource use as a component of livelihoods 123 3.3.3 Framework for designing a study of natural resource users’ incentives 132 3.4 Resources 135 3.4.1 Websites 135 3.4.2 Textbooks 136 4. Assessing current sustainability of use 138 4.1 Scope of the chapter 138 4.2 Simple comparisons 138 4.3 Trends over time 150 4.3.1 Trends in population size or structure 151 4.3.2 Trends in ecosystem structure 154 4.3.3 Trends in catch per unit effort 154 4.3.4 Species composition of offtake 157 4.3.5 Spatial extent of hunting 157 4.4 Multivariate explanatory models 159 4.4.1 Confronting models with data 160 4.5 Meta-analyses 163 4.6 Resources 166 4.6.1 Websites 166 4.6.2 Textbooks 167 5. Developing predictive models 168 5.1 Scope of the chapter 168 5.2 Types of model 169 5.2.1 Off-the-shelf packages 171 5.3 Building your own model 172 5.3.1 Conceptual model 172 5.3.2 Writing the model in equation form 175 5.3.3 Coding the model 177 5.3.4 Model exploration 181 5.3.5 Incorporating uncertainty 185 5.3.6 Validation 189 5.3.7 Scenario exploration 191 5.4 Which model should I use? 193 5.4.1 Biological models 193 5.4.2 Behavioural models 195 5.4.3 Bio-economic models 196 5.4.4 Bayesian models 197 5.5 Moving from modelling to action 203 5.6 Resources 204 5.6.1 Websites 204 5.6.2 Textbooks 205 6. Choosing management approaches 209 6.1 Scope of the chapter 209 6.2 A taxonomy of management approaches 213 6.3 How can we intervene? 214 6.3.1 Setting and enforcing rules 219 6.3.2 Promoting goodwill and cultural value 225 6.3.3 Alternative livelihoods 229 6.3.4 Payment for conservation services 233 6.3.5 Which approach? 236 6.4 Implementation strategies 237 6.4.1 Direct use 237 6.4.2 Promoting goodwill and cultural value 239 6.4.3 Alternative livelihoods 241 6.4.4 Payment for conservation services 243 6.5 An integrated approach 246 6.6 Resources 250 6.6.1 Useful websites 250 6.6.2 Textbooks 250 7. Implementing management for long-term sustainability 252 7.1 Scope of the chapter 252 7.2 Management in the real world 252 7.3 Designing for success 255 7.4 Monitoring 258 7.4.1 Monitoring for compliance 259 7.4.2 Monitoring ecological trends 263 7.5 Making decisions 268 7.5.1 Who makes the decisions? 268 7.5.2 How to make decisions 271 7.6 Contextualising management 281 7.6.1 External factors affecting conservation success 282 7.6.2 Cross-sectoral environmental planning 283 7.7 A last word 285 7.8 Resources 287 7.8.1 Websites 287 7.8.2 Textbooks 288 Bibliography 290 Index 312 A 312 B 312 C 313 D 314 E 315 F 315 G 316 H 316 I 317 J 317 K 317 L 317 M 317 N 318 O 319 P 319 Q 320 R 320 S 321 T 322 U 323 V 323 W 323 Y 323 Z 323 The relentless exploitation and unsustainable use of wildlife, whether for food, medicine or other uses, is a key concern for conservationists worldwide. Indeed, wildlife conservation and sustainable use have recently become centrepieces in conservation and development research. Assessment, interpretation and ultimate action in a scientific study of exploited species must consider numerous from the biology, habitat requirements and population dynamics of the species in question to the relationships that people have with their environment and the species within it. Any long-term management plan must ensure that people and wildlife can coexist - otherwise it is doomed to failure. Conservation and Sustainable Use provides a practical and integrated approach to carrying out research on the conservation of exploited species. It is relevant to both tropical and temperate biomes and is applicable to all exploited species, including mammals, fish and plants. It describes both the practical (field) and theoretical (modelling) techniques for obtaining and interpreting information, integrating biological, social, economic and institutional analyses. It also demonstrates how to translate information into effective action through appropriate interventions, from legislation to changing people's attitudes. This is the first time that all these issues have been covered together in a single, practically-orientated volume. This book will be essential reading for graduate level students and researchers in conservation biology, human ecology, sociology and resource economics. It will also provide an important reference for anyone who is interested in carrying out a scientifically-based conservation programme for an exploited species, including field biologists, wildlife managers and practitioners in the fields of conservation and international development. Conservation And Sustainable Use Provides An Integrated Approach To Carrying Out Research On The Conservation Of Exploited Species. It Is Relevant To Both Tropical And Temperate Biomes And Is Applicable To All Exploited Species, Including Mammals, Fish, And Plants. It Describes Both The Practical And Theoretical Techniques For Obtaining And Interpreting Information, Integrating Biological, Social, Economic And Institutional Analyses. It Demonstrates How To Translate Information Into Effective Action Through Appropriate Interventions, From Legislation To Changing Attitudes. This Book Will Be Essential Reading For Students And Researchers In Conservation Biology, Human Ecology, Sociology, And Resource Economics. It Will Provide An Important Reference For Anyone Carrying Out A Scientifically-based Conservation Programme For An Exploited Species, Including Field Biologists, Wildlife Managers And Practitioners In The Fields Of Conservation, And International Development.--jacket. Introduction -- Techniques For Surveying Exploited Species -- Understanding Natural Resource Users' Incentives -- Assessing Current Sustainablilty Of Use -- Developing Predictive Models -- Choosing Management Approaches -- Implementing Management For Long-term Sutainablilty. E.j. Milner-gulland, J. Marcus Rowcliffe. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [277]-297) And Index. "Conservation and Sustainable Use provides an integrated approach to carrying out research on the conservation of exploited species. It is relevant to both tropical and temperate biomes and is applicable to all exploited species, including mammals, fish, and plants. It describes both the practical and theoretical techniques for obtaining and interpreting information, integrating biological, social, economic and institutional analyses. It demonstrates how to translate information into effective action through appropriate interventions, from legislation to changing attitudes." "This book will be essential reading for students and researchers in conservation biology, human ecology, sociology, and resource economics. It will provide an important reference for anyone carrying out a scientifically-based conservation programme for an exploited species, including field biologists, wildlife managers and practitioners in the fields of conservation, and international development."--Résumé de l'éditeur With wildlife conservation and sustainable use having recently become centrepieces in conservation and development research, this title offers a practical and integrated approach to carrying out research on the conservation status of exploited species, from data collection to long-term management A practical and integrated approach to carrying out research on the conservation status of exploited species, from data collection to long-term management. Wildlife conservation and sustainable use have recently become centrepieces in conservation and development research.