Confucius

Scholar, philosopher and political sage, Confucius lived at a turbulent time in his country's history, the so-called 'Spring and Autumn Period' of the sixth century BC, during which China was wracked by warfare between rival feudal states. Against this backdrop he developed a system of social and political behaviour that he hoped could be used to create harmony and peace throughout the land. The teachings of Confucius attracted a large number of pupils, but were largely ignored by the rulers of China's various kingdoms. As a result, he did not see his philosophical teachings applied during his lifetime. After his death, however, his teachings were kept alive by his followers, and within a few centuries, his philosophy (as outlined in The Analects, which record the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples) was adopted by China's rulers and became the foundation for Chinese government, education and social structure. Beyond its profound influence on the culture and history of East Asia, Confucianism has also exerted a powerful fascination for western thinkers and philosophers. Meher McArthur's accessible and thoughtful biography not only traces the outline of her subject's life, but also examines why Confucius and his teachings are still relevant today. Overview: Confucius is one of the most important figures in Chinese history, whose philosophies have shaped world culture. Often overlooked outside his native country, Confucius himself was a fascinating figure. A contemporary of Buddha, Confucius was outspoken and uncompromising man who revolutionized Chinese society nearly 2,500 years ago, when the country was merely a loose web of feudal provinces. No small feat for the illegitimate son of a retired soldier and a teenage concubine, who once received a prophecy from the local fortune-teller that she would give birth to a "throneless king." Perhaps because of these humble beginnings, Confucius had a passionate belief in respect for others and this belief underpinned his life and teachings. He advised the emperors and kings of his day, gaining their respect and undying enmity along the way. He was equally proud of both achievements, saying that if the evil people of the world liked him, he was doing something wrong. Confucius established many ideas that are taken for granted today, from respecting one's parents to the Golden Rule, to virtue being its own reward. His theories became the foundation of one of the world's first civil services and established social structures throughout Asia that still exist today. Contents......Page 8 Acknowledgements......Page 10 Preface......Page 12 Introduction: China’s Great Sage......Page 28 1: The Bitter Gourd That Is Not Eaten......Page 54 2: China at the Time of Confucius......Page 60 3: Early Life and Family......Page 74 4: Early Career and Teachings......Page 92 5: Return to Lu......Page 112 6: Confucius’ Followers......Page 134 7: The Wandering Years......Page 150 8: The Final Years......Page 172 Conclusion: The Legacy of Confucius and His Teachings......Page 188 Notes......Page 222 Select Bibliography......Page 248 Index......Page 252