Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome [3 volumes]: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia

The complex role warfare played in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations is examined through coverage of key wars and battles; important leaders, armies, organizations, and weapons; and other noteworthy aspects of conflict. • Provides an up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of conflict in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds that relates warfare to society, politics, economy, and culture • Examines major wars and other key conflicts; important generals and leaders; and Greek and Roman political, military, social, and cultural institutions • Presents ancillary information, including maps and illustrations; a topically arranged bibliography; sourcebooks of primary sources in translation; and lists of the most interesting "sound bites" attributed to Greek and Roman leaders in ancient times Cover 1 About the paginatiof of this eBook 2 Volume 1 3 Half Title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Dedication 7 Contents 9 Preface 25 Acknowledgments 27 Part 1: Conflict in Ancient Greece 31 Introduction: Conflict in Ancient Greece 33 Reader Information and Abbreviations 47 Chronology of Conflict in Ancient Greece 53 Guide to Related Topics: Greek Section 75 Greek Entries: 87 A 87 Abdera 87 Abydus 87 Acarnania, Acarnanians 88 Achaea, Achaeans 88 Achaea Phthiotis 89 Achaean League 89 Achaean League, Wars of 90 Achaean War (146) 92 Achaeus (ca. 250–213) 93 Acragas (Agrigentum) 93 Acrotatus I (Active 330s) 94 Acrotatus II (d. 262) 95 Aegina, Aeginetans 95 Aegospotami, Battle of (405) 96 Aelian (Aelianus Tacticus) (Active ca. 100 CE) 97 Aeneas Tacticus (Active ca. 350) 97 Aeschines (ca. 390–322) 98 Aeschylus (525–456) 98 Aetolia, Aetolian League 99 Agathocles (ca. 361–289) 101 Agesilaus II (Reigned ca. 401–ca. 360) 101 Agesipolis I (d. 381) 102 Agis II (ca. 460–ca. 399) 103 Agis III (d. 331) 104 Agis III, Revolt against Macedon (331) 104 Agis IV (ca. 265–241) 105 Agoge 105 Ai Khanoum 106 Alalia, Battle of (ca. 540) 107 Alcaeus (b. ca. 620) 107 Alcetas (ca. 420–ca. 360) 107 Alcibiades (ca. 450–404) 108 Alcidas (Active ca. 428/7) 109 Alcmaeonidae 109 Alcohol 110 Alexander I Balas (b. ca. 173; Reigned 150–145) 110 Alexander I of Epirus (370–331) 111 Alexander I of Macedon (d. ca. 452) 111 Alexander II of Macedon (d. 368) 112 Alexander II Zabinas (Reigned 128–122) 112 Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon (356–323) 112 Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon, Bactrian Campaign (330–328/7) 115 Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon, Destruction of Thebes (335) 116 Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon, Indian Campaign (327–325) 116 Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon, Invasion of Persian Empire (334–327) 117 Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon, Thrace and Illyria Campaigns (336) 121 Alexander of Pherae (d. ca. 357) 122 Alexandria, Egypt 122 Alliances/Allies (Symmachiai/Symmachoi) 123 Alyattes, King of Lydia (ca. 610–560) 125 Amazons 125 Ambracia and Amphilochia 126 Amompharetus (d. 479?) 127 Amphipolis 127 Amphipolis, Campaign of (424–422) 128 Andocides (ca. 440–ca. 391) 129 Andrapodismos 130 Androtion (ca. 410–340) 130 Animals in War 130 Antalcidas (d. ca. 367) 131 Antigonus I Monophthalmus (382–301) 131 Antigonus II Gonatas (ca. 320–239) 132 Antigonus III Doson (ca. 263–221) 133 Antiochus I Soter (ca. 324–261) 134 Antiochus III (the Great) (d. 187) 134 Antiochus IV Epiphanes (ca. 215–164) 136 Antiochus VII Sidetes (b. ca. 159; Reigned 139–129) 136 Antiochus Hierax (ca. 260–226) 136 Antipater (399/8–319) 137 Antiphon (ca. 480–410) 138 Aornus, Siege of (327/6) 138 Appian of Alexandria (ca. 95–165 CE) 138 Aratus of Sicyon (271–213) 139 Arbitration 140 Arcadia, Arcadians 141 Arcadian League 142 Archelaus (d. 399) 142 Archers (Toxotai) 143 Archidamus II (d. ca. 427/6) 144 Archidamus III (ca. 400–338) 145 Archilochus (ca. 680–640) 145 Archimedes (ca. 287–212) 146 Arête 146 Arginusae, Battle of (406) 147 Argolid 148 Argos, Argives 148 Aristagoras (Late Sixth–Early Fifth Century) 149 Aristides (d. post–467) 149 Aristonicus (d. ca. 129) 150 Aristophanes (Second Half of Fifth Century) 150 Arms and Armor 151 Arrian (ca. 89–ca. 180 CE) 157 Art (Ancient), Greek Warfare in 158 Artaxerxes I (Reigned 465–424) 162 Artaxerxes II (Reigned 405/4–359/8) 162 Artaxerxes III (Reigned 358–338) 163 Artemisia (Active ca. 480) 163 Artemisium, Battle of (480) 164 Asclepiodotus (First Century) 164 Asia Minor 165 Assassination 165 Astyochus (Active 412/11) 166 Athenian Confederacy, Second 167 Athens 167 Athens, Alliance with Plataea (ca. 519) 171 Athens, Campaigns in Thrace 171 Athens, Expedition to Cyprus (450–449) 172 Athens, External Conflicts (519–506) 172 Athens, Intervention in Egypt (460–454) 173 Athens, Naval War with Sparta (376–374) 173 Athens, Oligarchic Movements 174 Athens, Restoration of Democracy (403) 175 Athens, Revolts of Allies (Fifth Century) 175 Athens, War with Aegina (ca. 500–458) 177 Attalus I of Pergamum (Reigned 241–197) 177 Attalus II of Pergamum (Reigned 159–138) 178 Attalus III of Pergamum (Reigned 138–133) 178 Attendants, Military 178 B 181 Bactria, Bactrians 181 Bandits 181 Bithynia 183 Biton (Third or Second Century) 184 Black Sea, Greek Cities of 184 Boeotia, Boeotians 185 Boeotian League 186 Bosporan Kingdom 186 Brasidas (d. 422) 187 Brennus (d. 278) 188 Bribery and Corruption 188 Byzantium, Byzantines 189 C 191 Callias, Peace of 191 Callicrates (d. 149/8) 191 Callicratidas (d. 406) 192 Callimachus (d. 490) 192 Callinus (Active ca. 650) 193 Callisthenes of Olynthus (d. ca. 327) 193 Camp Followers 193 Caria, Carians 194 Caria, Greek Cities in 194 Carthage, Carthaginians 195 Carthaginian War, First (480) 197 Carthaginian Wars (409–367) 197 Carthaginian Wars (345–275) 198 Cassander (d. 297) 199 Casualties 200 Catalogus (Katalogos) 201 Cataphractoi 202 Catapult (Katapeltes) 202 Cavalry 203 Celts, Invasion of Greece and Thrace (279/8) 207 Cersobleptes (Reigned ca. 360–342) 208 Chabrias (ca. 420–357) 209 Chaeronea, Battle of (338) 209 Chalcidian Confederacy 210 Chalcidice 211 Chalcis 212 Champions, Battle of (ca. 547) 212 Chares (Active ca. 367–325) 213 Charidemus (d. 333) 213 Chariots 214 Cheirisophus (ca. 440–400) 214 Chersonese, Thracian 215 “Chigi Vase” 216 Chios, Chians 217 Chremonidean War (267/6–263/2) 218 Chremonides (Active 270–240) 218 Cimon (ca. 510–449) 219 Civilian Populations in War 219 Clearchus (ca. 450–401) 222 Cleisthenes (ca. 570–after ca. 506) 222 Cleisthenes of Sicyon (Ruled ca. 600–560) 223 Cleitarchus (Fourth Century) 223 Cleitus (the Admiral) (d. 318) 224 Cleitus the Black (d. 328) 224 Cleombrotus I (Reigned 380–371) 224 Cleomenes I (Reigned ca. 520–ca. 490) 225 Cleomenes III (Reigned ca. 235–222) 225 Cleon (d. 422) 226 Cleopatra VII (69–30) 227 Cnidus, Battle of (394) 228 Coenus (d. 326) 229 Coinage 229 Colonies, Colonization 230 Colonies, Military 232 Comics and Graphic Novels, Greek Warfare in 232 Command Structures, Army 234 Command Structures, Navy 235 Commemoration 236 Common Peace (Koine Eirene) 238 Conon (ca. 444–392) 239 Contracts, Military 240 Corcyra, Conflict with Epidamnus and Corinth (435–433/2) 240 Corcyra, Corcyraeans 241 Corcyra, Stasis at (427) 242 Corinth, Corinthians 243 Corinth and Corcyra, Sea-Battle (ca. 660) 244 Corinthian War (395–387/6) 245 Coronea, Battle of (447) 246 Coronea, Battle of (394) 247 Corupedium, Battle of (281) 247 Cos, Battle of (ca. 262–256) 247 Cotys (d. 359) 248 Craterus (d. 321) 248 Crete, Cretans 249 Crocus Field, Battle of (ca. 353/2) 249 Croesus of Lydia (ca. 595–547) 250 Croton 250 Crypteia 251 Ctesias (ca. 450–ca. 380) 251 Cumae 252 Cunaxa, Battle of (401) 252 Curtius Rufus (First or Second Century CE, or Later) 253 Cynoscephalae, Battle of (364) 253 Cynoscephalae, Battle of (197) 253 Cyprus 254 Cypselus (d. ca. 625) 255 Cyrene 255 Cyrus II (Reigned 559–530) 256 Cyrus the Younger (ca. 423–401) 256 D 259 Darius I (Reigned 522–486) 259 Darius II (Reigned 423–404) 260 Darius III (Reigned 336/5–330) 260 Dead, Treatment of 261 Decelea 262 Declaration of War 262 Dedications, Military 263 Dekate 264 Delian League/Athenian Empire 264 Delium, Battle of (424) 265 Delos 266 Delphi 267 Delphic Amphictyony 268 Demaratus (Reigned ca. 515–491) 269 Demetrias 269 Demetrius I of Bactria (Reigned ca. 200–180) 269 Demetrius I Poliorcetes (ca. 336–283) 270 Demetrius II Nicator (ca. 160–125) 271 Demetrius of Phalerum (ca. 350–280) 271 Demetrius of Pharos (Active ca. 230–215) 272 Democracy and War 272 Demography, Military 273 Demosthenes (General) (d. 413) 274 Demosthenes (Orator) (ca. 384–322) 275 Dercylidas (d. after 387) 276 Diekplous 276 Diodorus Siculus (ca. 80–30) 276 Diodotus I and Diodotus II of Bactria (ca. 300–230) 277 Dion of Syracuse (ca. 409–354) 277 Dionysius I of Syracuse (ca. 432–367) 278 Dionysius II of Syracuse (Reigned 367–357 and 346–344) 278 Diplomacy 279 Discipline, Military 281 Dorieus (ca. 540–505) 283 Doris 283 E 285 Egypt, Egyptians 285 Elephants 285 Elis 287 Elis, War with Arcadia (360s) 287 Elite Troops 288 Epaminondas (d. 362) 289 Ephebes, Ephebeia 290 Ephesus, Battle of (409) 291 Ephialtes, Malian (Active ca. 480) 291 Ephorus (ca. 400–330) 291 Epibatai 292 Epidamnus 292 Epiphanies, Military 292 Epirus, Epirotes 293 Epiteichismos 294 Eretria 294 Etruria, Etruscans 295 Euboea, Euboeans 295 Eucratides the Great (Reigned ca. 170–145) 295 Eumenes I of Pergamum (Reigned 263–241) 296 Eumenes II of Pergamum (Reigned 197–159) 296 Eumenes of Cardia (ca. 361–316) 297 Eurybiades (Active ca. 480) 297 Eurydice (d. 317) 298 Eurymedon, Battle of (ca. 467/6) 298 Euthydemus I of Bactria (Reigned ca. 230–200) 298 Evagoras (ca. 435–374/3) 299 Exiles 300 F 303 Families of Soldiers 303 Fetters of Greece 304 Finance and War 304 Fortifications 308 Freedom (Eleutheria) 313 Frontinus (ca. 35–103/4 CE) 313 G 315 Gabiene, Battle of (316) 315 Galatians 315 Garrisons 316 Gaugamela, Battle of (331) 317 Gelon (Ruled ca. 491–478) 317 Gender in War 318 Gods of War 319 Granicus, Battle of (334) 320 Gylippus (d. after 403) 320 H 323 Haliartus, Battle of (395) 323 Halicarnassus 323 Hamippoi (sing. Hamippos) 324 Harpalus (d. 323) 324 Hegemon, Hegemonia 324 Hellenic League (against Persians) 325 Hellenic League (under Philip) 325 Hellenica Oxyrhynchia 326 Hellespont 326 Hellespont Campaign (411–410) 327 Helots 328 Hephaestion (d. 324) 329 Heraclea Trachinia 329 Hermocrates of Syracuse (d. 407) 330 Hero of Alexandria (ca. 10–ca. 70 CE) 330 Herodotus (ca. 485–425) 331 Hieron I of Syracuse (Ruled 478–467/6) 331 Hieron II of Syracuse (ca. 306–215) 332 Hieronymus of Cardia (d. ca. 250) 332 Himeras, Battle of (311) 333 Hippeis (sing. Hippeus) 333 Hippotoxotai (sing. Hippotoxotes) 333 Histiaeus (d. ca. 494/3) 334 Homeric Warfare 334 Hoplites 336 Hydaspes, Battle of (326) 339 Hysiae, Battle of (669) 339 I 341 Illyria, Illyrians 341 Internal Security 341 Ionia, Ionians 343 Ionian Revolt (499–493) 344 Iphicrates (ca. 415–ca. 353) 345 Ipsus, Battle of (301) 346 Issus, Battle of (333) 347 Isthmus of Corinth 348 Italy, Greek Cities in 348 Italy, Italians 349 J 351 Jason of Pherae (d. 370) 351 Judaea, Jews 351 Justin/Pompeius Trogus 352 K 353 King’s Peace (387/6) 353 L 355 Lade, Battle of (494) 355 Lamachus (d. 414) 355 Lamian War (323–322) 356 Laws of War 357 Lechaeum, Battle of (390) 359 Lelantine War 359 Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros 360 Leonidas (d. 480) 360 Leonnatus (ca. 356–322) 361 Leosthenes (d. 323/2) 362 Leotychidas II (ca. 545–469) 362 Lesbos 363 Leucimme, Battle of (435) 363 Leuctra, Battle of (371) 364 Libya 365 Light Troops (Psiloi, Gymnoi) 365 Locris, Eastern 367 Locris, Western 367 Logistics 368 Long Walls 372 Lycurgus (ca. 390–324) 372 Lycurgus (Spartan) (Unknown Date) 372 Lydia 374 Lysander (d. 395) 375 Lysimacheia 375 Lysimacheia, Battle of (277) 376 Lysimachus (ca. 355–281) 376 M 379 Maccabean Revolt (167–160) 379 Macedon, Macedonia 380 Macedonian War, First (215–205) 381 Macedonian War, Second (200–196) 382 Macedonian War, Third (171–168) 383 Macedonian War, Fourth (150–148) 384 Magna Graecia 385 Magnesia 385 Magnesia, Battle of (190) 385 Magnesia on the Maeander 386 Malis, Malians 387 Mantinea, Battle of (418) 387 Mantinea, Battle of (362) 388 Mantinea, Mantineans 389 Marathon, Battle of (490) 389 Mardonius (d. 479) 390 Mausolus and the Hecatomnids 391 Medicine, Military 391 Megalopolis 393 Megalopolis, Battle of (331) 394 Megara 394 Megara, Battle of (458) 395 Meleager (d. 323) 396 Melos 396 Memnon and Mentor of Rhodes (ca. 380–333, ca. 385–340) 396 Mercenaries 397 Mesopotamia 400 Messenia 400 Messenian War, First (ca. 736–716) 401 Messenian War, Second (ca. 650–630) 401 Messenian War, Third (ca. 465–456) 402 Metic 403 Miletus 403 Miletus, Battle of (411) 404 Miletus, Siege of (494) 404 Military Service, Greek States and 405 Miltiades I, Son of Cypselus (Sixth Century) 406 Miltiades II, Son of Cimon (d. 489) 407 Mithridates VI Eupator (Reigned ca. 113–65) 407 Music 408 Mutiny 409 Mycale, Battle of (479) 410 Mycenae 410 Myronides (ca. 510–450) 411 Mytilene, Siege of (428–427) 411 N 413 Naupactus 413 Naval Tactics 413 Naval Warfare 415 Naxos, Battle of (376) 420 Naxos, Naxians 421 Nearchus (d. ca. 312) 421 Nemea, Battle of (394) 422 Neodamodeis 422 Nicias (ca. 470–413) 422 Notium, Battle of (406) 423 O 425 Oenophyta, Battle of (457) 425 Olpae, Battle of (426) 425 Olympia 425 Olympias (ca. 373–316) 426 Olympic Truce (Ekecheiria) 426 Olynthus 427 Omens and Portents 427 Onesander (Active Mid-First Century CE) 429 Onomarchus (d. 352) 429 Orchomenus (Boeotia) 429 Ostracism (Ostrakismos) 430 Othismos 432 P 433 Pangaeum, Mount 433 Panhellenism 433 Paraetacene, Battle of (316) 434 Parmenion (ca. 400–330) 435 Parthia, Parthians 435 Pausanias, Son of Cleombrotus (d. 470) 436 Pausanias, Son of Pleistoanax (ca. 450–ca. 380) 436 Pay, Military 437 Peace (Eirene) 440 Peisistratidae 441 Peisistratus (ca. 600–528/7) 441 Peithon (ca. 350–316) 442 Pelopidas (ca. 410–364) 443 Peloponnesian League 443 Peloponnesian War, First (460/59–445), Causes 444 Peloponnesian War, First (460/59–445), Course 444 Peloponnesian War, First (460/59–445), Consequences 445 Peloponnesian War, Second (431–404), Causes 446 Peloponnesian War, Second (431–404), Course 447 Peloponnesian War, Second (431–404), Consequences 448 Peltast (Peltastes) 450 Perdiccas (d. ca. 320) 451 Pergamum 452 Periander (ca. 625–587) 452 Pericles (ca. 495–429) 453 Perioikoi 455 Perseus of Macedon (d. ca. 165) 455 Persian (Achaemenid) Empire 456 Persian Wars (490–479), Causes 458 Persian Wars (490–479), Course 459 Persian Wars (490–479), Consequences 461 Peucestas (Active ca. 325–316) 461 Phalaecus (Active 350) 462 Phalanx 462 Pharnabazus (d. ca. 370) 467 Phayllus (d. 351) 468 Pheidippides (d. ca. 490) 468 Pheidon of Argos (ca. 720–ca. 660) 469 Pherae 469 Phila (ca. 350–288) 469 Philip II of Macedon (ca. 383–336) 470 Philip II of Macedon, Campaigns against Illyria and Thrace (359–340) 472 Philip III Arrhidaeus (ca. 358–317) 472 Philip V (238/7–179) 473 Philo of Byzantium (Active ca. 200) 473 Philocrates (ca. 390–ca. 330) 474 Philocrates, Peace of (346) 475 Philomelus (d. 354) 475 Philopoemen (ca. 253–183/2) 476 Phocion (ca. 402/1–318) 476 Phocis, Phocians 477 Phoenicia, Phoenicians 477 Phormio (d. 428) 478 Pindar (518–ca. 438) 479 Piracy 479 Plataea 480 Plataea, Battle of (479) 481 Plataea, Siege of (429–427) 483 Plunder and Booty 483 Plutarch (ca. 45–ca. 120 CE) 484 Polyaenus (Active ca. 162–166 CE) 485 Polybius (ca. 200–118) 485 Polycrates of Samos (Reigned Third Quarter of the Sixth Century) 486 Polyperchon (ca. 380–ca. 295) 486 Pontus 487 Porus (Active 320s) 487 Potidaea, Siege of (432–429) 488 Potidaea/Cassandreia 488 Prisoners of War and Slavery 489 Prodromoi 490 Propontis, Greek Cities of 491 Prusias II of Bithynia (ca. 220–149) 491 Ptolemies 492 Ptolemy I Soter (367–282) 492 Ptolemy II Philadelphus (308–246) 493 Ptolemy III Euergetes (Reigned 246–221) 494 Ptolemy IV Philopator (ca. 244–205) 494 Ptolemy V Epiphanes (Reigned 210–180) 494 Ptolemy VI Philometor (ca. 186–145) 495 Ptolemy Ceraunus (ca. 320–279) 495 PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) 495 Pydna, Battle of (168) 496 Pylos (Sphacteria), Battle of (425) 497 Pyrrhus (319–272) 498 R 501 Raphia, Battle of (217) 501 Ravaging 501 Religious Practices before Battle 503 Rhodes, Rhodians 505 Rhodes, Siege of (305–304) 506 Rome, Romans 507 Volume 2 515 Half Title 515 Title 517 Copyright 518 Dedication 519 Contents 521 S 537 Sacred Band 537 Sacred Truces and Festivals 537 Sacred War, First (ca. 590s) 538 Sacred War, Second (ca. 448) 539 Sacred War, Third (356–346) 539 Sacred War, Fourth (340–338) 541 Salamis, Battle of (480) 541 Salamis, Battle of (306) 542 Samos 543 Samos, Siege of (440–439) 544 Scythia, Scythians 544 Seleucids 546 Seleucus I Nicator (Reigned 312–281) 547 Selinus 548 Sellasia, Battle of (222) 549 Sepeia, Battle of (ca. 494) 549 Sestos 550 Seuthes (ca. 430–ca. 383) 550 Ships, Transport 551 Ships, War 551 Sicilian Expedition (415–413) 555 Sicily 556 Sicyon 558 Siege Warfare 558 Siris, Destruction by Croton, Metapontum, and Sybaris (ca. 570 or 550) 562 Slaves in War 562 Slingers (Sphendonistai) 564 Social and Economic Effects of War 565 Social Values and War 566 Social War (357–355) 568 Social War (220–217) 568 Sogdian Rock, Siege of (327) 569 Solon (d. ca. 560) 570 Sparta 571 Sparta, Attack on Tegea (Fetters, Battle of) (ca. 570) 573 Sparta, Campaign against Olynthus 574 Sparta, Wars in Arcadia (370–362) 574 Spartolus, Battle of (429) 575 Speeches, Military 575 Spercheius Valley 576 Sport and War 576 Stasis (Civil Strife) 578 Stratagems 580 Strategy 580 Successors (Diadochoi), Wars of (322-301) 582 Surrender 583 Sybaris/Thurii 584 Sybota, Battle of (433) 585 Syracuse 585 Syracuse, Campaign in Epirus under Dionysius I (385) 586 Syracuse, Campaigns in Italy under Dionysius I (391–367) 587 Syracuse, Siege of (414–413) 587 Syria 588 Syrian-Egyptian War, First (274–271) 589 Syrian-Egyptian War, Second (260/59–ca. 253) 589 Syrian-Egyptian War, Third (246–241) 590 Syrian-Egyptian War, Fourth (221–217) 590 Syrian-Egyptian War, Fifth (202–195) 591 Syrian-Egyptian War, Sixth (170–168) 592 Syrian-Roman War (192–188) 592 T 595 Taenarum 595 Tamynae, Battle of (348) 595 Tanagra, Battle of (457) 596 Taras/Tarentum 596 “Tearless Battle” (368) 597 Tegea 597 Tegyra, Battle of (375) 598 Teisamenus (ca. 520–450) 598 Ten Thousand, March of the (401–400) 598 Territory and War 600 Thalassocracy 601 Thasos 601 Thebes, Invasions of the Peloponnese 602 Thebes, Thebans 603 Themistocles (ca. 528–460) 604 Theramenes (d. 404/3) 605 Thermopylae, Battle of (480) 606 Thessaly, Thessalians 607 Thibron (d. ca. 391) 608 Thrace, Greek Cities in 608 Thrace, Thracians 609 Thrasybulus (d. 388) 610 Thrasyllus (d. 406) 611 Thucydides (ca. 462–after 404) 611 Thucydides, Son of Melesias (Mid-Fifth Century) 613 Timaeus (ca. 350–ca. 260) 613 Timoleon (d. ca. 334) 614 Timotheus (ca. 415–354) 614 Tiryns 615 Tissaphernes (d. 395) 616 Tolmides (d. 447) 617 Training 617 Treatises, Military 619 Trierarch 621 Triphylia 621 Trireme (Trieres) 622 Troad 622 Troezen Decree 623 Trojan War, Causes 623 Trojan War, Course 623 Trojan War, Consequences 624 Trophy (Tropaion) 625 Truces 626 Tryphon/Diodotus (Reigned 142–139) 627 Tyrants, Tyranny 627 Tyre, Siege of (332) 628 Tyrtaeus (ca. 680–ca. 620) 629 V 631 Vergina 631 W 633 War Crimes 633 Women in War 634 Wounds 635 X 639 Xanthippus (Athenian) (Active 480s) 639 Xanthippus (Spartan) (Active ca. 255) 639 Xenophon (ca. 430–ca. 353) 639 Xerxes (Reigned 486–465) 641 Z 643 Zancle/Messana 643 Appendix: Quotable Quotes—Greeks on War 645 Primary Documents 653 Maps 681 Glossary 689 Bibliography 693 Part 2: Conflict in Ancient Rome 707 Introduction: Conflict in Ancient Rome 709 Reader Information and Abbreviations 715 Chronology of Conflict in Ancient Rome 719 Guide to Related Topics: Roman Section 725 Roman Entries: 733 A 733 Acclamation 733 Achaean Revolt (146 BCE) 734 Actium, Battle of (31 BCE) 735 Adlocutio 736 Adrianople, Battle of (378 CE) 737 Adultery (Political) 738 Aedile 739 Aemilius Paullus, Lucius (ca. 228–160 BCE) 740 Aerarium Militare 740 Aetius (d. 454 CE) 741 Africa 742 Agricola (40–ca. 93 CE) 743 Agrigentum, Battle of (261 BCE) 744 Agrippina I (d. 33 CE) 745 Agrippina II (d. 59 CE) 746 Alae 747 Alae Sociorum 747 Alaric (Ruled ca. 400–410 CE) 748 Alesia, Siege of (52 BCE) 749 Alexander Severus (Emperor) (222–235 CE) 750 Allia River, Battle of the (390/87 BCE) 751 Alliances 751 Allies (Status) 753 Amicitia 754 Ammianus (ca. 330–395 CE) 755 Antoninus Pius (Emperor) (138–161 CE) 756 Antonius Primus (Active 69 CE) 757 Antonius Saturninus, Lucius (d. 89 CE) 758 Appian (ca. 90/95–ca. 160/65 CE) 758 Appuleius Saturninus, Lucius (d. 100 BCE) 759 Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, Battles of (102 and 101 BCE) 760 Aquilonia, Battle of (293 BCE) 761 Ara Pacis 761 Arabia 761 Arbitration 762 Arbogast (d. ca. 394 CE) 764 Arcadius (Emperor) (395–408 CE) 764 Arch of Constantine 765 Arch of Septimius Severus (Rome) 766 Arch of Titus 767 Armenia 768 Arminius (d. 21 CE) 769 Arms and Armor 770 Army in Politics 773 Asia Minor 774 Assassination 775 Associations 778 Astrologers 778 Attila (d. 453 CE) 779 Augustus (Emperor) (27 BCE–14 CE) 780 Aulus Caecina (d. 79 CE) 783 Aurelian (Emperor) (270–275 CE) 784 Auxilia 784 Avidius Cassius (d. 175 CE) 785 B 787 Balbus, Lucius Cornelius (ca. 21–13 BCE) 787 Bandits and Brigands 787 Bar Kochba Revolt (132–135 CE) 788 Barbarians 789 Bedriacum, Battles of (69 CE) 790 Bellum Iustum 791 Boniface (d. 432 CE) 791 Boudicca (d. 61 CE) 792 Breviarium Totius Imperii 792 Bribery and Corruption 793 Britain, Conquest of (43 CE) 794 Britain, Roman 796 British Revolt (60/61 CE) 798 Brundisium, Treaty of (40 BCE) 798 Brutus (Junius Brutus, Lucius) (ca. 509 BCE) 799 Brutus (Junius Brutus, Marcus) (ca. 85–42 BCE) 800 Bureaucracy (Roman Military) 801 Burebista (Reigned 80s–44 BCE) 802 Burgundians 803 C 805 Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus (d. 115 BCE) 805 Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, Quintus (Active Late Second Century BCE) 805 Caecilius Metellus Pius, Quintus (ca. 130–ca. 63 BCE) 806 Caesar, Assassination of (44 BCE) 806 Caesar, Dictatorship of (49–44 BCE) 808 Caesar, Gaius Julius (100–44 BCE) 809 Calgacus (Active 80s CE) 813 Caligula (Emperor) (37–41 CE) 814 Camillus (Furius Camillus, Marcus) (Active Early Fourth Century BCE) 814 Camillus Scribonianus (ca. 5 BCE–42 CE) 815 Campania 815 Campus Martius 816 Cannae, Battle of (216 BCE) 817 Capite Censi 818 Caracalla (Emperor) (211–217 CE) 818 Carausius (Usurper) (286–293 CE) 819 Carinus (Emperor) (283–285 CE) 820 Carrhae, Battle of (53 BCE) 820 Carthage (State) 821 Carthage, Siege of (149–146 BCE) 823 Carthaginians 824 Carus (Emperor) (282–283 CE) 825 Cassius, Spurius (d. 483 BCE) 825 Cassius Chaerea (d. 41 CE) 825 Cassius Dio (ca. 164–235 CE) 826 Cassius Longinus (ca. 85–42 BCE) 827 Casualties 828 Catalaunian Plains, Battle of the (451 CE) 830 Cataphractarii 831 Catiline (108–62 BCE) 831 Cato the Elder (234–149/8 BCE) 833 Cato the Younger (95–46 BCE) 833 Cavalry (Imperial) 834 Cavalry (Republic) 836 Celtiberians 838 Censors and Census 839 Centurion (Imperial) 840 Centurion (Republic) 841 Cerialis, Petilius (Active 60s–70s CE) 843 Christianity in the Later Roman Army 843 Christians, Persecution of 844 Cicero (106–43 BCE) 846 Cilicia 848 Cinna (Cornelius Cinna, Lucius) (ca. 130–84 BCE) 849 Cisalpine Gaul 850 Cives Sine Suffragio 850 Civil Conflict (Late Republic) 850 Civil Rights 852 Civil War (Pertinax-Septimius Severus) (193–197 CE) 854 Civil Warfare 855 Civil Wars (I) (49–45 BCE), Causes 856 Civil Wars (I) (49–45 BCE), Course 856 Civil Wars (I) (49–45 BCE), Consequences 858 Civil Wars (II) (44–31 BCE), Causes 859 Civil Wars (II) (44–31 BCE), Course 860 Civil Wars (II) (44–31 BCE), Consequences 862 Civil Wars (House of Constantine) (Fourth Century CE) 863 Civil-Military Relations 864 Civis Romanus 865 Claudius I (Emperor) (41–54 CE) 866 Claudius II Gothicus (Emperor) (268–270 CE) 868 Clementia 868 Cleopatra (69–30 BCE) 869 Client Monarchs 870 Clodius Albinus (Usurper) (d. 197 CE) 872 Clodius Pulcher (d. 52 BCE) 872 Codex Justinianus 873 Codex Theodosianus 874 Cohorts (Legionary) 875 Coins 876 Colline Gate, Battle of the (82 BCE) 877 Column of Marcus Aurelius 878 Column of Trajan 878 Comes 880 Comitatenses 881 Comitia Centuriata 881 Commilito 882 Commodus (Emperor) (180–192 CE) 883 Concordia 883 Conspiracy of Catiline (63 BCE), Causes 884 Conspiracy of Catiline (63 BCE), Course 885 Conspiracy of Catiline (63 BCE), Consequences 885 Constantine I (Emperor) (306–337 CE) 886 Constantinople 889 Constantius I (Emperor) (305–306 CE) 890 Constantius II (Emperor) (337–361 CE) 891 Consul 892 Corbulo (Cn. Domitius Corbulo) (d. 67 CE) 893 Coriolanus (Active 490s BCE) 894 Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus (d. 39 CE) 895 Cornelius Scipio, Publius (d. 212 BCE) 895 Crassus (Marcus Licinius Crassus) (115–53 BCE) 895 Criminal Procedure 897 Cult of the Emperor 898 Cults, Pagan (Illicit) 900 Cursus Honorum (Imperial) 901 Cursus Honorum (Republic) 903 Cynoscephalae, Battle of (197 BCE) 904 D 905 Dacia, Dacians 905 Dacian Wars, Causes 905 Dacian Wars, Course 906 Dacian Wars, Consequences 907 Dalmatia 908 Damnatio Memoriae 909 Danube (River) 910 De Rebus Bellicis 911 Debt 911 Decebalus (Reigned 80s–106 CE) 912 Decemvirate 913 Decius (Emperor) (d. 251 CE) 914 Decius Mus, Publius 914 Decurion 914 Dediticii 915 Deditio (Surrender) 915 Deductio 916 Demography 916 Deposita ad Signa 918 Deprecatio 919 Desertion 919 Devotio 920 Dictator 921 Didius Julianus (Emperor) (193 CE) 922 Dilectus 922 Diocletian (Emperor) (284–305 CE) 923 Diodorus Siculus (d. 30 BCE) 926 Dionysius of Halicarnassus (ca. 60–7 BCE) 926 Diplomacy 927 Disbandment 928 Dishonorable Discharge 928 Divisions of the Army (Imperial) 929 Documentary Sources 931 Domi/Militiae 932 Domitian (Emperor) (81–96 CE) 932 Donations of Alexandria 934 Donatives 934 Drusus (38–9 BCE) 935 Dura-Europos 936 Dux 937 E 939 Ebro, Battle of the (217 BCE) 939 Egypt, Roman 939 Elagabalus (Emperor) (218–222 CE) 940 Elite Participation 941 Emperor as Commander 944 Emperor as Patron 946 Empresses 947 Equites, Equestrians 948 Equites Singulares Augusti 950 Etruria, Etruscans 951 Etruscan Wars 951 Eugenius (Usurper) (d. 394 CE) 953 Euphrates (River) 953 Eusebius (ca. 260–339 CE) 954 Exile 954 Extraordinary Levies 955 F 957 Fabius Maximus (275–203 BCE) 957 Fabius Valens (d. 69 CE) 958 Factions 958 Fall of the Roman Empire (West), Causes 959 Fall of the Roman Empire (West), Course 960 Fall of the Roman Empire (West), Consequences 961 Fall of the Roman Republic 962 Families of Imperial Soldiers 964 Federates 965 Female Warriors 966 Fetiales 967 Fides 968 Fimbria, Gaius Flavius (d. 85 BCE) 968 First Triumvirate 968 Flamininus (228–174 BCE) 969 Fleets 970 Formal Declaration of War 971 Formula Togatorum 973 Forum (Republic) 973 Forum of Augustus 974 Forum of Trajan 974 Franks 974 Frigidus, Battle of the (394 CE) 975 Frontiers 976 Frontinus (ca. 30–after 100 CE) 977 Fulvia (d. 40 BCE) 977 G 979 Gaius Gracchus (ca. 154–121 BCE) 979 Galba (Emperor) (68–69 CE) 980 Galerius (Emperor) (305–311 CE) 981 Galla Placidia (Empress) (ca. 390–450 CE) 982 Gallic Empire 983 Gallic Revolt (69–70 CE) 983 Gallic Wars, Causes 984 Gallic Wars, Course 985 Gallic Wars, Consequences 987 Gallienus (Emperor) (260–268 CE) 988 Gaul, Gauls 989 Gender and War 990 Germanic Wars, Causes 992 Germanic Wars, Course 993 Germanic Wars, Consequences 995 Germanicus (16/15 BCE–19 CE) 996 Germans 997 Gordian I (Emperor) (238 CE) 999 Gordian II (Emperor) (238 CE) 999 Gordian III (Emperor) (238–244 CE) 999 Goths 1000 Gracchan Land Conflict (Second Century BCE) 1001 Gratian (Emperor) (367–383 CE) 1004 Great Trajanic Frieze 1005 Volume 3 1011 Half Title 1011 Title 1013 Copyright 1014 Dedication 1015 Contents 1017 H 1033 Hadrian (Emperor) (117–138 CE) 1033 Hadrian’s Wall 1035 Hannibal Barca (247–183 BCE) 1037 Hasdrubal (Active 150s–140s BCE) 1039 Hasdrubal Barca (245–207 BCE) 1039 Hastati 1040 Helvidius Priscus (d. ca. 75 CE) 1040 Heretics and Polytheists, Persecution of 1040 Herodian (d. 240 CE) 1042 Historia Augusta 1043 Honorius (Emperor) (395–423 CE) 1043 Horace (65–8 BCE) 1044 Hostages 1044 Human Sacrifice 1045 Huns 1046 I 1049 Idistaviso, Battle of (16 CE) 1049 Ilerda, Battle of (49 BCE) 1049 Illyria 1050 Imperator 1051 Imperial Titles 1051 Imperialism 1052 Imperium 1054 Inscriptions 1055 Isthmian Declaration (196 BCE) 1056 Ius Fetiale 1057 J 1059 Janus, Temple of 1059 Jerusalem, Siege of (70 CE) 1060 Jewish War (66–70 CE), Causes 1060 Jewish War (66–70 CE), Course 1061 Jewish War (66–70 CE), Consequences 1062 Josephus (37–ca. 100 CE) 1063 Jovian (Emperor) (363–364 CE) 1064 Judaea 1065 Jugurtha (ca. 160–104 BCE) 1066 Jugurthine War (112–105 BCE), Causes 1068 Jugurthine War (112–105 BCE), Course 1069 Jugurthine War (112–105 BCE), Consequences 1070 Julian (Emperor) (361–363 CE) 1071 Julius Vindex (d. 68 CE) 1072 L 1075 Lactantius (ca. 240–320 CE) 1075 Lake Regillus, Battle of (499 or 496 BCE) 1076 Lake Trasimene, Battle of (217 BCE) 1076 Lanciarii 1077 Latin, Latins 1077 Latin Colonies 1078 Latin Wars 1079 Law, International 1081 Legate 1083 Legion, Organization of 1084 Licinius (Emperor) (308–324 CE) 1086 Licinius Mucianus (ca. 19–74/77 CE) 1086 Limitanei 1087 Livius Drusus the Younger, Marcus (ca. 124–91 BCE) 1088 Livy (59 BCE–17 CE) 1088 Logistics 1089 Low-Intensity Conflict 1091 Loyalty (Republic) 1092 Loyalty to Empire (Civilian) 1093 Lucan (39–65 CE) 1094 Lucius Verus (161–169 CE) 1095 Lucullus (117–57/56 BCE) 1095 M 1097 Macedonian War, First (214–206 BCE), Causes 1097 Macedonian War, First (214–206 BCE), Course 1098 Macedonian War, First (214–206 BCE), Consequences 1099 Macedonian War, Second (200–197 BCE), Causes 1100 Macedonian War, Second (200–197 BCE), Course 1101 Macedonian War, Second (200–197 BCE), Consequences 1102 Macedonian War, Third (171–168 BCE), Causes 1103 Macedonian War, Third (171–168 BCE), Course 1104 Macedonian War, Third (171–168 BCE), Consequences 1105 Macrinus (Emperor) (217–218 CE) 1106 Maelius, Spurius (d. 439 BCE) 1106 Magister Equitum 1107 Magister Militum 1108 Magister Peditum 1108 Magister Utriusque Militiae 1108 Magnentius (ca. 305–353 CE) 1109 Magnesia, Battle of (190 BCE) 1109 Magnus Maximus (d. 388 CE) 1110 Majorian (Emperor) (457–461 CE) 1110 Maniples 1111 Manius Curius (d. ca. 270 BCE) 1112 Manlius Capitolinus, Marcus (d. ca. 384 BCE) 1112 Manlius Torquatus, Titus (Active 360s–340s BCE) 1112 Manlius Vulso, Gnaeus (Active 190s–180s BCE) 1113 Marcellus (ca. 268/5–208 BCE) 1113 Marcomannic Wars (166–180 CE) 1114 Marcus Aurelius (Emperor) (161–180 CE) 1117 Marian-Sullan Conflict (80s BCE), Causes 1118 Marian-Sullan Conflict (80s BCE), Course 1119 Marian-Sullan Conflict (80s BCE), Consequences 1121 Marius (ca. 157–86 BCE) 1122 Mark Antony (83–30 BCE) The complex role warfare played in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations is examined through coverage of key wars and battles; important leaders, armies, organizations, and weapons; and other noteworthy aspects of conflict.Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia is an outstandingly comprehensive reference work on its subject. Covering wars, battles, places, individuals, and themes, this thoroughly cross-referenced three-volume set provides essential support to any student or general reader investigating ancient Greek history and conflicts as well as the social and political institutions of the Roman Republic and Empire. The set covers ancient Greek history from archaic times to the Roman conquest and ancient Roman history from early Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. It features a general foreword, prefaces to both sections on Greek history and Roman history, and maps and chronologies of events that precede each entry section. Each section contains alphabetically ordered articles—including ones addressing topics not traditionally considered part of military history, such as'noncombatants'and'war and gender'—followed by cross-references to related articles and suggested further reading. Also included are glossaries of Greek and Latin terms, topically organized bibliographies, and selected primary documents in translation. "Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia is a wide-ranging encyclopedia on ancient Greek and Roman warfare and the closely related political, cultural, and religious institutions of Greek and Roman society that supported or otherwise affected warfare. However, Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome includes articles on forms of conflict other than pitched battle, including low-intensity conflict and civil and social conflict. The encyclopedia also provides biographical articles on major leaders and rulers, and articles on major ancient historians and other types of sources, including inscriptions and coins. The temporal scope is from archaic Greece to the Roman conquest of the Greek world, and from early Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in CE 476. The focus is on central institutions (political, social, cultural, and military) and historical and biographical narrative rather than on literary analysis or archaeology"-- Provided by publisher