Confined Turbidite Systems (Geological Society Special Publication No. 222)

This publication arose from a growing appreciation of the extent to which the development of turbidite depositional systems is fundamentally affected by basin-floor topography. In many turbidite systems and turbidite hydrocarbon reservoirs, depositional patterns have been moderately to strongly confined by pre-existing slopes; thus 'submarine fans' may be far from fan-shaped where constrained by significant bathymetric features. This volume examines aspects of sediment dispersal and accumulation in deep-water systems where sea-floor topography has exerted a decisive control on deposition, and explores the associated controls on hydrocarbon reservoir architecture and heterogeneity. The papers presented here offer a global perspective, which is wide-ranging in terms of approach as well as location, including contrasting reviews and case studies of outcrop, subsurface, modern and experimental systems. This book will be of use both to academic geologists and to geoscience professionals in industry dealing with the characterization/modelling of deep-water clastic reservoirs. Also available: Alluvial Fans: Geomorphology, Sedimentology, Dynamics (Geological Society Special Publication) - ISBN 1862391890 Western North Atlantic Palaeogene and Cretaceous Palaeoceanography - ISBN 1862390789 The Geological Society of LondonFounded in 1807, the Geological Society of London is the oldest geological society in the world, and one of the largest publishers in the Earth sciences.The Society publishes a wide range of high-quality peer-reviewed titles for academics and professionals working in the geosciences, and enjoys an enviable international reputation for the quality of its work.The many areas in which we publish in include:-Petroleum geology-Tectonics, structural geology and geodynamics-Stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleontology-Volcanology, magmatic studies and geochemistry-Remote sensing-History of geology-Regional geology guides Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Confined turbidite systems......Page 10 Key controls on the characteristics of turbidite systems......Page 18 Fig. 1. Schematic block diagrams showing two end models with different relative .........Page 20 Fig. 2. Schematic dip section (a) and plan view (b) of faulted blocks, .........Page 21 Fig. 3. Block diagram showing the model for the fine-grained turbidite system .........Page 24 Fig. 4. Map of the eastern part of the French Maritime Alps .........Page 26 Fig. 5. Southeast–northwest oriented photograph of the southern boundary of the Peïra .........Page 27 Fig. 6. Selected schematic presentations of the interaction between diapirism and fan .........Page 28 Table 1. Important differences between coarse-grained, sand-rich and fine-grained, mud-rich turbidite complexes .........Page 23 Silled sub-basins to connected tortuous corridors: sediment distribution systems on topographically complex sub-aqueous slopes......Page 32 Fig. 1. Rendered seafloor image of the Gulf of Mexico salt-based slope. .........Page 33 Fig. 3. Stepped topography on the northwest Borneo slope with tortuous lateral .........Page 35 Fig. 4. A seafloor example of flow diversion into a tortuous path .........Page 36 Fig. 5. Schematic diagrams illustrating the importance of the areal extent of .........Page 38 Fig. 6. Changes in profile due to changes in flow character: the .........Page 39 Fig. 8. Cartoon illustrating sand-rich and mud-rich stages of system development in .........Page 40 Fig. 9. Distributary channel-lobe complex in an intraslope basin on the western .........Page 41 Fig. 10. Seismic sections through intraslope basin shown in Figure 9, showing (a) .........Page 42 Fig. 12. Three-dimensional seismic image showing continuity of sediment distribution paths around .........Page 43 Fig. 13. Summary cartoon of the connected tortuous corridor model showing a .........Page 44 Fig. 15. Horizon slice through the near-seafloor confined turbidite system shown in .........Page 45 Fig. 16. Illustration of potential downflow change from lateral abrupt (convergent baselap) .........Page 47 Factors influencing the deposit geometry of experimental turbidity currents: implications for sand-body architecture in confined basins......Page 54 Fig. 1. Schematic plan view diagram of the square flume (T-tank) used .........Page 55 Table 1. Experimental starting conditions......Page 57 Fig. 3. Relationship between flow head velocity and (a) increasing initial flow density .........Page 58 Fig. 4. A representative isopach map illustrating the length (L) and width (W) .........Page 59 Fig. 5. Aspect ratio plots, showing the relationship between the length/width .........Page 60 Fig. 6. Three sediment distribution maps produced by partially obstructed flows of .........Page 62 Fig. 7. Volume of sediment deposited in zones A and B versus .........Page 63 Fig. 8. Cumulative volume percentage versus grain size of samples taken from .........Page 64 Fig. 9. Schematic summary diagram illustrating the anticipated control of flow efficiency .........Page 65 Present morphology and depositional architecture of a sandy confined submarine system: the Golo turbidite System, eastern margin of Corsica......Page 68 Fig. 1. General location map of the East Corsica margin showing the .........Page 69 Fig. 2. Structural cross-section of the East Corsica margin (profile 24; see .........Page 70 Fig. 3. Morpho-sedimentary map of the Golo depositional system showing the main .........Page 72 Fig. 4. Bathymetric three-dimensional view of the Golo depositional system.......Page 73 Fig. 5. Series of dip and strike bathymetric profiles across the Golo .........Page 74 Fig. 6. Seismic profile showing seismic facies of the Golo depositional system .........Page 76 Fig. 7. Selected parts of seismic profiles showing the continental shelf, incised .........Page 77 Fig. 8. Seismic profiles showing characteristics of the southern slump of the .........Page 78 Fig. 9. Selected part of seismic profiles 2 and 3 (see Fig. 3 for location) .........Page 79 Fig. 10. Geometries of sedimentary bodies and type of lateral migration observed .........Page 81 Fig. 11. Seismic profile 9 (see Fig. 3 for location) showing geometries of .........Page 82 Fig. 13. Selected parts of seismic profiles 2 and 6 (see Fig. 3 for .........Page 83 Fig. 14. Synthetic diagram of the main longitudinal migrations observed in the Golo turbidite system.......Page 84 Fig. 15. New map of the Golo system: four individual fans and .........Page 85 Fig. 16. Schematic diagram showing relative size, shapes and mode of assemblage .........Page 86 Fig. 17. Four types of sedimentary facies and distribution at the stages .........Page 87 Fig. 18. Palaeo-facies maps of the 12 stratigraphic levels based on key .........Page 88 Fig. 19. Schematic diagrams showing processes and resulting geometries of channel–levee complex .........Page 91 Fig. 20. Conceptual model of the late Quaternary Golo sedimentation according to .........Page 93 Multiple terraces within the deep incised Zaire Valley (ZaïAngo Project): are they confined levees?......Page 100 Fig. 1. Various models for the interpretation of terraces along turbidite channels.......Page 101 Fig. 3. Shaded bathymetric map acquired during ZAIANGO and GUINESS cruises. The .........Page 103 Fig. 4. Comparison of EM 12 and EM300 bathymetric data in map form .........Page 105 Fig. 5. General EM12 bathymetric map of the studied area (contour interval: .........Page 106 Fig. 6. Series of seismic profiles across the Zaire valley, from upslope .........Page 107 Fig. 8. Three-dimensional view of the EM300 bathymetric box. The location of .........Page 108 Fig. 9. Mapping of the terrace levels relative to the thalweg floor on the EM300 .........Page 109 Fig. 10. Seismic air-gun profile Z2-42 and its interpretation (see location in Fig. 7).......Page 110 Fig. 11. Seismic air-gun profile Z2-29 and its interpretation (see location in Fig. 7).......Page 111 Fig. 12. PASISAR seismic profile ZSAR40 and its interpretation (see location in Figs 7 & 8).......Page 112 Fig. 13. 3.5kHz SAR acoustic profile ZSAR40 corresponding to the previous seismic .........Page 113 Fig. 14. Schematic logs of cores KZR23 and KZR24.......Page 114 Fig. 15. X-ray images, X-ray grey intensity curve and lithological log along a section of core KZR24.......Page 115 Fig. 16. Two examples of photograph, X-ray image X-ray grey intensity curve .........Page 116 Fig. 17. Detail of the EM12 bathymetric map along the upper channel–levee.......Page 117 Fig. 19. Schematic three-dimensional blocks illustrating the behaviour of turbidity currents into .........Page 118 Fig. 20. Schematic sketches showing how a channel abandons a meander and builds inner levees.......Page 120 Fig. 21. Schematic sketch of the recent evolution of the Zaire valley: .........Page 121 Factors controlling foredeep turbidite deposition: the case of Northern Apennines (Oligocene–Miocene, Italy)......Page 124 Fig. 1. Tectonic sketch map of the Northern Apennines and location of the study area.......Page 125 Fig. 2. Very simplified palaeogeographical scheme showing the basic features of the .........Page 126 Fig. 3. Hierarchical scheme for classification of turbidite successions based on the .........Page 127 Fig. 4. Adopted calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic schemes (after Fornaciari & Rio 1996 and .........Page 128 Fig. 5. Tectonic map of the study area reporting the location of .........Page 130 Fig. 6. Geological cross-section showing the overall tectonic arrangement of the study region. Symbols as in Figure 5.......Page 131 Fig. 7. Chronostratigraphical distribution of the studied turbidite systems and stages according to nannoplankton biostratigraphy.......Page 132 Fig. 8. Very simplified lithostratigraphy and correlation scheme of the studied turbidite systems and stages.......Page 133 Fig. 9. Sandstone petrology of studied turbidite systems according to traditional QFL .........Page 134 Fig. 10. Average depositional rates calculated for each foredeep turbidite system and .........Page 138 Fig. 11. Conceptual scheme summarizing the recognized effects of basin tectonics and .........Page 139 Fig. 12. Lithostratigraphical scheme for the Torrente Carigiola turbidite system. Note the .........Page 140 Impact of syndepositional faulting on gravity current behaviour and deep-water stratigraphy: Tabernas-Sorbas Basin, SE Spain......Page 144 Fig. 1. Location map showing the simplified geology of the Tabernas-Sorbas Basin .........Page 145 Fig. 2. Geological map of the study area in the western Tabernas-Sorbas .........Page 146 Fig. 3. Revised stratigraphical terminology for the Tortonian to Lower Messinian fill .........Page 147 Fig. 4. A panel of logged section from the western Tabernas-Sorbas Basin .........Page 149 Fig. 5. Schematic cross-section to illustrate the evolution of the western Tabernas-Sorbas .........Page 151 Fig. 6. Representative outcrops from the El Cautivo Fault. (A) Intense deformation .........Page 153 Fig. 7. Lower-hemisphere equal-area stereographic projections constructed from kinematic data collected from .........Page 154 Fig. 8. Selected representative photographs from the Loma de los Baños Formation. .........Page 156 Fig. 9. A cliff section through the Loma de los Baños Formation close .........Page 157 Fig. 10. The onlap and pinchout of the Gordo megabed onto marl-prone .........Page 158 Fig. 11. Palaeo-current map constructed from measurements collected in the Loma de .........Page 159 Fig. 12. Representative photos from the Verdelecho Formation. (A) A 7 m thick graded .........Page 161 Fig. 13. Cartoon illustrating the impact of oblique slip, syndepositional faulting on .........Page 163 Comparing the depositional architecture of basin floor fans and slope fans in the Pab Sandstone, Maastrichtian, Pakistan......Page 168 Fig. 1. Location map of the Pab Range in the SW Kirthar .........Page 169 Fig. 2. Chronostratigraphy of the Cretaceous to Eocene in the southern Kirthar fold belt.......Page 170 Fig. 3. Cross-section of the Pab Sandstone turbidite systems in the Pab .........Page 171 Fig. 4. Stratigraphic section of the Fort Munro, Pab and Khadro Formation .........Page 172 Fig. 5. Stratigraphic section of the three Pab Sandstone turbidite systems in .........Page 173 Fig. 6. General outcrop view south of Shah Noorani showing the Lower .........Page 174 Fig. 7. Reconstruction of the sequence architecture of the Pab Formation in .........Page 176 Fig. 8. Detail of a stratigraphic section in the LP3 channel complex .........Page 178 Fig. 10. The LP3 channel complex of the Lower Pab in the .........Page 179 Fig. 11. The Lower Pab LP3 channel complex close to the canyon .........Page 180 Fig. 13. Sequential organization of the Lower Pab basin-floor fan. The fan .........Page 181 Fig. 14. Hemipelagites and channe–Hevee system forming part of the mud-rich slope .........Page 182 Fig. 16. Reconstruction of the Lower Pab mud-rich slope fan. Small, sinuous .........Page 183 Fig. 17. Lobe stacking in the mid-fan setting of the Upper Pab .........Page 184 Fig. 18. Stratigraphic section of the Pab Sandstone at Jakkher Lak from .........Page 185 Fig. 19. Onlap of the Upper Pab sand-rich slope fan onto slope .........Page 186 Fig. 20. Detailed stratigraphic section of mid-fan lobes in the Upper Pab .........Page 187 Fig. 21. Reconstruction of the Upper Pab slope fan depositional system. The .........Page 188 Fig. 22. Sequential organization and facies distribution along the Pab range of .........Page 189 Basin-floor fans of the Central Tertiary Basin, Spitsbergen: relationship of basin-floor sand-bodies to prograding clinoforms in a structurally active basin......Page 196 Fig. 1. (A) Central Tertiary Basin and Spitsbergen Orogenic Belt. Box marks .........Page 197 Fig. 2. (A) Southwest face of the mountain Storvola (ca. 1 km .........Page 198 Fig. 3. Stratigraphy of the Central Tertiary Basin in Spitsbergen, with a .........Page 199 Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of the time–space relationship of the five main .........Page 201 Fig. 5. Clinoforms 12, 14 and 15 on Storvola correlated with stacked .........Page 203 Fig. 6. (A) Location of measured sections (basin-floor fans of Clinoforms 12 .........Page 204 Fig. 7. Examples of some of the main basin-floor facies (A) Interval .........Page 206 Fig. 8. Measured sedimentary sections through the basin-floor fan deposits of Clinoform .........Page 207 Fig. 9. Three sedimentary sections measured through Clinoform 14 (Orange and Yellow .........Page 208 Fig. 10. (A) Correlation panel showing geometry of the four fan bodies on .........Page 209 Fig. 11. (A) Outcrop photo, 150m wide, of the two main sandstone .........Page 211 Fig. 12. Turbidites in the upper sandbody (Yellow) of Clinoform 14 on .........Page 212 Fig. 13. Schematic representation of the likely lateral relationship between erosively based .........Page 213 Fig. 15. Tectonic model to explain the abrupt lateral pinchout and longitudinal .........Page 214 Fig. 16. A summary of the basin-floor fan data. Schematic diagram shows .........Page 215 Turbidite systems influenced by structurally induced topography in the multi-sourced Welsh Basin......Page 218 Fig. 1. Map showing the outcrop areas of the preserved portions of .........Page 219 Fig. 2. West–east chronostratigraphic chart illustrating graptolite biostratigraphy of the uppermost Ordovician .........Page 220 Fig. 3. Illustrative eustatic and relative sea-level curves for both eastern and .........Page 221 Fig. 4. Location map showing approximate outlines of the four turbidite systems .........Page 223 Fig. 5. Map showing outcrop patterns, inferred extent of coarse-grained sediment bodies .........Page 224 Fig. 6. Illustration of Caban-Ystrad Meurig architecture in a quantitative three-dimensional model. .........Page 225 Fig. 7. Block diagram summarizing lateral shifts in the eastern edge of .........Page 227 Fig. 9. Palaeogeographic map for turriculatus to crispus Zone times. Note the .........Page 228 Fig. 11. Down-palaeoflow development of the Pysgotwr Formation. Locations of measured sections .........Page 229 Fig. 12. Bed thickness distributions for beds having non-laminated basal intervals from .........Page 230 Fig. 13. Palaeogeographic map for griestoniensis Zone times. Locations of measured sections .........Page 231 Fig. 14. Large-scale facies belt development from basinal to slope areas in griestoniensis Zone times.......Page 232 Fig. 16. Input parameters for the model illustrated in Figure 15. The .........Page 233 Table 1. Distribution of trace fossil ichnogenera along a Late Llandovery (Telychian) .........Page 222 Submarine fans within small basins: examples from the Tertiary of New Zealand......Page 238 Fig. 1. Tectonic setting of the New Zealand region showing the main .........Page 239 Fig. 2. Structure and location map of southwest New Zealand showing the .........Page 240 Fig. 3. Stratigraphic correlation chart for the Te Anau (TAB) and Waiau .........Page 241 Fig. 4. Large-scale cliff exposure of the basal 500 m of Turret Peaks .........Page 242 Fig. 5. Summary stratigraphic column of the Turret Peaks Formation taken along .........Page 243 Fig. 6. Base of the Blackmount Formation deposits, exposed by the Waiau .........Page 244 Fig. 8. A complete Bouma sequence developed in the Maclvor Formation strata.......Page 245 Fig. 9. Diagrammatic representation of the relationships between the Blackmount and Mclvor .........Page 246 Down-channel variations in stratal patterns within a conglomeratic, deepwater fan feeder system (Miocene, Adana Basin, Southern Turkey)......Page 250 Fig. 2. General Cenozoic stratigraphy for the study area with interpreted sea-level .........Page 251 Fig. 3. Map of the multisourced feeder system in the northeastern parts .........Page 252 Fig. 4. Graphs illustrating the lithofacies and grading types recorded within Channel .........Page 254 Fig. 5. Clast-type ratios of the four feeder channels to the eastern .........Page 255 Fig. 6. Photograph, line drawing and sedimentary log of the exposure at .........Page 257 Fig. 7. Summary sedimentary logs of the feeder channels of the Eastern .........Page 258 Fig. 8. Part of the 90m thick fill of Channel 1, location .........Page 259 Fig. 9. (a) Typical facies within the lower unit of Channel 1. .........Page 260 Fig. 10. (a) Photomosaic, line drawing and (b) sedimentary logs of Channel 2 .........Page 263 Fig. 11. Conceptual physiography model of the northern margin of the multi-sourced .........Page 264 Fig. 12. Schematic block diagram illustrating down-channel variations in the facies organization .........Page 265 Fig. 13. Possible down-channel changes in hydrodynamic processes within the proximal sector .........Page 267 Table 1. Lithofacies scheme used in this study (after Ghibaudo 1992)......Page 253 Sand-rich turbidite systems of the Late Oligocene Northern Apennines foredeep: physical stratigraphy and architecture of the 'Macigno costiero' (coastal Tuscany, Italy)......Page 270 Fig. 1. Geological sketches, (a) structural sketch map of the circum-Mediterranean area; .........Page 271 Fig. 2a. Legend to the facies and sedimentary structures.......Page 274 Fig. 2b. Log A. Stages 1, 2 and 3 are shown. Fades associations .........Page 275 Fig. 2c. Log A. Stage 4 is shown. Fades associations (with Roman numerals) .........Page 276 Fig. 2d. Stage 5 is shown (log A on the left and log .........Page 277 Fig. 3. Correlation and architecture pattern of the entire succession. Bed-by-bed lateral ..........Page 278 Fig. 4. Detail of the correlation and architecture pattern of the stage 1 deposits.......Page 279 Fig. 5. Detail of the correlation and architecture pattern of the stage 3 deposits.......Page 280 Fig. 7. Thin-bedded turbidites (facies I) with interbedded classical turbidites (facies H) of unit 3.1.......Page 281 Fig. 8. Detail of the correlation and architecture pattern of the stage 4 deposits.......Page 283 Fig. 9. Lower portion of stage 4. Thin-bedded turbidites of unit 4.1, .........Page 284 Fig. 11. A scour is observed on the left side of the .........Page 285 Fig. 12. Schematic evolution of the 'Macigno costiero' turbidite system. The various .........Page 288 Fig. 13. Diagrams showing the two different phases of the depositional system: .........Page 289 Table 2. Facies associations scheme: depositional elements according to Mutti & Normark (1987)......Page 273 Spatial variability of Hurst statistics in the Castagnola Formation, Tertiary Piedmont Basin, NW Italy: discrimination of sub-environments in a confined turbidite system......Page 294 Fig. 1. This plot show the variables used in calculation of Hurst .........Page 295 Fig. 2. (a) Location of Tertiary Piedmont Basin; (b) geological sketch map of .........Page 297 Fig. 3. Geological cross-section throughout the eastern portion of the TPB showing .........Page 298 Fig. 4. (a) Panoramic view of the studied area from logs 15–17. (b) Photo-montage .........Page 299 Fig. 5. Geological sketch map of the studied turbidite unit, showing location .........Page 300 Fig. 6. Detailed stratigraphical logs with relative facies and palaeocurrent data of .........Page 301 Fig. 7. Frequency distribution of sandy bed thickness, muddy bed thickness and .........Page 302 Fig. 8. Grain size distribution of five different areas: (A) southern margin, .........Page 303 Fig. 9. Simplified cross-section of the studied turbiditic unit (sand-body A).......Page 304 Fig. 11. Results of the Hurst statistics along the transect (from section number 1 to section 41).......Page 305 Fig. 12. Values of H, computed for the sand-body, are compared with the .........Page 306 Fig. 13. Results of the Hurst H statistics considering different sub-environments within the sand-body.......Page 307 Fig. 14. (a) Variogram and kriging map of the Hurst H values (coarse-division .........Page 308 Fig. 15. (a) Variogram and kriging map of the Hurst H values (coarse-division .........Page 309 Fig. 16. (a) Variogram and kriging map of the Hurst H values (grain-size score); .........Page 310 Reservoir modelling of the Hamitabat Field, Thrace Basin, Turkey: an example of a sand-rich turbidite system......Page 316 Fig. 1. Map of northwest Turkey illustrating the location of the Hamitabat .........Page 317 Fig. 2. Illustration of the identification of cyclicity from V[sub(sh)] data using .........Page 322 Fig. 3. Illustration of the correlation rationale based on stacking patterns. Dotted .........Page 323 Fig. 4. Correlation surfaces used to subdivide the Hamitabat A interval.......Page 324 Fig. 5. Evaluation of stacking patterns from isochore maps for each subgrid .........Page 325 Fig. 7. Structural and stratigraphical model of the Hamitabat Field illustrating the .........Page 326 Table 3. Geological grid parameters......Page 327 Fig. 9. Illustration of the turbidite facies distribution in relation to isopach .........Page 328 Table 1. Stratigraphical subdivision of the Thrace Basin......Page 318 Table 2. Facies classification based on a combination of core and wireline .........Page 321 C......Page 330 E......Page 331 G......Page 332 M......Page 333 P......Page 334 S......Page 335 T......Page 336 Z......Page 337 Cretaceous-palaeogene Ocean And Climate Change In The Subtropical North Atlantic / Richard D. Norris ... [et Al.] -- Mid-eocene Deep Water, The Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum And Continental Slope Mass Wasting During The Cretaceous-palaeogene Impact / R. D. Norris, A. Klaus, And D. Kroon -- Deposition Of Sedimentary Organic Matter In Black Shale Facies Indicated By The Geochemistry And Petrography Of High-resolution Samples, Blake Nose, Western North Atlantic / Charles E. Barker, Mark Pawlewicz And Emily A. Cobabe -- No Extinctions During Oceanic Anoxic Event 1b : The Aptian-albian Benthic Foraminiferal Record Of Odp Leg 171 / Ann Holbourn And Wolfgang Kuhnt -- Biostratigraphic Subdivision And Correlation Of Upper Maastrichtian Sediments Form The Atlantic Coastal Plain And Blake Nose, Western Atlantic / Jean M. Self-trail -- The Maastrichtian Record At Black Nose (western North Atlantic) And Implications For Global Palaeoceanographic And Biotic Changes / Kenneth G. Macleod And Brian T. Huber -- Geochemistry Of The Cretaceous-tertiary Boundary At Blake Nose (odp Leg 171b) / F. Martinez-ruiz ... [et Al.] -- K-t Boundary Spherules From Blake Nose (odp Leg 171b) As A Record Of The Chicxulub Ejecta Deposits / F. Martinez-ruiz ... [et Al.] -- Astronomical Calibration Of The Danian Time Scale / Ursula Röhl ... [et Al.] -- Biostratigraphic Implications Of Mid-latitude Palaeocene-eocene Radiolarian Faunas From Hole 1051a, Odp Leg 171b, Blake Nose, Western North Atlantic / Annika Sanfilippo And Charles D. Blome -- Mid- To Late Eocene Organic-walled Dinoflagellate Cysts From Odp Leg 171b, Offshore Florida / Caroline A. Van Mourik, Henk Brinkhuis, And Graham L. Williams -- North Atlantic Climate Variability In Early Palaeogene Time : A Climate Modelling Sensitivity Study / Lisa Cirbus Sloan And Matthew Huber -- Orbitally Forced Climate Change In Late Mid-eocene Time At Blake Nose (leg 171b) : Evidence From Stable Isotopes In Foraminifera / Bridget S. Wade, Dick Kroon, And Richard D. Norris -- Carbon Addition And Removal During The Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum : Basic Theory With A Preliminary Treatment Of The Isotope Record At Odp Site 1051, Blake Nose / Gerald R. Dickens -- Palaeoenvironmental Implications Of Palygorskite Clays In Eocene Deep-water Sediments From The Western Central Atlantic / Thomas Pletsch -- Erratum : Cretaceous-palaeogene Ocean And Climate Change In The Subtropical North Atlantic. Edited By Dick Kroon, R.d. Norris And A. Klaus. One Folded Sheet In Pocket. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Confined Turbidite Systems / S. A. Lomas & P. Joseph -- Key Controls On The Characteristics Of Turbidite Systems / A. H. Bouma -- Silled Sub-basins To Connected Tortuous Corridors : Sediment Distribution Systems On Topographically Complex Sub-aqueous Slopes / R. Smith -- Factors Influencing The Deposit Geometry Of Experimental Turbidity Currents : Implications For Sand-body Architecture In Confined Basins / O. S. Al Ja'aidi, W. D. Mccaffrey & B. C. Kneller -- Present Morphology And Depositional Architecture Of A Sandy Confined Submarine System : The Golo Turbidite System, Eastern Margin Of Corsica / A. Gervais ... [et Al.] -- Multiple Terraces Within The Deep Incised Zaire Valley (zaïango Project) : Are They Confined Levees? / N. Babonneau ... [et Al.] -- Factors Controlling Foredeep Turbidite Deposition : The Case Of Northern Apennines (oligocene-miocene, Italy) / U. Cibin ... [et Al.] -- Impact Of Syndepositional Faulting On Gravity Current Behaviour And Deep-water Stratigraphy : Tabernas-sorbas Basin, Se Spain / D. M. Hodgson & P. D. W. Haughton -- Comparing The Depositional Architecture Of Basin Floor Fans And Slope Fans In The Pab Sandstone, Maastrichtian, Pakistan / R. Eschard ... [et Al.] -- Basin-floor Fans Of The Central Tertiary Basin, Spitsbergen : Relationship Of Basin-floor Sand-bodies To Prograding Clinoforms In A Structurally Active Basin / J. P. Crabaugh & R. J. Steel -- Turbidite Systems Influenced By Structurally Induced Topography In The Multi-sourced Welsh Basin / R. Smith -- Submarine Fans Within Small Basins : Examples From The Tertiary Of New Zealand / C. Zink & R. J. Norris -- Down-channel Variations In Stratal Patterns Within A Conglomeratic, Deepwater Fan Feeder System (miocene, Adana Basin, Southern Turkey) / N. Satur ... [et Al.] -- Sand-rich Turbidite Systems Of The Late Oligocene Northern Apennines Foredeep : Physical Stratigraphy And Architecture Of The 'macigno Costiero' (coastal Tuscany, Italy) / G. Cornamusini -- Spatial Variability Of Hurst Statistics In The Castagnola Formation, Tertiary Piedmont Basin, Nw Italy : Discrimination Of Sub-environments In A Confined Turbidite System / F. Felletti -- Reservoir Modelling Of The Hamitabat Field, Thrace Basin, Turkey : An Example Of A Sand-rich Turbidite System / D. M. Conybeare ... [et Al.] Edited By S.a. Lomas And P. Joseph. This Publication Grew Out Of An International Workshop On Confined Turbidite Systems, Held In Nice (france) In September 2001--pref. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. 'Alluvial fans are important sedimentary environments. They trap sediment delivered from mountain source areas, and exert an important control on the delivery of sediment to downstream environments, to axial drainages and to sedimentary basins. They preserve a sensitive record of environmental change within the mountain source areas. Alluvial fan geomorphology and sedimentology reflect not only drainage basin size and geology, but change in response to tectonic, climatic and base-level controls. One of the challenges facing alluvial fan research is to resolve how these gross controls are reflected in alluvial fan dynamics and to apply the results of studies of modern fan processes and Quaternary fans to the understanding of sedimentary sequences in the rock record. This volume includes papers based on up-to-date research, and focuses on three themes: alluvial fan processes, dynamics of Quaternary alluvial fans and fan sedimentary sequences. Linking the papers is an emphasis on the controls of fan geomorphology, sedimentology and dynamics. This provides a basis for integration between geomorphological and sedimentological approaches, and an understanding how fluvial systems respond to tectonic, climatic and base-level changes.' (Publisher)

alluvial Fans Are Important Sedimentary Environments. They Trap Sediment Delivered From Mountain Source Areas, And Exert An Important Control On The Delivery Of Sediment To Downstream Environments, To Axial Drainages And To Sedimentary Basins. They Preserve A Sensitive Record Of Environmental Change Within The Mountain Source Areas. Alluvial Fan Geomorphology And Sedimentology Reflect Not Only Drainage Basin Size And Geology, But Change In Response To Tectonic, Climatic And Base-level Controls. One Of The Challenges Facing Alluvial Fan Research Is To Resolve How These Gross Controls Are Reflected In Alluvial Fan Dynamics And To Apply The Results Of Studies Of Modern Fan Processes And Quaternary Fans To The Understanding Of Sedimentary Sequences In The Rock Record. This Volume Includes Papers Based On Up-to-date Research, And Focuses On Three Themes: Alluvial Fan Processes, Dynamics Of Quaternary Alluvial Fans And Fan Sedimentary Sequences. Linking The Papers Is An Emphasis On The Controls Of Fan Geomorphology, Sedimentology And Dynamics. This Provides A Basis For Integration Between Geomorphological And Sedimentological Approaches, And An Understanding How Fluvial Systems Respond To Tectonic, Climatic And Base-level Changes.

Palaeogene and Cretaceous palaeoceanography has been the focus of intense international interest in the last few years, spurred by deep ocean drilling at Blake Nose in the North Atlantic as well as the need to use past climate change as input for modelling future climate change. This book brings together a number of review papers that describe ancient oceans and unique events in the Earth's climatic history and evolution of biota. The papers show evidence of periods characterized by exceptional global warmth such as the Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum and Cretaceous anoxic events. Geochemical records and modelling will make the reader aware that these periods were forced by greenhouse gases