Concrete Reinforcement Degradation and Rehabilitation: Damages, Corrosion and Prevention (Engineering Materials)

Preface Contents About the Author 1 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete 1.1 Reinforced Concrete 1.1.1 Damages of Reinforced Concrete 1.1.2 Reinforced Concrete Protection 1.1.3 Reinforced Concrete Treatment References 2 Concrete Structure 2.1 Composition of Concrete 2.2 Types of Concrete 2.3 Cement 2.4 Types of Cement Additives 2.5 Concrete Properties 2.6 Reinforced Concrete (Reinforcing Steel Bar–Rebar) 2.7 Concrete Defects 2.8 Concrete-Steel Interaction 2.9 High-Quality Concrete 2.10 Properties of High-Quality Concrete References 3 Types and Causes of Concrete Damage 3.1 Damage of Concrete 3.2 Chemical Attack 3.2.1 Acids 3.2.2 Chloride 3.2.3 Salt and Alkali 3.2.4 Sulfate Attack 3.2.5 Carbonation 3.2.6 Alkali-Aggregate Reaction 3.2.7 Alkali-Carbonate Reactivity 3.3 External Factors Causing Damage to Concrete 3.3.1 Abrasion/Erosion 3.3.2 Erosion Cavitation 3.3.3 Fire/Heat 3.3.4 Volume Change 3.3.5 Thermal Cracking 3.3.6 Surface Defects 3.4 Concrete Treatment References 4 Corrosion Theory 4.1 Corrosion Process 4.1.1 Major Components of Corrosion 4.2 Corrosion Effects 4.3 Corrosion Types 4.4 Corrosion Theory 4.4.1 Corrosion Thermodynamics 4.4.2 Corrosion Kinetics 4.4.3 Corrosion Rate 4.5 Electrode Potential 4.6 Corrosion Risk Management References 5 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement 5.1 Corrosion of Steel in Concrete 5.1.1 Electrochemical Reaction of Iron in Concrete 5.2 Factors Causing Corrosion of Concrete Reinforcement 5.2.1 Metallurgical Properties of Metals 5.2.2 Effect of Water Conditions 5.2.3 Effect of Chloride Ions on Reinforced Concrete 5.2.4 Effect of CO2 5.2.5 Porosity Effect 5.2.6 Humidity 5.2.7 pH References 6 Reinforced Concrete Corrosion Experiments 6.1 Types of Corrosion Experiments 6.1.1 Corrosion Testing Techniques 6.1.2 Accelerated Corrosion Experiments 6.1.3 Workpiece Simulation 6.1.4 Coupon 6.2 Environmental Simulation 6.2.1 Immersion 6.2.2 Concrete Simulation 6.3 Electrochemical Experiments 6.3.1 Potentiostat 6.3.2 Electrodes 6.3.3 Electric Potential Measurement 6.4 Surface Observation 6.4.1 Visual Inspection 6.4.2 Analysis of Corrosion Products and Dissolved Elements 6.4.3 Optical Microscopes 6.5 Calculating the Corrosion Rate 6.5.1 Linear Polarization 6.5.2 Extrapolation Tables 6.5.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 6.6 Corrosion Potential Mapping (Corrosion Potential Survey) 6.6.1 Attachment Strength Testing 6.6.2 Penetration Testing of Chemical Elements in Concrete 6.6.3 Potential Data Reading References 7 Reinforced Concrete Protection 7.1 Selection of Materials 7.1.1 Carbon Steel 7.1.2 Stainless Steel (Stainless Steels) 7.2 Reinforcement Modification 7.2.1 Cathodic Protection 7.2.2 Sacred Anode 7.3 The Effect of the Electric Field on the Chemical Distribution of Concrete 7.4 Concrete Modification 7.4.1 Geopolymer Concrete 7.4.2 Inhibitors 7.4.3 Green Inhibitors for Concrete 7.5 Coating 7.5.1 Thermal Spraying 7.5.2 Vapor Deposition 7.5.3 Galvanization 7.5.4 Electroplating 7.5.5 Electroless Plating 7.5.6 Anodizing 7.5.7 Nitriding 7.6 Thicken the Concrete Cover References 8 Concrete Reinforcement Inhibitors 8.1 Inhibitors 8.2 Selection of Inhibitors 8.2.1 Classification of Inhibitors Based on the Method of Protection 8.2.2 Method of Applications 8.3 Inorganic Inhibitors 8.4 Green Inhibitors 8.4.1 Green Inhibitors for Steel Reinforcement 8.5 Inhibitor Testing 8.5.1 Inhibitor Performance References 9 Geopolymer Concrete 9.1 Background 9.2 Geopolymers Manufacturing 9.3 Geopolymer Materials 9.3.1 Fly Ash (FA) 9.3.2 Palm Oil Fuel Ash Ash (POFA) 9.3.3 Kaolin 9.3.4 Metakaolin 9.3.5 Dolomites 9.3.6 Activator 9.4 Factors Affecting the Properties of Geopolymers 9.4.1 Raw Material 9.4.2 Activators 9.4.3 Curing Conditions 9.4.4 Aggregate 9.4.5 Additives, Nano Materials and Fibers 9.5 Application of Geopolymer Concrete 9.5.1 Repairing Concrete 9.5.2 Construction of Buildings on the Sea 9.5.3 Road Pavement Materials 9.5.4 Fire and High Temperature Resistant Material 9.5.5 Insulation Material 9.5.6 Absorbent Material 9.6 Hydrocarbon Adhesives 9.6.1 Types of Resins 9.7 Corrosion of Geopolymer Concrete References 10 Concrete Treatment 10.1 Concrete Treatment 10.2 Re-alkalization of Concrete 10.2.1 Principle of Re-alkalization 10.3 Dechlorination (Chloride Removal) 10.4 Curing 10.5 Coatings 10.5.1 Coating Function 10.5.2 Coating Materials 10.6 Additives 10.7 Rust Cleaning 10.7.1 How to Clean Rust References 11 Cathodic Protection of Steel Reinforcement 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Designing Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete 11.2.1 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection 11.2.2 Sacrificial Anode 11.3 Cathodic Current Requirement Protection 11.4 Peeling Off (Cathodic Disbonding) 11.5 Monitoring of Cathodic Protection 11.6 Stray Current and Current Disturbance 11.7 Anodic Protection References This book provides an overview of various methods of concrete reinforcement against corrosion. It consists of chapters, discussing reinforced concrete, concrete damages, causes of damages, protection, concrete maintenance, principles of corrosion, and how to conduct experiments to obtain reinforced concrete data. This book contributes to the infrastructure industry and is useful for the wider community to add insight into the field of corrosion and material damage. Reinforced concrete is a construction material that combines concrete and steel reinforcement. Thus, studying corrosion is useful for knowing when a material will break down and what will happen to the metal now and in the future. Knowing the corrosion process will prevent sudden damage, so it can provide early preparation. For this reason, knowledge is needed on how to check for damage to concrete, the process of corrosion mechanisms, corrosion prevention, methods for calculating corrosion rates, and how to maintain reinforced concrete so that it lasts longer. This book caters to researchers, administrators, academicians, policymakers, entrepreneurs, practitioners, instructors, and students who are looking to enrich their understanding of concrete reinforcement against corrosion.