Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (Concise Encyclopedias of Language and Linguistics)

Front Cover; Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics; Copyright page; The Editors; Table of Contents; Subject Classification; Introduction; Contributors; Part I: Introduction to Applied Linguistics; Applied Linguistics; Introduction; Overview; History; Applied Linguistics Today; Bibliography; Critical Applied Linguistics; Doing Applied Linguistics Critically; The Critical in Applied Linguistics; Applied Linguistics and the Critical; Bibliography; Educational Linguistics; The Emergence of Educational Linguistics; Taking Stock of the Field; Future Directions; Bibliography; Relevant Websites.;This volume formalizes, organizes and analyzes the relation of knowledge about language to decision-making in practice. It synthesizes research in psycholinguistics, educational linguistics and sociolinguistics, freely crossing subject fields to establish innovative and expert responses to some of the key debates in the field. Authored and compiled by leaders in their various specialties and collated and extensively re-edited from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd edition, this collection will be an ideal one-stop desk reference solution for any linguistics. Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics......Page 4 Copyright page......Page 5 The Editors......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 8 Subject Classification......Page 12 Introduction......Page 16 Contributors......Page 18 Part I: Introduction to Applied Linguistics......Page 22 Overview......Page 24 History......Page 27 Applied Linguistics Today......Page 31 Bibliography......Page 34 Doing Applied Linguistics Critically......Page 35 The Critical in Applied Linguistics......Page 38 Applied Linguistics and the Critical......Page 39 Bibliography......Page 41 The Emergence of Educational Linguistics......Page 43 Taking Stock of the Field......Page 44 Future Directions......Page 46 Bibliography......Page 47 Relevant Websites......Page 48 Part II: Regional Studies......Page 50 Multilingualism and the Role of the Excolonial Languages......Page 52 Language Learning and Teaching......Page 53 Academic Literacy Development in Higher Education......Page 54 Literacy......Page 55 Conclusion......Page 56 Bibliography......Page 57 The World of Australasia and the Pacific......Page 58 The World of Applied Linguistics in the Region......Page 59 Bibliography......Page 64 Relevant Websites......Page 65 Europe......Page 66 Linguistics Applied and Applied Linguistics in Contemporary China......Page 67 Bibliography......Page 71 Language Planning and Policy......Page 73 Sociolinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism......Page 75 Sociolinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism......Page 76 Psycholinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism......Page 77 Bibliography......Page 78 A Brief History of Applied Linguistics in North America......Page 80 Defining and Delimiting Applied Linguistics......Page 81 Research in Applied Linguistics in North America......Page 82 New Trends in Applied Linguistics in North America......Page 85 Bibliography......Page 86 South Asia......Page 87 Four Publications outside South America......Page 88 The Path of Applied Linguistics in South America: The Shadow Metaphor......Page 89 Final Remarks......Page 90 Bibliography......Page 91 Relevant Websites......Page 92 Applied Linguistics in the Subcontinent......Page 93 Language Policies: Scheduled and Nonscheduled Languages......Page 94 Language and Education......Page 95 Languages in Contact......Page 96 Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature......Page 97 Computational Linguistics......Page 98 Language Disorders......Page 99 Conclusion......Page 100 Bibliography......Page 101 Southeast Asia as a Linguistic Region......Page 103 From Nationalism to Nationism: The Adoption of National Languages......Page 104 Language use in Multilingual Settings and the Question of Social Identity......Page 105 English: Its Expanding Role and Varieties......Page 106 English Language Teaching and Learning......Page 107 Publications on Applied Linguistics in Southeast Asia......Page 109 Bibliography......Page 110 Part III: Language, Learners And Learning......Page 112 L2 Acquisition of Phonology......Page 114 L2 Acquisition of Inflectional Morphology......Page 116 L2 Acquisition of Derivational Morphology......Page 117 L2 Acquisition of Syntax......Page 118 Bibliography......Page 120 Sociopolitical Issues in First Language Proficiency Testing......Page 121 Functional and Processural Criteria for Assessing L1 Speaking, Listening, Writing, and Reading......Page 122 Implementation and Washback of L1 Proficiency Testing......Page 123 Bibliography......Page 124 Developments in Validity Theory......Page 126 Evidence-Centered Design......Page 127 Developing a Language Assessment System: An Example......Page 129 Messick on Test Validation: The Social Dimension......Page 130 Bibliography......Page 132 A Brief History of Bilingual Lexicography......Page 134 The Techniques of Modern Bilingual Lexicography......Page 136 Structure of a Bilingual Entry......Page 137 Directionality......Page 138 Bilingual Dictionaries Today and Tomorrow......Page 141 Bibliography......Page 143 School-Based Programs......Page 144 Outside of the Schools......Page 145 Relevant Websites......Page 146 The Scope of Grammar Teaching......Page 147 The Aims and Methods of Grammar Teaching......Page 148 Bibliography......Page 149 Language as a Right, a Resource, or a Problem......Page 151 Minority and Majority Languages in Education......Page 152 Bibliography......Page 154 The Interlanguage Hypothesis......Page 155 Development of the Interlanguage Hypothesis to the Early 1990s......Page 158 Bibliography......Page 160 Standards as the Goal......Page 161 Setting Standards......Page 162 Bibliography......Page 163 Defining the Object......Page 165 Traditional Approaches......Page 166 Recent Trends for the Development of the Discipline......Page 168 Bibliography......Page 169 Learning Two Languages Sequentially......Page 170 Delayed L1 Learning and L2 Learning......Page 171 Bibliography......Page 172 Main Features of the MLDSummary......Page 174 In More Detail......Page 175 Signs of Change......Page 176 OtheReferences......Page 177 Bottom-up Interpretation......Page 178 Interpretation and Inference......Page 180 The Context of Utterance......Page 181 Bibliography......Page 183 Theoretical Conceptualizations of Motivation in Second Language Learning......Page 185 Issues......Page 188 Bibliography......Page 191 Types of Grammars......Page 193 Characteristics of Pedagogical Grammars......Page 194 Pedagogical Grammar in Language Education......Page 196 Bibliography......Page 198 Current State of Theory......Page 200 Revisiting L1/L2 Relationships: the Transfer of Literacy and Language Knowledge......Page 201 Transferring Knowledge About Language Elements......Page 202 Transferring Language Elements: Grammar and Vocabulary......Page 203 Conclusion......Page 205 Bibliography......Page 206 Introduction......Page 208 Theoretical Models......Page 209 Linguistic Levels......Page 210 Research Designs......Page 212 Bibliography......Page 213 Second Language Corpus Studies......Page 215 Relevant Websites......Page 216 Discourse and SLA......Page 217 Language Identity......Page 218 Bibliography......Page 219 Word Meaning......Page 221 Idioms......Page 222 Negotiation......Page 223 Interference......Page 224 First Language Definitions......Page 225 Bibliography......Page 226 Sign Language Acquisition......Page 227 Bibliography......Page 230 Models and Descriptions of Second Language Speaking......Page 233 Areas of Growing Influence and Debate in the Area of Second Language Speaking......Page 237 Bibliography......Page 239 Introduction. The Spread of Third Language Acquisition: Sociolinguistic Perspectives......Page 240 Differences between Second and Third Language Acquisition......Page 241 Third Language Acquisition Research......Page 242 Multilingual Competence and the Multilingual Mind......Page 243 Bibliography......Page 244 Relevant Website......Page 245 Variation in Second Language Acquisition......Page 246 The L2 Grammar......Page 247 The Role of the Interfaces......Page 248 Syntactic Processing in the Second Language......Page 251 Bibliography......Page 252 History......Page 254 Current Status......Page 258 Future Directions......Page 259 Bibliography......Page 260 Part IV: Language, Teachers And Education......Page 262 Immersion Bilingual Education......Page 264 Dual Language Bilingual Education......Page 265 Bilingual Education and Politics......Page 266 The Advantages of 'Strong' Forms of Bilingual Education......Page 267 The Effectiveness of Bilingual Education......Page 268 The Limitations of Bilingual Education......Page 269 Bibliography......Page 270 Classroom Talk......Page 272 Bibliography......Page 274 Linguistic Theory and Classroom Practice......Page 275 Interpretations of CLT......Page 278 CLT in the 21st Century......Page 279 Bibliography......Page 280 CALL Typology......Page 282 Professional CALL Associations......Page 289 Bibliography......Page 290 Relevant Websites......Page 291 Second Language Education......Page 293 Foreign Language Programs......Page 294 Teacher Preparation......Page 295 Bibliography......Page 296 The Cultural Dimensions of Language Study......Page 297 New Ways of Integrating Language, Culture, History, and Identity......Page 300 Bibliography......Page 302 Colonization and Educational Language Policy......Page 304 Bibliography......Page 306 The Internet as Classroom......Page 308 Research and Resources: The Internet as Tool......Page 309 Equality, Democracy, and the Internet......Page 311 Relevant Websites......Page 313 Language Awareness......Page 314 Bibliography......Page 315 Natural Language of Deaf Children......Page 317 The Situation Today......Page 318 Bibliography......Page 319 Differences According to Disciplines and Levels of Teaching......Page 320 Problems and Attempts at Alleviation......Page 321 Bibliography......Page 322 Traditions, Continuities, Possibilities, and Controversies......Page 323 Power-Related Dimensions of Minority Languages and Their Access to Education......Page 324 Organization of Minority Language Education around the World......Page 325 Bibliography......Page 326 Definitions of Native and Non-native Speakers......Page 328 Non-native English-Speaking Teachers' Perceptions of Their Status and Roles......Page 329 Professional Development of Non-native English-Speaking Teachers......Page 331 Conclusion......Page 333 Bibliography......Page 334 Oracy Education......Page 336 Bibliography......Page 337 Specific Features of Pedagogical Contexts......Page 339 Current Trends......Page 340 Technological Influences......Page 342 Conclusion......Page 343 Bibliography......Page 344 The Politics of Mainstream Applied Linguistics......Page 345 The Politics of Critical Applied Linguistics......Page 347 Bibliography......Page 352 Reading and Multiliteracy......Page 354 Bibliography......Page 356 Remediation of Language Disorders in Children......Page 358 Bibliography......Page 360 Underpinnings of Curriculum......Page 362 Organization of Curriculum......Page 363 Information Gathering for Curriculum......Page 364 Key Questions in Curriculum......Page 365 Outcomes of Curriculum......Page 367 Bibliography......Page 369 Learning and Learners......Page 371 Teaching......Page 374 Conclusion......Page 377 Bibliography......Page 378 SL Teacher Education: Defining the Knowledge Base......Page 379 Principles for Designing and Evaluating Teacher Education Programs......Page 384 Models of Teacher Education Environments......Page 385 Perspectives and Developments......Page 386 Bibliography......Page 387 Key Developments in the Last Decade......Page 388 Professional Factors That Affect Technology and Language Learning......Page 393 Relevant Websites......Page 395 The Emergence of Language Teacher Education......Page 396 Language Teacher Education Since the 1960s......Page 397 Bibliography......Page 402 Focus and Nomenclature......Page 404 Crossnational Perspectives on Community Language Teaching......Page 405 Beyond Bilingualism: Dealing with Multilingualism at School......Page 409 Bibliography......Page 411 Relevant Websites......Page 412 Early Greek Education......Page 413 Roman Education......Page 415 Education in the Medieval Age......Page 416 Rise of the Vernacular Languages......Page 418 Toward the Modern Era......Page 419 The Lesson of Tradition......Page 420 Bibliography......Page 421 The Setting for Learning: Translator Education Programs......Page 422 The Emergence of Translation Pedagogy - Toward the Development of Translator Competence......Page 423 Bibliography......Page 425 Relevant Website......Page 426 Learning Vocabulary Through Listening......Page 427 Deliberate Vocabulary Learning......Page 428 Learning Vocabulary Through Writing......Page 429 Monitoring and Encouraging Progress......Page 430 Bibliography......Page 431 Part V: Applied Sociolinguistics......Page 432 Key Concepts......Page 434 Patterns and Mechanisms in Bilinglual Language Development......Page 435 Bilingual Education: Additive vs. Subtractive Bilingualism......Page 438 Conclusions......Page 439 Bibliography......Page 440 Communicative Competence......Page 441 A Key Concept in an Emerging Sociolinguistic Tradition......Page 442 Communicative Competence in Other Domains......Page 444 Re-examining Communicative Competence......Page 445 Bibliography......Page 446 Definitions: Correctness and Purism......Page 448 The Appropriateness Model of Linguistic Variation......Page 449 What is a Standard Variety?......Page 450 Spoken and Written Language......Page 451 Multilingualism......Page 452 Policy vs. Practice......Page 453 Relevant Websites......Page 454 The Nature of Group Difference......Page 455 The Language Dimension......Page 457 Language Attitudes......Page 459 Educational Responses to Disadvantage......Page 461 A Decade On......Page 462 Bibliography......Page 463 Categories of Countries by Linguistic Context......Page 464 Bibliography......Page 470 Recurrent Debates about Language, Education, and Gender......Page 471 Bibliography......Page 473 World Language......Page 475 International Language......Page 477 Languages of Wider Communication......Page 480 Bibliography......Page 481 Need for Language Policy and Planning......Page 482 Components of Language Policy......Page 483 Language Policies in Nation-States......Page 484 Language Policy beyond the Nation-State......Page 485 Language Policies at the International Level......Page 486 Linguistic Human Rights......Page 488 Typologies and Models of Multilingual Education......Page 489 Transitional Bilingual Education......Page 490 Weak Linkages between Language Policy and Planning......Page 492 Bibliography......Page 493 Relevant Websites......Page 494 Schools and Language Revival Efforts......Page 495 Communicative Language Teaching and L-[r]......Page 496 Different Expectations from Pedagogy......Page 497 Bibliography......Page 498 Lingua Francas and Multilingual Societies......Page 500 Lingua Francas and the Multilingual Individual......Page 503 International Lingua Franca Interactions......Page 505 Outlook: Current Research Trends......Page 506 Bibliography......Page 507 Linguistic Imperialism......Page 508 Bibliography......Page 510 Religion and Literacy......Page 511 Bibliography......Page 513 Categorizing Education in Multilingual Societies......Page 514 Debates and Research on Bilingual Programs......Page 515 Bibliography......Page 516 Native Speaker......Page 517 Bibliography......Page 519 Definitional Problem......Page 521 Experimental Results......Page 522 Bibliography......Page 523 The Historical Context......Page 525 Theoretical Influences......Page 526 Research Trajectories......Page 527 Bibliography......Page 529 Background and Key Concepts......Page 532 Overview of Second Language Socialization Research......Page 533 Bibliography......Page 537 Standards and Conventions in Mother Tongues......Page 539 What Is Standard?......Page 540 Bibliography......Page 541 Spread and Stratification......Page 542 World Englishes Speech Communities......Page 543 Process of Nativization and Englishization......Page 544 Conceptual Myths......Page 545 Constructing Identities of Englishes......Page 546 Literary Creativity, Canonicity, and World Englishes......Page 547 Bibliography......Page 548 Part VI: Biographies......Page 550 Bibliography......Page 552 Bibliography......Page 553 Ferguson, Charles A. (1921-1998)......Page 555 Bibliography......Page 556 Bibliography......Page 557 Hall, Robert A., Jr. (1911-1987)......Page 558 Bibliograpy......Page 559 Bibliography......Page 560 Bibilography......Page 561 Bibliography......Page 562 Bibliography......Page 563 Bibliography......Page 565 Passy, Paul Eacute douard (1859-1940)......Page 566 Bibliography......Page 567 Quirk, Professor The Lord Charles Randolph (b. 1920)......Page 568 Bibliography......Page 569 Relevant Websites......Page 570 Bibliography......Page 571 Richards, Ivor Armstrong (1893-1979)......Page 572 Bibliography......Page 573 Smith, Henry Lee (1913-1972)......Page 574 Bibliography......Page 575 Bibliography......Page 576 Bibliography......Page 577 Subject Index......Page 578 This volume formalizes, organizes and analyzes the relation of knowledge about language to decision-making in practice. It synthesizes research in psycholinguistics, educational linguistics and sociolinguistics, freely crossing subject fields to establish innovative and expert responses to some of the key debates in the field. Authored and compiled by leaders in their various specialties and collated and extensively re-edited from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd edition, this collection will be an ideal one-stop desk reference solution for any linguistics professional and researcher interested in how language operates at the leading edge. * Authoritative review of this dynamic field placed in an interdisciplinary context * Over 100 articles by leaders in the field * Compact and affordable single-volume format Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics formalizes, organizes and analyzes the relation of knowledge about language to decision-making in practice. It synthesizes research in psycholinguistics, educational linguistics and sociolinguistics, freely crossing subject fields to establish innovative and expert responses to some of the key debates in the field. Authored and compiled by leaders in their various specialties and collated and extensively re-edited from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Second Edition , this collection will be an ideal one-stop desk reference solution for any linguistics professional and researcher interested in how language operates at the leading edge. Authoritative review of this dynamic field placed in an interdisciplinary context Over 100 articles by leaders in the field Compact and affordable single-volume format This volume formalizes, organizes and analyzes the relation of knowledge about language to decision-making in practice. It synthesizes research in psycholinguistics, educational linguistics and sociolinguistics, freely crossing subject fields to establish innovative and expert responses to some of the key debates in the field. Authored and compiled by leaders in their various specialties and collated and extensively re-edited from the award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd edition, this collection will be an ideal one-stop desk reference solution for any linguistics professional and researcher interested in how language operates at the leading edge.

* Authoritative review of this dynamic field placed in an interdisciplinary context
* Over 100 articles by leaders in the field
* Compact and affordable single-volume format