Conceptual Integrated Science (2nd Edition)

This best-selling introduction to the physical and life sciences emphasizes concepts over computation and treats equations as a guide to thinking so the reader can connect ideas. **Conceptual Integrated Science** covers physics, chemistry, earth science, astronomy, and biology at a level appropriate for non-science students. The conceptual approach relates science to everyday life, is personal and direct, deemphasizes jargon, and emphasizes central ideas. The conceptual ideas serve as the foundation supporting and integrating all the sciences. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 6 Copyright Page......Page 7 Contents......Page 10 Special Features......Page 17 To the Student......Page 22 To the Instructor......Page 23 Acknowledgments......Page 28 Reviewers......Page 29 1 About Science......Page 30 1.1 A Brief History of Advances in Science......Page 31 1.3 The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool......Page 32 1.4 The Scientific Hypothesis......Page 34 1.5 The Scientific Experiment......Page 35 1.6 Facts, Theories, and Laws......Page 36 1.7 Science Has Limitations......Page 37 1.8 Science, Art, and Religion......Page 38 1.9 Technology—The Practical Use of Science......Page 39 1.11 Integrated Science......Page 40 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 1A: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY: An Investigation of Sea Butterflies......Page 41 PART ONE: Physics......Page 46 2 Describing Motion......Page 47 2.2 Galileo’s Concept of Inertia......Page 48 2.3 Mass—A Measure of Inertia......Page 51 2.4 Net Force......Page 53 2.5 The Equilibrium Rule......Page 54 2.6 The Support Force......Page 55 2.7 Equilibrium of Moving Things......Page 58 2.8 The Force of Friction......Page 59 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2A: BIOLOGY, ASTRONOMY, CHEMISTRY, AND EARTH SCIENCE: Friction Is Universal......Page 60 2.9 Speed and Velocity......Page 61 2.10 Acceleration......Page 64 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2B: BIOLOGY: Hang Time......Page 66 3 Newton’s Laws of Motion......Page 73 3.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion......Page 74 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 3A: BIOLOGY: Gliding......Page 80 3.3 Forces and Interactions......Page 82 3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion......Page 83 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 3B: BIOLOGY: Animal Locomotion......Page 87 3.5 Vectors......Page 89 3.6 Summary of Newton’s Three Laws......Page 90 4 Momentum and Energy......Page 98 4.2 Impulse......Page 99 4.3 Impulse–Momentum Relationship......Page 100 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 4A: BIOLOGY: The Impulse–Momentum Relationship in Sports......Page 101 4.4 Conservation of Momentum......Page 103 4.5 Energy......Page 105 4.7 Potential Energy......Page 107 4.8 Kinetic Energy......Page 109 4.9 The Work–Energy Theorem......Page 110 4.10 Conservation of Energy......Page 113 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 4B: BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY: Glucose: Energy for Life......Page 114 4.11 Machines......Page 115 5 Gravity......Page 124 5.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 125 5.4 Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law......Page 126 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 5A: BIOLOGY: Your Biological Gravity Detector......Page 128 5.6 Weight and Weightlessness......Page 131 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 5B: BIOLOGY: Center of Gravity of People......Page 132 5.7 Centripetal Force Can Simulate Gravity......Page 133 5.8 Projectile Motion......Page 134 5.10 The Effect of Air Drag on Projectiles......Page 137 5.11 Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites......Page 139 5.12 Elliptical Orbits......Page 140 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 5C: ASTRONOMY: Escape Speed......Page 142 6 Heat......Page 150 6.2 Temperature......Page 151 6.3 Absolute Zero......Page 152 6.4 What Is Heat?......Page 153 6.5 The Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 155 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 6A: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY: Entropy......Page 156 6.6 Specific Heat Capacity......Page 158 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 6B: EARTH SCIENCE: Specific Heat Capacity and Earth’s Climate......Page 160 6.7 Thermal Expansion......Page 162 6.8 Heat Transfer: Conduction......Page 165 6.9 Heat Transfer: Convection......Page 166 6.10 Heat Transfer: Radiation......Page 168 7 Electricity and Magnetism......Page 176 7.1 Electrical Force and Charge......Page 177 7.2 Coulomb’s Law......Page 178 7.3 Electric Field......Page 180 7.4 Electric Potential......Page 181 7.5 Conductors and Insulators......Page 182 7.6 Voltage Sources......Page 183 7.7 Electric Current......Page 184 7.8 Electrical Resistance......Page 185 7.9 Ohm’s Law......Page 186 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 7A: BIOLOGY: Electric Shock......Page 187 7.10 Electric Circuits......Page 189 7.11 Electric Power......Page 190 7.12 The Magnetic Force......Page 191 7.13 Magnetic Fields......Page 192 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 7B: BIOLOGY AND EARTH SCIENCE: Earth’s Magnetic Field and the Ability of Organisms to Sense It......Page 195 7.14 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges......Page 196 7.15 Electromagnetic Induction......Page 198 8 Waves—Sound and Light......Page 207 8.1 Vibrations and Waves......Page 208 8.2 Wave Motion......Page 209 8.4 The Nature of Sound......Page 211 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 8A: BIOLOGY: Sensing Pitch......Page 212 8.5 Resonance......Page 214 8.6 The Nature of Light......Page 215 8.7 Reflection......Page 217 8.8 Transparent and Opaque Materials......Page 219 8.9 Color......Page 221 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 8B: BIOLOGY: Mixing Colored Lights......Page 223 8.10 Refraction......Page 225 8.11 Diffraction......Page 229 8.12 Interference......Page 230 8.13 The Doppler Effect......Page 232 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 8C: ASTRONOMY: The Doppler Effect and the Expanding Universe......Page 233 8.14 The Wave–Particle Duality......Page 234 PART TWO: Chemistry......Page 242 9 Atoms and the Periodic Table......Page 243 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 9A: PHYSICS: Atoms Are Ancient and Empty......Page 244 9.1 The Elements......Page 245 9.2 Protons and Neutrons......Page 247 9.3 The Periodic Table......Page 250 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 9B: BIOLOGY AND EARTH SCIENCE: Physical and Conceptual Models......Page 255 9.4 Identifying Atoms Using the Spectroscope......Page 258 9.5 The Quantum Hypothesis......Page 260 9.6 Electron Waves......Page 263 9.7 The Noble Gas Shell Model......Page 265 10 The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity......Page 272 10.1 Radioactivity......Page 273 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 10A: BIOLOGY: Radiation Dosage......Page 275 10.2 The Strong Nuclear Force......Page 278 10.3 Half-Life and Transmutation......Page 280 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 10B: BIOLOGY AND EARTH SCIENCE: Radiometric Dating......Page 284 10.4 Nuclear Fission......Page 286 10.5 Mass–Energy Equivalence......Page 291 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 10C: ASTRONOMY: Nuclear Fusion......Page 293 11 Investigating Matter......Page 301 11.1 Chemistry: The Central Science......Page 302 11.2 The Submicroscopic View of Matter......Page 303 11.3 Phase Changes......Page 306 11.4 Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 308 11.5 Determining Physical and Chemical Changes......Page 311 11.6 Elements to Compounds......Page 313 11.7 Naming Compounds......Page 316 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 11A: PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY: The Advent of Nanotechnology......Page 317 12 Chemical Bonds and Mixtures......Page 326 12.1 Electron-Dot Structures......Page 327 12.2 The Ionic Bond......Page 328 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 12A: EARTH SCIENCE: Metals from Earth......Page 333 12.3 The Covalent Bond......Page 336 12.4 Polar Covalent Bonds......Page 339 12.5 Molecular Polarity......Page 341 12.6 Molecular Attractions......Page 344 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 12B: BIOLOGY AND EARTH SCIENCE: Most Materials Are Mixtures......Page 349 12.7 Describing Solutions......Page 352 12.8 Solubility......Page 356 13 Chemical Reactions......Page 365 13.1 Chemical Equations......Page 366 13.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions......Page 368 13.3 Reaction Rates......Page 372 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 13A: EARTH SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY: Catalysts......Page 377 13.4 Acids Donate Protons; Bases Accept Them......Page 379 13.5 Acidic, Basic, and Neutral Solutions......Page 384 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 13B: EARTH SCIENCE: Acid Rain and Ocean Acidification......Page 387 13.6 Losing and Gaining Electrons......Page 390 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 13C: PHYSICS: Batteries and Fuel Cells......Page 392 13.7 Corrosion and Combustion......Page 395 14 Organic Compounds......Page 405 14.1 Hydrocarbons......Page 406 14.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons......Page 410 14.3 Functional Groups......Page 412 14.4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers......Page 413 14.5 Amines and Alkaloids......Page 417 14.6 Carbonyl Compounds......Page 419 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 14A: BIOLOGY: Drug Action......Page 423 14.7 Polymers......Page 425 PART THREE: Biology......Page 438 15 The Basic Unit of Life—The Cell......Page 439 15.1 Characteristics of Life......Page 440 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 15A: CHEMISTRY: Macromolecules Needed for Life......Page 441 15.2 Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic......Page 444 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 15B: PHYSICS: The Microscope......Page 446 15.3 Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell......Page 448 15.4 The Cell Membrane......Page 450 15.5 Transport Into and Out of Cells......Page 451 15.6 Cell Communication......Page 455 15.7 How Cells Reproduce......Page 456 15.8 How Cells Use Energy......Page 459 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 15C: CHEMISTRY: ATP and Chemical Reactions in Cells......Page 460 15.9 Photosynthesis......Page 463 15.10 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation......Page 466 16 Genetics......Page 474 16.2 Chromosomes: Packages of Genetic Information......Page 475 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 16A: CHEMISTRY: The Structure of DNA......Page 477 16.4 How Proteins Are Built......Page 479 16.5 Genetic Mutations......Page 484 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 16B: PHYSICS: How Radioactivity Causes Genetic Mutations......Page 486 16.6 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity......Page 488 16.7 Mendelian Genetics......Page 490 16.8 More Wrinkles: Beyond Mendelian Genetics......Page 495 16.9 The Human Genome......Page 498 16.10 Cancer: Genes Gone Awry......Page 500 16.11 Transgenic Organisms and Cloning......Page 501 16.12 DNA Technology—What Could Possibly Go Wrong?......Page 504 17 The Evolution of Life......Page 511 17.1 The Origin of Life......Page 512 17.2 Early Life on Earth......Page 514 17.3 Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species......Page 516 17.4 How Natural Selection Works......Page 518 17.5 Adaptation......Page 521 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 17B: PHYSICS: Staying Warm and Keeping Cool......Page 524 17.6 Evolution and Genetics......Page 525 17.7 How Species Form......Page 528 17.8 Evidence of Evolution......Page 532 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 17C: EARTH SCIENCE: Fossils: Earth’s Tangible Evidence of Evolution......Page 535 17.9 The Evolution of Humans......Page 537 18 Diversity of Life on Earth......Page 545 18.1 Classifying Life......Page 546 18.2 The Three Domains of Life......Page 549 18.3 Bacteria......Page 550 18.5 Protists......Page 552 18.6 Plants......Page 554 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 18A: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY: Moving Water up a Tree......Page 560 18.7 Fungi......Page 561 18.8 Animals......Page 562 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 18B: EARTH SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY: Coral Bleaching and Ocean Acidification......Page 563 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 18C: PHYSICS: How Birds Fly......Page 570 18.9 Viruses and Prions......Page 571 19 Human Biology I—Control and Development......Page 577 19.1 Organization of the Human Body......Page 578 19.2 Homeostasis......Page 579 19.3 The Brain......Page 580 19.4 The Nervous System......Page 582 19.5 How Neurons Work......Page 585 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 19A: PHYSICS: How Fast Can Action Potentials Travel?......Page 587 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 19B: CHEMISTRY: Endorphins......Page 589 19.6 The Senses......Page 591 19.7 Hormones......Page 595 19.8 Reproduction and Development......Page 599 19.9 The Skeleton and Muscles......Page 602 20 Human Biology II—Care and Maintenance......Page 609 20.2 The Circulatory System......Page 610 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 20A: CHEMISTRY: Hemoglobin......Page 613 20.3 Respiration......Page 614 20.4 Digestion......Page 616 20.5 Nutrition, Exercise, and Health......Page 619 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 20B: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY: Low-Carb Versus Low-Cal Diets......Page 620 20.6 Excretion and Water Balance......Page 622 20.7 Keeping the Body Safe: Defense Systems......Page 624 21 Ecology......Page 637 21.1 Organisms and Their Environments......Page 638 21.2 Population Ecology......Page 639 21.3 Human Population Growth......Page 643 21.4 Species Interactions......Page 645 21.5 Kinds of Ecosystems......Page 651 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 21A: EARTH SCIENCE: Materials Cycling in Ecosystems......Page 656 21.6 Energy Flow in Ecosystems......Page 659 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 21B: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY: Energy Leaks When Organisms Eat......Page 661 21.7 Change in an Ecosystem......Page 662 PART FOUR: Earth Science......Page 672 22 Plate Tectonics......Page 673 22.1 Earth Science Is an Integrated Science......Page 674 22.2 Earth’s Compositional Layers......Page 675 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22A: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY: Earth Developed Layers When It Was Young, Hot, and Molten......Page 677 22.3 Earth’s Structural Layers......Page 678 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22B: PHYSICS: Using Seismology to Explore Earth’s Interior......Page 680 22.4 Continental Drift—An Idea Before Its Time......Page 682 22.5 Seafloor Spreading—A Mechanism for Continental Drift......Page 684 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22C: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND ASTRONOMY: Magnetic Stripes Are Evidence of Sea.oor Spreading......Page 686 22.6 The Theory of Plate Tectonics......Page 688 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22D: PHYSICS: What Forces Drive the Plates?......Page 689 22.7 Plate Boundaries......Page 691 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22E: BIOLOGY: Life in the Trenches......Page 695 23 Rocks and Minerals......Page 701 23.1 What Is a Mineral?......Page 702 23.2 Mineral Properties......Page 703 23.3 Types of Minerals......Page 706 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 23A: CHEMISTRY: The Silicate Tetrahedron......Page 709 23.4 How Do Minerals Form?......Page 710 23.5 What Is Rock?......Page 713 23.6 Igneous Rock......Page 715 23.7 Sedimentary Rock......Page 718 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 23B: BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, AND PHYSICS: Coal......Page 720 23.8 Metamorphic Rock......Page 721 23.9 The Rock Cycle......Page 723 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 23C: BIOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY: Earth’s History Is Written in Its Rocks......Page 725 24 Earth’s Surface—Land and Water......Page 731 24.1 A Survey of Earth......Page 732 24.2 Crustal Deformation—Folds and Faults......Page 734 24.3 Mountains......Page 737 24.4 Plains and Plateaus......Page 741 24.5 Earth’s Waters......Page 742 24.6 The Ocean......Page 743 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 24A: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY: The Composition of Ocean Water......Page 745 24.7 Fresh Water......Page 747 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 24B: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY: Water Pollution......Page 752 25 Surface Processes......Page 758 25.1 Processes That Sculpt Earth: Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition......Page 759 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 25A: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY: Weathering......Page 761 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 25B: BIOLOGY: Soil......Page 764 25.2 The Impact of Running Water......Page 766 25.3 Glaciers—Earth’s Bulldozers......Page 771 25.4 Effects of Gravity Alone— Mass Movement......Page 773 25.5 Groundwater Erodes Rock to Make Caves and Caverns......Page 775 25.6 Wave Effects......Page 777 25.7 Wind—Agent of Change......Page 779 26 Weather......Page 784 26.1 The Atmosphere......Page 785 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 26A: PHYSICS: Atmospheric Pressure......Page 786 26.2 The Structure of the Atmosphere......Page 788 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 26B: PHYSICS: Solar Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect Drive Global Temperature......Page 790 26.3 Temperature Depends on Latitude......Page 794 26.4 Earth’s Tilted Axis—The Seasons......Page 795 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 26C: BIOLOGY: Wind Chill......Page 797 26.6 Local and Global Wind Patterns......Page 798 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 26D: PHYSICS: The Coriolis Effect......Page 800 26.7 Ocean Currents Distribute Heat......Page 801 26.8 Water in the Atmosphere......Page 803 26.9 Changing Weather—Air Masses, Fronts, and Cyclones......Page 808 27 Environmental Geology......Page 816 27.1 Earthquakes......Page 817 27.2 Tsunami......Page 822 27.3 Volcanoes......Page 823 27.4 Hurricanes......Page 827 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 27A: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY, AND ASTRONOMY: Climate Change......Page 830 PART FIVE: Astronomy......Page 848 28 The Solar System......Page 849 28.1 The Solar System and Its Formation......Page 850 28.2 The Sun......Page 854 28.3 The Inner Planets......Page 856 28.4 The Outer Planets......Page 860 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 28A: BIOLOGY: What Makes a Planet Suitable for Life?......Page 864 28.5 Earth’s Moon......Page 866 28.6 Failed Planet Formation......Page 873 29 The Universe......Page 883 29.1 Observing the Night Sky......Page 884 29.2 The Brightness and Color of Stars......Page 886 29.3 The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram......Page 888 29.4 The Life Cycles of Stars......Page 891 29.5 Black Holes......Page 896 29.6 Galaxies......Page 900 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 29A: BIOLOGY: The Drake Equation......Page 911 29.7 Looking Back in Time......Page 912 29.8 Dark Matter and Dark Energy......Page 916 APPENDIX A: On Measurement and Unit Conversion......Page 926 APPENDIX B: Linear and Rotational Motion......Page 930 APPENDIX C: More on Vectors......Page 936 APPENDIX D: Exponential Growth and Doubling Time......Page 937 APPENDIX E: Physics of Fluids......Page 942 APPENDIX F: Chemical Equilibrium......Page 948 ODD-NUMBERED SOLUTIONS......Page 954 A......Page 978 C......Page 979 D......Page 980 E......Page 981 G......Page 982 I......Page 983 M......Page 984 O......Page 985 P......Page 986 S......Page 987 V......Page 988 W......Page 989 CREDITS......Page 990 A......Page 994 C......Page 995 D......Page 997 E......Page 998 G......Page 999 H......Page 1000 L......Page 1001 M......Page 1002 N......Page 1003 P......Page 1004 R......Page 1005 S......Page 1006 V......Page 1008 Z......Page 1009 This best-selling introduction to the physical and life sciences emphasizes concepts over computation and treats equations as a guide to thinking so the reader can connect ideas. Conceptual Integrated Science covers physics, chemistry, earth science, astronomy, and biology at a level appropriate for non-science students. The conceptual approach relates science to everyday life, is personal and direct, deemphasizes jargon, and emphasizes central ideas. The conceptual ideas serve as the foundation supporting and integrating all the sciences. Authors: Paul G. Hewitt, City College of San Francisco, Suzanne Lyons, California State University, Sacramento, John Suchocki, Saint Michael's College, Jennifer Yeh, University of California, San Francisco

This best-selling introduction to the physical and life sciences emphasizes concepts over computation and treats equations as a guide to thinking so the reader can connect ideas.

Conceptual Integrated Science covers physics, chemistry, earth science, astronomy, and biology at a level appropriate for non-science students. The conceptual approach relates science to everyday life, is personal and direct, deemphasizes jargon, and emphasizes central ideas. The conceptual ideas serve as the foundation supporting and integrating all the sciences.