Conceptual boundary layer meteorology : the air near here

Conceptual Boundary Layer Meteorology: The Air Near Here explains essential boundary layer concepts in a way that is accessible to a wide number of people studying and working in the environmental sciences. It begins with chapters designed to present the language of the boundary layer and the key concepts of mass, momentum exchanges, and the role of turbulence. The book then moves to focusing on specific environments, uses, and problems facing science with respect to the boundary layer. Front Cover Conceptual Boundary Layer Meteorology: The Air Near Here Copyright Contents Contributors Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Working in the in-between: Defining the boundary layer 1.1. What is this book? 1.2. Defining the boundary layer 1.2.1. The acronym game 1.3. The influencers 1.3.1. Radiation 1.3.1.1. Radiation laws 1.3.2. Energy transfer 1.3.3. The surface 1.3.4. The subsurface 1.3.5. Mass exchanges 1.3.5.1. Water - The necessity for life 1.3.5.2. Carbon - The building block of life 1.3.6. The wind 1.3.7. Hydrostatic equilibrium 1.4. Some other concepts and definitions 1.5. Beyond the air 1.6. Moving forward 1.6.1. A word about the math 1.7. Summary and review References Chapter 2: Always in flux: The nature of turbulence 2.1. Introduction 2.2. What is turbulence? 2.2.1. Defining turbulence mathematically 2.2.2. Turbulence scales 2.2.3. Types of turbulence 2.3. What is a flux? 2.3.1. Momentum flux 2.3.2. Heat and mass flux 2.3.3. How does the surface influence the flux? 2.4. Energy production 2.4.1. Richardson number 2.4.2. Stability 2.5. Turbulent kinetic energy 2.6. The turbulence closure problem 2.7. Key concepts - The takeaway References Chapter 3: Here, there, and everywhere: Spatial patterns and scales 3.1. What is scale 3.1.1. Range of scales in the atmospheric boundary layer 3.1.2. Understanding a spectrum of scale 3.1.3. Why scale matters 3.2. Scale invariance 3.2.1. Similarity theory 3.2.1.1. Similarity in the neutral surface layer 3.2.1.2. Non-neutral surface layers 3.3. Scale-dependence 3.3.1. Blending length formulations 3.3.2. Representing scale dependence in the atmosphere References Chapter 4: The known unknowns: Measurement techniques 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Transport in the surface layer 4.3. Experiment design 4.3.1. Why? Defining the objectives 4.3.2. How? Designing the setup 4.3.2.1. Setup design in relation to ecosystem specificity 4.3.2.2. Setup design in relation to the investigated tracer 4.3.2.3. Determination of the temporal scale 4.3.2.4. Choice of the spatial scale 4.3.2.5. Choice of the flux measurement technique 4.3.2.6. Supporting measurements 4.4. Eddy covariance 4.4.1. Measurement system 4.4.1.1. 3D anemometer 4.4.1.2. Tracer measurement Gas analyzer types Concentrations vs fractions Specificities of open-path IRGAs Closed-path IRGAs Other gas analyzers 4.4.1.3. Setup Site selection Tower requirements Relative positioning of SAT and analyzer 4.4.2. Data treatment 4.4.2.1. Flux computation Conversion of concentrations into dry molar fractions Fluctuation computation by removing the mean Coordinate rotation Synchronization of velocity and time series Density and dilution corrections Frequency corrections 4.4.2.2. Quality control Raw data analysis Quality control on fluxes Night flux problems Measurement representativeness Causes of uncertainty 4.4.3. Disjunct eddy covariance 4.5. Indirect measurements of turbulent fluxes 4.5.1. Flux-gradient method 4.5.2. Relaxed eddy accumulation 4.5.3. Mass balance methods 4.6. Meteorological measurements 4.6.1. Radiation 4.6.2. Temperature 4.6.3. Humidity 4.6.4. Precipitation 4.7. Summary References Chapter 5: Whats next: Boundary layer prediction methods 5.1. Introduction: Why do we need models? 5.2. How do we model the boundary layer? 5.2.1. Modeling basics 5.2.2. Prognostic models 5.2.3. Diagnostic models 5.3. Boundary layer modeling paradigms 5.3.1. Its all about turbulence 5.3.2. How do we parameterize turbulence? 5.3.3. Horizontal grid refinement 5.4. Mesoscale models 5.4.1. Planetary boundary layer schemes 5.4.2. Simulating a frontal passage 5.5. Microscale models 5.5.1. Subgrid-scale turbulence schemes 5.5.2. Putting it all together: Multiscale modeling 5.6. Summary and future outlook Acknowledgments References Chapter 6: Whos afraid of the dark: The not so stable stable boundary layer 6.1. Introduction 6.1.1. What do we mean by ``stable stratification ́ ́? 6.2. The idealized stable boundary layer 6.2.1. The surface-based temperature inversion 6.2.2. Mechanically generated turbulence 6.2.3. Clear-air radiative cooling 6.2.4. The low-level jet 6.2.5. The residual layer 6.3. The observed stable boundary layer 6.3.1. How it starts. The afternoon-to-evening transition 6.3.1.1. Turbulence 6.3.1.2. Heat flux 6.3.1.3. Mesoscale variability of surface temperature 6.3.1.4. Profiler measurements 6.3.1.5. AET research 6.3.2. SBL depth 6.3.2.1. Estimating the SBL depth 6.3.3. Radiation and turbulence in the SBL structure 6.4. SBL classification 6.4.1. SBL vertical structure 6.4.2. The very stable SBL 6.5. Nocturnal LLJ 6.5.1. LLJ observations 6.5.2. LLJ analysis 6.6. Non-stationary turbulence 6.6.1. Intermittency classification 6.6.2. Bursting and wave-turbulence interactions 6.6.2.1. Bursting 6.6.2.2. Wave-turbulence interactions 6.7. Summary 6.8. Back to the beginning References Further reading Chapter 7: We cant move mountains: Flow in complex environments 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Windward wet and leeward dry 7.3. Forces and slope flows 7.4. Governing equations of slope flows 7.4.1. Maximum speed of katabatic flows 7.4.2. Super-stable layer 7.5. Mountain wind patterns 7.6. Recirculation 7.7. Summary References Further reading Chapter 8: If a tree falls: The role of vegetative environments in boundary layer fluxes 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Canopy aerodynamics 8.2.1. Surface roughness parameters 8.2.2. Friction velocity 8.2.3. The big-leaf representation of the canopy 8.2.4. Canopy-air approaches 8.2.5. Canopy-air vertical profile 8.2.6. Canopy resistance 8.3. Canopy energy budget 8.3.1. Forest large eddy simulations 8.3.2. Canopy gas fluxes 8.3.3. Conclusions References Chapter 9: But we build buildings: Urban boundary layer 9.1. The structure of the urban boundary layer 9.2. Aerodynamic structure of the urban boundary layer 9.3. Surface energy balance 9.3.1. Shortwave radiation 9.3.2. Longwave radiation 9.3.3. Net radiation 9.3.4. Anthropogenic heat flux 9.3.5. Storage heat flux 9.3.6. Turbulent heat fluxes 9.3.7. Advection of turbulent fluxes 9.4. Urban heat island References Further reading Chapter 10: Coming and going: Transport and tracking 10.1. Introduction 10.2. History of atmospheric transport studies 10.3. Understanding the source 10.4. The role of atmospheric stability 10.5. Modeling transport 10.5.1. Meteorological modeling 10.5.2. Gaussian models 10.5.3. Eulerian models 10.5.4. Lagrangian models 10.6. Plume depletion processes 10.6.1. Dry deposition 10.6.2. Chemical transformations or particle modification 10.6.3. Wet deposition processes 10.7. Summary References Chapter 11: Work it! Turning knowledge into power 11.1. Introduction 11.1.1. You have the power 11.1.2. Get on the grid 11.1.3. Find the wind 11.2. Anatomy of a turbine 11.3. Down on the farm 11.3.1. Turbine-atmosphere interactions 11.3.2. One turbine 11.3.3. Full wind farm 11.4. The wind turbine atmospheric boundary layer References Further reading Chapter 12: The times they are a changing: How boundary layer processes cause feedbacks and rectifiers that affect climat ... 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Climate change in the Anthropocene 12.3. Marine clouds and climate change 12.3.1. Clouds in the equatorial MABL and the shifting nature of atmospheric albedo 12.3.2. Clouds in the Arctic MABL and the dynamic state of sea ice albedo 12.4. Rectifier effects and their influence on ABL processes 12.4.1. Rectification of ocean-atmosphere coupling in the equatorial regions 12.4.2. Rectification, inverse modeling, and the global carbon budget 12.5. Concluding statement References Index Back Cover