محاسبات و بنیاد ملی علوم، ۱۹۵۰-۲۰۱۶: ساخت بنیادی برای محاسبات مدرن (کتاب‌های ACM)

This organizational history relates the role of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the development of modern computing. Drawing upon new and existing oral histories, extensive use of NSF documents, and the experience of two of the authors as senior managers, this book describes how NSF's programmatic activities originated and evolved to become the primary source of funding for fundamental research in computing and information technologies. The book traces how NSF's support has provided facilities and education for computing usage by all scientific disciplines, aided in institution and professional community building, supported fundamental research in computer science and allied disciplines, and led the efforts to broaden participation in computing by all segments of society. Today, the research and infrastructure facilitated by NSF computing programs are significant economic drivers of American society and industry. For example, NSF supported work that led to the first widely-used web browser, Netscape; sponsored the creation of algorithms at the core of the Google search engine; facilitated the growth of the public Internet; and funded research on the scientific basis for countless other applications and technologies. NSF has advanced the development of human capital and ideas for future advances in computing and its applications. This account is the first comprehensive coverage of NSF's role in the extraordinary growth and expansion of modern computing and its use. It will appeal to historians of computing, policy makers and leaders in government and academia, and individuals interested in the history and development of computing and the NSF. Contents Preface PART I. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY 1. 1950–1974: Science Information, Computing Facilities, Education,and Basic Research 2. 1974–1986: CER, CSNET, NSFNET, and the Founding of CISE 3. 1986–1998: The New Directorate in a Period of Computer Science Expansion 4. 1999–2006: Broadening Computer Science with New Initiatives 5. 2007–2016: The Growing Centrality of CISE to NSF PART II. SELECTED SUBJECT STUDIES 6. Pre-CISE Computing Facilities and Education Programs 7. Pre-CISE Computing Research 8. Information Technology Research 9. Networking Research and Deployment 10. NSF Support of High-Performance Computation 11. CISE’s Role in Broadening Participation in Computing 12. What Does an AD/CISE Do? PART III. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 13. Summary and Conclusions APPENDIXES APPENDIX A. Computing Organizations at NSF APPENDIX B. CISE Oral Histories List APPENDIX C. Short Biographies APPENDIX D. CISE History Archive (CHA) APPENDIX E. Abbreviations and Acronyms Bibliography of Secondary Literature on NSF and the History of U.S. Computing Author Biographies Index Blank Page Drawing upon new and existing oral histories, extensive use of National Science Foundation (NSF) documents, and the experience of two of the authors as senior managers, this book describes how NSF’s programmatic activities originated and evolved to become the primary source of funding for research in computing and information technologies.