Computer Methods, Imaging and Visualization in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering II: Selected Papers from the 17th International Symposium CMBBE and 5th Conference on Imaging and Visualization, Septemebr 7-9, 2021

This book gathers selected, extended and revised contributions to the 17th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering and the 5th Conference on Imaging and Visualization (CMBBE 2021), held online on September 7-9, 2021, from Bonn, Germany. It reports on cutting-edge models, algorithms and imaging techniques for studying cells, tissues and organs in normal and pathological conditions. It covers numerical and machine learning methods, finite element modeling and virtual reality techniques, applied to understand biomechanics of movement, fluid and soft tissue biomechanics. It also reports on related advances in rehabilitation, surgery and diagnosis. All in all, this book offers a timely snapshot of the latest research and current challenges at the interface between biomedical engineering, computational biomechanics and biological imaging. Thus, it is expected to provide a source of inspiration for future research and cross-disciplinary collaborations. Preface Organization CMBBE 2021 Chairs CMBBE 2021 Technical Advisory Panel Contents A Spatial Markov Chain Cellular Automata Model for the Spread of Viruses 1 Introduction 2 The Mathematical Model 2.1 The Transfer of the Virus from Individual to Individual 2.2 Transition to Recovery and Death 3 Computational Implementation 4 Simulation Results 4.1 Simulation 1: No Lockdown 4.2 Applying a Temporary Lockdown 5 Estimation of Recovery and Death 5.1 Data Processing 5.2 Mathematical Model of the Recovery Rate Estimation 6 Discussion and Conclusions References A Novel Review of Temporomandibular Joint Replacement Options 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Kinematic Analysis 2.2 Kinetic Analysis 3 Results 4 Conclusions 5 Discussion References Could an Exoskeleton-Driven Rehabilitation Treatment Improve Muscle Forces Generation in PD? - a Pilot Study 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Participant 2.2 Rehabilitative Intervention Design 2.3 Clinical Evaluation 2.4 Instrumental Evaluation 2.5 Data Processing 3 Results 3.1 Clinical Results – UPDRS 3.2 Spatiotemporal Parameters 3.3 Joint Angles and Moments 3.4 Electromyography 3.5 Muscle Forces (MSM Output) 4 Discussion References EMG Signals as a Way to Control Soft Actuators 1 Introduction 2 Control and Actuation System/Experimental Setup 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 3 Preliminary Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Movement Optimization Through Musculoskeletal Modeling and Multidimensional Surface Interpolation 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Development of Interpolation 3 Results 4 Discussion References Simulating the Dynamics of a Human-Exoskeleton System Using Kinematic Data with Misalignment Between the Human and Exoskeleton Joints 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Experiments 2.2 Musculoskeletal Modelling 2.3 Analyses 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References A 2D-FEM Model of Nonlinear Ultrasound Propagation in Trans-cranial MRgFUS Technique 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Geometrical Model 2.2 Acoustic Model 2.3 Bioheat Model 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Predicting Neurological Effects Associated with Traumatic Brain Injuries Using Video Analysis and Finite Element Modeling 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Methodology 3.1 Accident Reconstruction 3.2 Finite Element Model Simulation 3.3 Comparison of Engineering and Neuroimaging Metrics of Injury 4 Results 4.1 Accident Reconstruction 4.2 Finite Element Simulation 4.3 Comparison of Engineering and Neuroimaging Metrics of Injury 5 Conclusions and Future Work References Dense-Discrete Phase Simulations of Blood Flow in a Stenotic Coronary 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Numerical Approach 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 RBCs Velocity and Plasma Velocity Streamlines 3.2 Pressure Contours 3.3 Wall Shear Stress Evaluation 4 Conclusions References Predicting the Efficacy of Stalk Cells Following Leading Cells Through a Micro-Channel Using Morphoelasticity and a Cell Shape Evolution Model 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Models 2.1 Cell Cytoskeleton 2.2 Chemotaxis and Random Walk 2.3 Force Balance and Friction 3 Applications and Numerical Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Simulation of Cell Proliferation Using a Meshless Tool 1 Introduction 2 Radial Point Interpolation Method (RPIM) 3 Cell Proliferation Algorithm 4 Numerical Results 5 Conclusion References Explicit Non-linear Finite Element Analysis for Prediction of Primary Stability in Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Geometry Construction 2.2 Material Modeling 2.3 Virtual Implantation 2.4 Loading-Unloading Cycles 2.5 Implant Subsidence, Reversible and Irreversible Micromotions 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Hemodynamic Effects of Entry Versus Exit Tear Size and Tissue Stiffness in Simulations of Aortic Dissection 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Model Construction and Mesh Generation 2.2 Governing Equations 2.3 Boundary Data 2.4 Numerical Solver 3 Results 3.1 Flow Waveforms and False Lumen Flow Ratio 3.2 Pressure 3.3 Changes in Cross-Sectional Area 4 Discussion 4.1 Effect of Entry and Exit Tear Size on Hemodynamic Results 4.2 Effect of Rigid Wall Assumption on Hemodynamic Results 4.3 Limitations 5 Conclusions References Reproducibility of in Vivo Constitutive Parameter Identification Based on 4D Ultrasound Strain Imaging 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Real-Time 3D Ultrasound Imaging Combined with Speckle Tracking (4D Ultrasound) 2.2 Continuum Mechanical Framework 2.3 Finite Element Model Updating Approach to the Identification of the Individual Constitutive Behavior 2.4 Numerical Verification Experiment 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References A Systematic Review of the Uses and Benefits of 3-D Printing in Orthopaedic Surgery 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 Three-Dimensional Printed Models 4.2 Patient Specific Implants and Instrumentation 4.3 Limitations of 3-D Printing 5 Conclusion References Assessing Methodological Uncertainty of In-VitroDigital Volume Correlation Bone Strain Measurements in Total Shoulder Arthroplasties 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Specimen Preparation and Experimental Protocol 2.2 Image Processing for DVC 2.3 Unloaded Uncertainty Analysis 2.4 Loaded Uncertainty Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Evidence for the Applicability of Musculoskeletal Human Models to Improve Outcomes of Total Hip Arthroplasty 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Patient-Specific Model 2.2 Movement and Simulation 2.3 Weakening of the Muscles 2.4 Parameter Study 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Development of a Silent Speech Interface for Augmented Reality Applications 1 Background 1.1 Electromagnetic Articulography Sensors 1.2 Ultrasound Plus Optical Imaging 1.3 Nonaudible Murmur Microphone 1.4 Electromagnetic Sensors Analyzing Glottal Activity 1.5 Electroencephalographic Sensors 1.6 Speech-Motor Cortex Implants 1.7 Surface Electromyography Sensors 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusion 5 Discussion References Hand Gesture Recognition for Sign Languages Using 3DCNN for Efficient Detection 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Architecture 4 Detailed Module Description 4.1 Input Gesture 4.2 Video Pre-processing 4.3 3DCNN Training and Classification 4.4 Sentence Construction 4.5 Output 5 Implementation 5.1 Dataset 5.2 Video Pre-processing 5.3 Model Training 5.4 Model Prediction 6 Results 6.1 Metrics for Evaluation 6.2 Model Training History 6.3 Model Testing 6.4 Test Cases 6.5 Comparative Analysis 7 Conclusions 7.1 Future Work References Simulation Study to Investigate the Accuracy of in Vivo Motor-Unit Twitch Force Measurements 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Constitutive Relation of the Musculotendon-Complex 2.2 Masticatory Model 2.3 Simulating Motor-Unit Twitches 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References On the Use of Mesh-Based Joint Contact Models Within Simulations Using Automatic Differentiation 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Mesh-Based Contact Model 2.2 Optimal Control Problem and Experimental Data 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Lower Limb Joint Load Comparison from Subject Specific Musculoskeletal Model Simulation and Direct Measurements on Different Subject with Instrumented Implant During Normal and Abnormal Gait 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Subject Specific Musculoskeletal Modeling 2.2 Direct Measurements on Instrumented Implants 3 Results 3.1 Subject Specific Musculoskeletal Modeling 3.2 Direct Measurements on Instrumented Implants 3.3 Musculoskeletal Modeling and Direct Measurements 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References An Anisotropic Hyperelastic Model for Human Skin: Finite Element Modeling, Identification of Parameters, Mechanical Tests 1 Introduction 2 Skin Model Analysis 2.1 Used Invariants 2.2 HGO-Yeoh Model 2.3 Implementation 2.4 The Bipotential (Contact, Friction) Method 2.5 Parameters Identification 3 Results 3.1 Uniaxial Tensile Test on the Skin 3.2 Indentation Test on the Skin 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Elastic Properties of Normal Breast Tissues Using an Indentation Protocol - Preliminary Study 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Author Index