Computer Graphics and CAD

This book discusses the fundamental concepts shaping modern design and visualization definition through Computer Graphics and the intricacies of CAD modelling practices.From 3D object representation to surface modelling and solid techniques, subsequent chapters offer a comprehensive exploration of advanced topics essential for geometric modelling. With a focus on industry applications and practical examples, readers acquire the skills needed to navigate the complexities of animation systems and finite element analysis, ensuring a holistic understanding of CAD and Computer Graphics. Whether you're a novice or seasoned professional, this guide provides a rich blend of theory and practice, accompanied by a wealth of solved and unsolved problems for hands-on learning.Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan or Bhutan) Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Table of Contents 1. Computer Graphics and CAD 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Journey of Computer System and Its Silent Feature 1.2 Computer System 1.2.1 Hardware and Software 1.2.2 Classification of Computers 1.2.3 Motherboard 1.2.4 Processor: Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1.2.5 Storage Devices in Computer System 1.2.6 Measurement Method of Memory in Computer System 1.2.7 Input/output and Peripheral Devices 1.2.8 Computer Graphics Display Devices and Image Terminology 1.3 Types of Software 1.3.1 System Software 1.3.2 Application Software 1.3.3 Utility Software 1.4 Programming Languages 1.4.1 Low Level Language (LLL) 1.4.2 High Level Language (HLL) 1.5 Booting in Computer system 1.6 Computer Graphics and CAD 1.6.1 CAD/CAM/CIM/CAE 1.6.2 Geometric Modelling in CAD and Computer Graphics 1.6.3 Geometric Modelling Methods 1.6.4 Need of Geometric Modelling 1.7 Computer Graphics and Its Benefits 1.8 Data Communication and Internet 1.9 Animation and Multimedia 1.10 Simulation 1.10.1 Limitations of Simulation 2. Principal of Computer Graphics and Object Modelling 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Computer Graphics Hardware and Software 2.2 Co-ordinate Representation 2.3 Types of Computer Graphics 2.4 Scan Conversion/Rasterization of Output Primitives Points, Lines, Circles and Ellipses 2.4.1 Scan Conversion of a Line and Line Generation 2.4.2 Scan Conversion of a Circle 2.4.3 Ellipse Generation Algorithm 2.5 Area or Region Filling 2.5.1 4-Connected and 8-Connected Approach to Fill Region 2.5.2 Seed Fill Algorithm 2.6 Anti-Aliasing-Lines 2.7 Object Modelling 2.7.1 Representation of a Point In Matrix Form 2.7.2 Two Dimensional Transformation 2.7.3 Representation of Objects in Terms of Position Vectors 2.7.4 Geometric Transformation of a Straight Line 2.7.5 3D Geometric Transformation and Projection 2.8 Windowing and Clipping 2.8.1 Point Clipping 2.8.2 Line Clipping 2.8.3 Polygon Clipping 2.8.4 Curve Clipping 2.8.5 Text Clipping 3. 3D Object Representation and Viewing 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Hidden Lines and Surfaces 3.2.1 Introduction of Hidden Surface Removal 3.2.2 Classification of Hidden Surface Removal Algorithms 3.2.3 Hidden Surface Removal Algorithms 3.3 Illumination Model and Algorithm 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 The Basic Lighting Model 3.3.3 Polygon Rendering 3.3.4 Three-Dimensional Viewing 3.3.5 Clipping 4. Curve and Surface 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Curves and Surfaces Representation 4.1.1 Non-parametric form for Representation of Curve 4.1.2 Parametric Form for Representation of Curve 4.1.3 Advantages of Parametric over Non-parametric 4.2 Parameterization of a Unit Circle 4.3 Parameterization of a Unit Sphere 4.4 Parameterization of Circular Helix and Cylinder 4.5 Quantity of Parameters in Curve, Surface and Solid 4.5.1 Interpolated and Approximated Curves 4.6 Convex Hull and its Significance 4.7 Representation of Different Objects in Parametric Form 4.8 Types of Curves 5. Geometric Modelling of Curves 5.0 Geometric Modelling 5.1 Representation of Polynomial Curve 5.1.1 Non-Parametric Form 5.1.2 Parametric Form 5.2 Modelling of Curve Segment 5.3 Vector Valued Parametric Polynomial Curve 5.4 Properties of a Vector-valued Parametric Curve 5.5 Standard Polynomial Curve Model 5.5.1 Curve Generation Through Four Data Points 5.5.2 Cubic Spline Curve Model 5.6 Fergusson Curve Model 5.6.1 Hermite Blending (Lofting) Function 5.6.2 Benefit of Tangent Vectors 5.7 Bezier Curve Model and Their Different Shapes 5.7.1 Bernstein Blending Function of Bezier Curve Model 5.7.2 Derivatives of Bezier Curve 5.8 B-Spline Curve Model (Basis spline curve model) 5.8.1 Uniform B- Spline Curve Model 5.8.2 Non-Uniform B-Spline Curve Model 5.9 Rational Model of NUB Curve 6. Composite Curve Fitting: Geometric Modelling 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Continuity Conditions 6.1.1 Parametric Continuity Condition 6.2 Cubic Spline Fitting 6.2.1 Composite Curve from Sequence of n+1 Data Points 6.3 Uniform B-spline Fitting 6.4 Curve Fitting for Unevenly Spaced Data Points 6.5 Geometric Continuity Conditions 6.6 Chord Length Spline Fitting 6.7 Non-Uniform B-spline Fitting 7. Surface Modelling and Surface Fitting 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Surface representation 7.1.1 Tangent Vectors 7.1.2 Twist and Normal Vector 7.2 Surface Patch Model Construction 7.3 Standard Polynomial Parametric Surfaces Patches 7.4 Ferguson Surface Patch model 7.5 Bezier Surface Patch Model 7.6 Uniform B-Spline Surface Patches 7.7 Non-uniform B-Spline Surface Patches Model (NUB patches) 7.8 Triangular Bezier Patches 7.9 Curved Boundary Interpolating Surface Patches 7.9.1 Ruled Surface 7.9.2 Lofted Surface 7.10 Surface Fitting 7.10.1 FMILL Surface Fitting 7.10.2 Composite Ferguson Surface Fitting 7.10.3 Uniform and Non-Uniform B-Spline Surface Fitting 8. Solid Modelling and Animation 8.0 Solid Modelling 8.1 Solid Modelling Techniques 8.1.1 Analytical Solid Modelling 8.1.2 Constructive Solid Modelling Techniques 8.1.3 Sweeping 8.1.4 Lofting 8.1.4 Automated Filleting and Chamfering 8.1.5 Tweaking 8.1.6 Fleshing out of Wireframes and Projections 8.2 Benefits of Solid Modelling 8.3 Animation & its Application: Introduction 8.3.1 Two-dimensional (2D) Animation 8.3.2 Three-dimensional (3D) Animation 8.4 Animation System 8.5 Animation Techniques 8.5.1 Traditional Animation Technique 8.5.2 Stop Motion Technique 8.5.3 Computer Animation 8.5.4 Soft Animation Technique 8.5.5 Other Animation Techniques 8.6 Computer Graphics 8.7 Software Used to Perform Animation 8.8 Application of Computer Animation 8.8.1 Animation in the Field of Medical Science 8.8.2 Architectural Animation 8.8.3 Forensic Animation 8.8.4 Animation in Education 8.8.5 Mechanical Animation 9. Finite Element Analysis 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 What is Finite Element Method 9.1.2 Areas of Applications of FEM 9.1.3 General Steps in Finite Element Analysis (Procedure) 9.1.4 Examples of Finite Element Modelling 9.1.5 Two Dimensional Truss 9.1.6 Effect of Self Weight on a Cantilever Beam 9.1.7 Advantages and Limitation of FEM 9.2 Bending of Beams 9.2.1 Introduction 9.2.2 The Potential Energy Approach 9.2.3 Finite Element Formulation 9.2.4 Field Consistent Element Formulation 9.2.5 Shape Function for a Two Nodded Beam Element Using Polynomial Function 9.2.6 Single Beam Element Stiffness Matrix Formulation 9.2.7 Boundary Conditions 9.3. Plane Stress and Strain 9.3.1 Plane Stress 9.3.2 Plane Strain 9.3.3 Constant Strain Triangle (CST) 9.3.4 Linear Triangular Element for Plane Stress/Strain 9.3.5 Isoparametric Representation 9.3.6 Strain-Displacement and Stress-Strain Relationships 9.3.7 Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations 9.3.8 Potential Energy Approach–Element Stiffness and Force Terms 9.4 One Dimensional Steady State Heat Transfer 9.4.1 Introduction 9.4.2 Heat Transfer Analysis 9.4.3 Effects of Various Parameters on the Thermal Conductivity of Solids 9.4.4 One Dimensional Heat Conduction Through a Plane Wall 9.4.5 Governing Heat Transfer Equation 9.4.6 Analysis of Heat Transfer for Boundary Condition 9.4.7 Heat Transfer Under Steady State Conditions 9.4.8 Finite Element Formulation 9.4.9 Temperature Boundary Conditions 9.4.10 Heat Flux Boundary Conditions Index