Computer-Aided Highway Engineering

Computer Aided Highway Engineering is aimed at developing professional knowledge in the field of highway engineering with adequate skills in planning, designing and implementation of the highway project with an exposure of hands on training of computer software in designing the worldwide road infrastructures. It discusses Digital Terrain Model (DTM) using satellite data including highway geometric, pavement and tunnel design, supported by relevant tutorials. Quantity estimation, cost estimation and production of various types of construction drawings are described in detail with theory and tutorials backed by real project data. Recognizes the role of information and computer technology in various aspects of highway design. Reviews different tasks for feasibility studies and DPR with software applications. Explores topographic survey, Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and highway geometrics and, pavement and drainage design. Discusses project estimations for various revisions of the engineering work. Includes HEADS Pro along with chapter wise tutorials containing design and field data, tutorial guides and various tutorial videos. This volume is aimed at Professionals in Civil Engineering, Highway Engineering, Transport Planning and Town Planning and Traffic Engineering. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgment Chapter 1: Project Overview and Highway Engineering 1.1 General 1.2 Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Annuity Model 1.2.1 Concessions, Build Operate Transfer (BOT), and Design Build 1.2.1.1 Operate (DBO) Projects 1.2.2 Overview of Concessions, BOTs, and DBO Projects 1.2.3 Key Features 1.2.3.1 Concessions 1.2.3.2 BOT Projects 1.2.4 Contractual Structure 1.3 The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) 1.3.1 The Importance 1.3.2 Why the Project Authority, Developer Builder and Public Should Care 1.4 Feasibility Study 1.4.1 Preparation of Feasibility Studies Report (FSR) 1.5 Detail Project Report (DPR) 1.5.1 Preparing the DPR 1.5.1.1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.5.1.2 Chapter 2: Socioeconomic Profile 1.5.1.3 Chapter 3: Traffic Surveys, Analysis, and Forecast 1.5.1.4 Chapter 4: Engineering Surveys and Investigation Report 1.5.1.5 Chapter 5: Improvement Proposals and Preliminary Design 1.5.1.6 Chapter 6: Cost Estimate 1.5.1.7 Chapter 7: Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2: Design Standards 2.1 General 2.2 Highway Detail Engineering 2.2.1 Design Criteria 2.2.2 Terrain Classification 2.2.3 Lane Requirement 2.2.4 Lane Width 2.2.5 Shoulders 2.2.6 Medians 2.2.7 Side Slopes 2.2.8 Right of Way (ROW) 2.2.9 Cross Sectional Elements 2.2.10 Super Elevation 2.2.11 Plain and Rolling Terrain 2.2.12 Hilly Terrain 2.2.13 Standards for Interchange Elements 2.2.14 Median Openings 2.2.15 Underpasses/Cattle Crossings 2.2.16 Standards for Interchanges 2.2.17 Standards for At-Grade Intersections 2.2.18 Subsurface Drainage 2.2.19 Surface Drainage 2.2.20 Design Standards for Bridges/Structures 2.2.21 Width of New Bridges 2.2.22 Minor Bridges 2.2.23 Major Bridges 2.2.24 Rail Over Bridges (ROBs) 2.2.25 Underpasses 2.2.26 Flyovers 2.2.27 Planning for New Bridges 2.2.28 Planning for New Culverts 2.2.29 Design Loading 2.2.30 Carriageway Live Load 2.2.31 Tractive and Braking Force 2.2.32 Footpath Live Load 2.2.33 Wind Forces 2.2.34 Seismic Forces 2.2.35 Buoyancy Effects 2.2.36 Codes and Publications 2.2.37 Deck Levels of Structures 2.3 Roadway Capacity and Levels of Service (LOS) 2.3.1 Level of Service (LOS) 2.3.2 Design Vehicle 2.3.3 Capacity Analysis 2.4 Design Speed 2.4.1 Driving Speed 2.4.2 Selecting of Design Speed 2.4.3 Effect of Terrain 2.4.4 Posted Speed Related to Design Speed 2.4.5 Existing Roads 2.4.6 Locations of Changing Design Speed 2.4.7 Interchanges 2.4.8 Reduction Below Standards 2.5 Sight Distance 2.5.1 General 2.5.2 Driver’s Eye Height and Object Height 2.5.3 Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) 2.5.4 Safe Passing Sight Distance (SPSD) or Overtaking Sight Distance (OSD) 2.5.5 Decision Sight Distance (DSD) 2.5.6 Maintaining Sight Distances 2.5.7 Provision of Safe Passing Site Distance Bibliography Chapter 3: Introduction to Computer Applications 3.1 General 3.2 Topographical Maps or Aerial Survey Data Processing 3.3 Processing of Topographic Survey Data by Total Station Instrument 3.4 Processing of Cross Section Survey Data by Autolevel Instrument 3.5 Processing of Bearing Line Survey Data 3.6 Processing of Ground Elevation Data by Satellite Downloaded from Internet 3.7 The Contours are Superimposed on the Satellite Imagery 3.8 Ground Modeling 3.9 Triangulation and Contours 3.10 Tutorial Videos 3.11 New Highway or Low-Cost Rural Road Design with Uniform Single or Dual Carriageway 3.12 New Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Design with Multiple Sections 3.13 Highway, Expressway, or Freeway Widening with Multiple Sections 3.14 Hill Road Design 3.15 Design of At-Grade Intersections 3.16 Design of Multi-Level Grade Separated Interchanges 3.17 Design of Flexible and Rigid Pavement 3.18 Design of Highway Drainage 3.19 Modes of Data Processing 3.19.1 New/Open Project Workspace 3.19.1.1 Selecting the Processing Mode as New/Open Project Workspace 3.19.2 New/Open a Project Data File 3.19.3 New/Open a Text Data File Bibliography Chapter 4: Topographical Survey and Data Collection 4.1 General 4.2 Topographical Surveys and Investigations 4.2.1 Reconnaissance and Alignment 4.2.2 Topographic Surveys 4.2.2.1 Longitudinal and Cross Sections 4.2.2.2 Details of Utility Services and Other Physical Features 4.3 Traverse Survey and Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Applications 4.3.1 Correcting a Traverse by Bowditch’s Method 4.3.2 Correcting a Traverse by the Transit Rule 4.3.3 Closed Link Traverse 4.3.4 Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) 4.4 Total Station Survey 4.5 Cross Section Survey by Autolevel 4.6 Geographic Coordinate System Transformations 4.6.1 Geographic Coordinate System Transformation Methods 4.6.2 Geographic Coordinate System Transformation Formulas 4.6.2.1 Geographic/Geocentric Conversions 4.6.2.2 Offsets 4.6.2.3 Geocentric Translations 4.6.2.4 Abridged Molodenski Transformation 4.6.2.5 Helmert Transformation 4.7 Computer-Aided Design of Processing for Coordinate conversion 4.8 Triangulation 4.8.1 Delaunay Triangulation and Algorithm 4.8.1.1 The Delaunay Triangulation has the Following Interesting Properties 4.8.1.2 Developing a Delaunay Triangulation 4.8.1.3 Degeneracies 4.8.1.4 Data Structures 4.8.1.5 Shape Refinement 4.8.1.6 Complexity 4.8.1.7 Environment for Implementation 4.8.1.8 Various Modules in the Triangulation Process 4.8.1.9 Application to Three-Dimensional Geoscientific Modeling 4.9 Contours 4.10 Computer-Aided Design Application in Survey Data Processing Bibliography Chapter 5: Design of Horizontal Alignment 5.1 General 5.2 Design Considerations 5.3 Maximum Superelevation 5.4 Minimum Curvature 5.5 Calculation of Superelevation 5.6 Transition Curves 5.6.1 Applications 5.6.2 Length of Transition Curve 5.6.3 Length of Superelevation in applications 5.6.4 Application of Superelevation 5.7 Widening on Curves 5.8 Later Clearances 5.9 Computer-Aided Design of Horizontal Alignment Bibliography Chapter 6: Design of Vertical Alignment 6.1 General 6.2 Design Considerations 6.3 Vertical Curves 6.4 Gradient 6.4.1 Maximum Gradient 6.4.2 Minimum Gradient 6.5 Visibility 6.6 Choice of Longitudinal Profile 6.7 Visual Appearance of Vertical Geometry 6.8 Combining Horizontal and Vertical Alignment 6.9 Vertical Clearances 6.10 Computer-Aided Design of Vertical Alignment Bibliography Chapter 7: Design of Cross Section Elements 7.1 General 7.2 Basic Cross Section Elements 7.3 Limits of Right of Way (ROW) 7.4 Side Slopes 7.5 Verges 7.6 Service Reservations 7.7 Shoulders and Curb Clearances 7.7.1 Shoulders 7.7.2 Curb Clearances 7.8 Clearances to Structures 7.9 Clearances to Safety Barriers 7.10 Lane Widths 7.11 Median Widths 7.11.1 Provisions 7.11.2 Narrow Medians 7.11.3 Intermediate Medians 7.11.4 Wide Medians 7.11.5 Normal Widths for Medians 7.12 Cross Slopes 7.13 Gutters and Drainage Ditches 7.14 Other Elements Within the Cross Section 7.14.1 Auxiliary Lanes 7.14.2 Service Roads 7.14.3 Bridges 7.14.4 Tunnels 7.15 Computer-Aided Design of Road Cross Sections Bibliography Chapter 8: Estimation of Earthwork and Pavement Quantities 8.1 General 8.1.1 Estimation of Areas and Volumes 8.1.2 Irregular Shapes 8.2 “Give and Take” Lines 8.3 Counting Squares 8.4 Trapezoidal Rule 8.5 Simpson’s Rule 8.6 Calculations for Earthwork Volumes 8.6.1 Volume from Cross Sections 8.6.1.1 Sections Level Across ( Figure 8.5) 8.6.1.2 Sections with Crossfall 8.6.1.3 Sections Part in Cut and Part in Fill (Refer to Figure 8.7) 8.6.1.4 Sections of Variable Level 8.7 Computation of Volumes 8.7.1 Volumes by Mean Areas 8.7.2 Volumes by End Areas 8.7.3 Volumes by Prismoidal Formula 8.8 Computer-Aided Estimation of Earthworks and Pavement Quantities Bibliography Chapter 9: Design Drawings 9.1 General 9.2 Drawings Requirement 9.3 Sequence and Scales of Drawings 9.4 Features of Drawings 9.4.1 Cover or Title Page 9.4.2 Drawing Index 9.5 Key Plan 9.6 Location Plan 9.7 Abbreviation, Symbol, and Legend Plan 9.8 Elements of Curve Plan 9.9 Superelevation Details Plan 9.10 Typical Road Cross Section and Pavement Details Plan 9.11 Alignment Control Plan 9.12 Plan Drawing and Longitudinal Profile Drawing 9.13 Plan Drawing 9.14 Longitudinal Profile Drawing 9.15 Cross Section Plan 9.16 Junction Details Plans 9.17 Junction Details 9.18 Traffic Signal Details 9.19 Road Marking Plan 9.20 Traffic, Guide, and Temporary Sign Plans 9.21 Drainage Plans 9.22 Structure Plans 9.23 Bridge Structural Plans 9.23.1 Soil Profile 9.23.2 Piles 9.23.3 Abutment and Wing Wall Details 9.23.4 Piers 9.23.5 Beams/Girders 9.23.6 Diaphragms 9.23.7 Deck Slabs 9.23.8 Handrails/Parapet and Expansion Joints 9.23.9 Water Main Brackets and Other Miscellaneous Details 9.24 Sequence and Scales for Bridge Structures 9.25 Requirement for Dimensions 9.26 Relocation of Services Plans 9.27 Miscellaneous Plan 9.28 Drawing Numbering System 9.29 Computer-Aided Design Drawings 9.29.1 Project Drawings for Plan, Profile, and Cross Sections 9.29.1.1 Drawings for Alignment Schematics 9.29.1.2 Drawings for Plan 9.29.1.3 Drawings for Profile 9.29.1.4 Drawings for Road & Ground Cross Sections 9.29.1.5 Viewing of Computer-Aided Design Drawings 9.29.1.5.1 Design Drawings 9.29.2 Create Plan Drawings by Cutting with Sheet Layout 9.29.2.1 Draw Match Lines in the Base Drawing of Full Length 9.29.2.2 Making Sheet Layouts on the Base Drawing Within Two Match Lines 9.29.2.3 User’s Input Data File with Major Option 1100 9.29.2.4 Open and Process User’s Input Data File with Major Option 1100 9.29.2.5 Viewing All the Plan Drawings each of One Kilometer Length 9.29.3 CAD Basics to Create the Plan and Profile Drawings 9.29.4 Model Drawings 9.29.5 Individual Model Drawings Bibliography Chapter 10: Process Project Data File and Text Data Files 10.1 General 10.2 Project Workspace 10.3 Project Data File and Batch Processing 10.4 Text Data File and Manual Processing 10.5 Computer-Aided Design Process Bibliography Chapter 11: Design of At-Grade Intersections 11.1 General 11.2 Design Considerations 11.2.1 Principles of Design 11.2.2 Types of Conflicting Maneuver 11.2.3 Types of At-Grade Intersection Layouts 11.2.3.1 Unchannelized and Unflared Intersections 11.2.3.2 Flared Intersections 11.2.3.3 Channelized Intersections 11.2.4 Factors Influencing Design 11.2.4.1 Traffic 11.2.4.2 Topography and Environment 11.2.4.3 Economics 11.2.4.4 Human Factors 11.2.5 Safety 11.2.6 Points of Conflict 11.2.7 Areas of Conflict 11.2.8 Major Movements 11.2.9 Control of Speed 11.2.10 Traffic Control and Geometric Design 11.2.11 Capacity 11.2.12 Location of Intersection 11.2.13 Spacing of Intersections 11.2.14 Channelization 11.2.15 Excessive Channelization 11.3 Design Controls 11.3.1 Priority Control 11.3.2 Traffic 11.3.3 Design Speed 11.3.4 Design Vehicles 11.3.4.1 “P” Design 11.3.4.2 “SU” Design 11.3.4.3 “WB-50” Design 11.3.5 Selection of Intersection Type 11.3.5.1 Roundabouts 11.3.5.2 Signal Controlled Intersections 11.3.5.3 Grade-Separated Intersections (Interchanges) 11.3.5.4 Combination and Coordination in Successive Intersections 11.4 Geometric Standards 11.4.1 General Considerations 11.4.2 Horizontal Alignment 11.4.3 Staggered T-Junctions 11.4.4 Vertical Alignment 11.4.5 Sight Distance 11.4.5.1 General 11.4.5.2 Sight Triangle 11.4.5.3 Sight Distance for Approach 11.4.5.3.1 No-Stop or No-Signal Control at Intersection 11.4.5.3.2 Signalized Intersection 11.4.5.3.3 Stop-controlled Intersection 11.4.5.4 Sight Distance for Departure 11.4.5.5 Effect of Skew 11.4.5.6 Effect of Grades 11.4.6 Right-Turn Lanes (Left-Turn Lanes for USA Style of Traffic) 11.4.6.1 General 11.4.6.2 Design Considerations 11.4.6.3 Length of Right-Turn Lanes 11.4.6.4 Width of Right-Turn Lanes 11.4.6.5 Seagull Island 11.4.6.6 Opposed Right-Turns 11.4.6.7 Central Island and Median Design 11.4.7 Left-Turn Lanes (Right-Turn Lanes for USA Style Traffic) 11.4.7.1 General 11.4.7.2 Simple Left-Turns 11.4.7.3 Separate Left-Turn Lanes 11.4.7.3.1 Design Speed of Left-Turn Lane 11.4.7.3.2 The Radius for Separate Left-Turn Lanes 11.4.7.3.3 Width of Left-Turn Lanes 11.4.8 Pavement Tapers 11.4.8.1 General 11.4.8.2 Design Principles 11.4.8.3 Taper Length 11.4.8.4 Auxiliary Lanes 11.4.8.4.1 Deceleration Lanes 11.4.8.4.2 Acceleration Lanes 11.4.8.5 Width of Auxiliary Lanes 11.4.9 Island and Openings 11.4.9.1 General 11.4.9.2 Traffic Islands 11.4.9.3 Median Islands 11.4.9.4 Median Openings 11.4.9.5 Outer Separators 11.4.10 Widening of Major Road 11.4.11 Minor Road Treatment 11.4.11.1 Types of Treatments 11.4.11.2 Guide Islands 11.4.11.3 Widening of the Minor Road 11.4.11.4 Left-Turn Lane on Minor Roads 11.4.12 Shoulders 11.4.13 Crossfall and Surface Drainage 11.5 Capacity of Intersections 11.5.1 General 11.5.2 Level of Service 11.5.3 Capacity of Unsignalized Intersections 11.5.3.1 General 11.5.3.2 Procedure 11.5.3.2.1 Basic Structures 11.5.3.2.2 Input Data Requirements 11.5.3.2.3 Conflicting Traffic 11.5.3.2.4 Critical Gap Size 11.5.3.2.5 Potential Capacity for a Movement 11.5.3.2.6 Impedance Effects 11.5.3.2.7 Shared lane Capacity 11.5.3.2.8 Reserve Capacity 11.5.3.2.9 Level of Service 11.5.3.3 Potential Improvements 11.5.4 Capacity of Signalized Intersections 11.5.4.1 General 11.5.4.2 Warrants 11.5.4.3 Intersection Capacity Characteristics 11.5.4.4 Computation Analysis 11.5.4.5 Signal Timings 11.5.5 Capacity of Roundabouts 11.5.5.1 Size of Roundabout 11.5.5.2 Capacity Calculations 11.5.5.2.1 Conventional Roundabout 11.5.5.2.2 Small Roundabout 11.5.5.2.3 Mini Roundabout 11.5.5.3 Reserve Capacity 11.6 Other Related Elements 11.6.1 Pedestrian Facilities 11.6.1.1 General 11.6.1.2 Pedestrian Crossing 11.6.2 Lighting 11.6.3 Public Utilities 11.6.4 Parking 11.6.5 Traffic Signs and Lane Markings 11.6.6 Drainage 11.6.7 Landscaping 11.6.8 Stop Line 11.6.8.1 General 11.6.8.2 Stop Line on Minor Road 11.7 General Warrants for Traffic Control Signals 11.7.1 General 11.7.2 Warrant Analysis 11.7.2.1 Warrant 1: Vehicular Operations 11.7.2.1.1 Total Volume 11.7.2.1.2 Peak Hour Volume 11.7.2.1.3 Progressive Movements 11.7.2.2 Warrant 2: Pedestrian Safety 11.8 Computer-Aided Design of At-Grade Intersections Bibliography Chapter 12: Design of Grade-Separated Interchanges 12.1 General 12.2 General Principles 12.2.1 Traffic and Operation 12.2.2 Site Conditions 12.2.3 Type of Highway and Intersecting Facility 12.2.4 Safety 12.2.5 Stage Development 12.2.6 Economic Factors 12.2.6.1 Initial Cost 12.2.6.2 Maintenance Cost 12.2.6.3 Vehicular Operating Cost 12.3 Justifications for Grade Separation and Interchanges 12.3.1 Design Designation 12.3.2 Elimination of Bottlenecks or Stop Congestion 12.3.3 Elimination of Hazards 12.3.4 Site Topography 12.3.5 Road-User Benefits 12.3.6 Traffic Volume Warrant 12.3.7 Other Justifications 12.3.8 Justification for Class of Road 12.4 Grade Separation Structures 12.4.1 Types of Separation Structures 12.4.1.1 General 12.4.1.2 Overpass 12.4.1.3 Underpass 12.4.2 Overpass Versus Underpass 12.4.2.1 General Design Considerations 12.4.3 Cross Section of Structures 12.4.3.1 Structure Widths 12.4.3.2 Clearances 12.4.3.3 Barriers 12.4.4 Grade-separation Without Ramps 12.5 Interchange Types 12.5.1 Three Leg Design 12.5.2 Four Leg Design 12.5.2.1 General 12.5.2.2 Ramps in one Quadrant 12.5.2.3 Diamond Interchanges 12.5.2.4 Cloverleaf 12.5.2.5 Partial Cloverleaf Ramp Arrangements 12.5.3 Directional and Semi-Directional Design 12.5.4 Rotary Design 12.5.5 Combination Interchanges 12.6 General Design Considerations 12.6.1 Interchange Type Determination 12.6.1.1.1 Systems Interchanges and Service Interchanges 12.6.1.1.2 Interchanges in Rural Area 12.6.1.1.3 Interchanges in Urban Area 12.6.1.1.4 Unbalanced Traffic Distribution 12.6.1.1.5 Cloverleaf Interchanges 12.6.1.1.6 Diamond Interchanges 12.6.1.1.7 Capacity of Crossroad 12.6.1.1.8 Factors for Type Determination 12.6.2 Approaches to the Structures 12.6.2.1 Alignment, Profile, and Cross Section 12.6.2.1.1 Major Highways 12.6.2.1.2 Cross Road 12.6.2.1.3 Alignment and Cross Section 12.6.2.2 Sight Distance 12.6.3 Interchange Spacings 12.6.4 Uniformity of Interchange Patterns 12.6.5 Route Continuity 12.6.6 Signing and Markings 12.6.7 Basic Number of Lanes 12.6.8 Coordination of Lane Balance or Basic Number of Lanes 12.6.9 Auxiliary Lanes 12.6.10 Lane Reduction 12.7 Design Elements 12.7.1 Weaving Sections 12.7.1.1 General 12.7.1.2 Design Considerations 12.7.2 Collector – Distributor Roads 12.7.2.1 General 12.7.2.2 Design Considerations 12.7.3 Exits 12.7.3.1 Exit Type 1 12.7.3.2 Exit Type 2 12.7.4 Ramps 12.7.4.1 Ramp Types 12.7.4.1.1 Diagonal 12.7.4.1.2 Loop 12.7.4.1.3 Semi-direct 12.7.4.1.4 Direct 12.7.4.2 Design Considerations 12.7.4.2.1 Design-Speeds 12.7.4.2.2 Curvature 12.7.4.2.3 Ramp Shapes 12.7.4.2.4 Sight Distance 12.7.4.2.5 Grade and Profile Design 12.7.4.2.6 Vertical Curves 12.7.4.2.7 Super Elevation and Cross Slope 12.7.4.2.8 Gores 12.7.4.3 Pavement Widths 12.7.4.3.1 The Width and Cross Section 12.7.4.3.2 Shoulders and Lateral Clearances 12.7.4.3.3 Median 12.7.4.3.4 Curbs 12.7.4.4 Ramp Terminals 12.7.4.4.1 Right-Hand Entrances and Exits 12.7.4.4.2 Terminal Locations 12.7.4.4.3 Ramp Terminal Design 12.7.4.4.4 Traffic Control on Minor Crossroads 12.7.4.4.5 Distance Between Terminal and Structure 12.7.4.4.6 Distance Between Successive Ramp Terminals 12.7.4.4.7 Speed-Change Lanes 12.7.4.4.8 Single-Lane Free Flow Terminal (Entrances) 12.7.4.4.9 Single-Lane Free Flow Terminals (Exits) 12.7.4.4.10 Multilane Free Flow Terminals 12.8 Interchange Capacity 12.8.1 General 12.8.2 Ramp Terminals 12.8.2.1 Ramp Components 12.8.2.2 Operational Characteristics 12.8.2.3 Computational Procedure for Ramp Terminals at the Expressway 12.8.3 Weaving Sections 12.8.3.1 General 12.8.3.2 Weaving Length 12.8.3.3 Configuration 12.8.3.3.1 Type A Weaving Areas 12.8.3.3.2 Type B Weaving Areas 12.8.3.3.3 Type C Weaving Areas 12.8.3.4 Weaving Width and Type of Operation 12.8.3.5 Computational Procedure for Simple Weaving Areas 12.9 Interchange Signage 12.9.1 General 12.9.2 Types of Interchange Signing 12.9.2.1 Standard Traffic Signs 12.9.2.2 Guide Signs 12.9.2.3 Gantry Signs 12.9.3 Types and Details of Grade-separated Interchanges 12.9.4 Complete and Incomplete Interchanges 12.9.4.1 Four-Way Cloverleaf Interchange Between Two Controlled Or Limited-Access Highways (System Interchange) 12.9.4.2 Stack Interchange 12.9.4.3 Cloverstack Interchange (Partial Cloverleaf Interchange) 12.9.4.4 Turbine Interchange 12.9.4.5 Roundabout Interchange 12.9.4.6 Other/Hybrid Interchanges 12.9.4.7 Full Diamond U-Turns 12.9.4.8 Three-way Interchanges 12.10 Other Design Features 12.10.1 Testing for Ease of Operation 12.10.2 Grading, Aesthetics and Landscape Development 12.10.3 Alignment Design 12.10.4 Treatment of Pedestrian Traffic 12.10.5 Lighting 12.10.6 Drainage 12.10.7 Public Utilities 12.11 Procedure for the Design of Interchanges 12.12 Computer-Aided Design of Grade Separated Interchanges Bibliography Chapter 13: Design of Flexible Pavement 13.1 General 13.2 Design Variables 13.2.1 Time Constraints 13.2.2 Traffic 13.2.3 Reliability 13.2.4 Environmental Effects 13.3 Performance Criteria 13.3.1 Serviceability 13.3.2 Allowable Rutting 13.3.3 Aggregate Loss 13.4 Material Properties for Design of the Pavement Structure 13.4.1 Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus 13.4.2 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 13.4.3 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization 13.4.4 Layer Coefficients 13.5 Pavement Structural Characteristics 13.5.1 Drainage 13.6 Design Procedure 13.6.1 Determine Required Structural Number 13.6.2 Stage Construction 13.6.3 Roadbed Swelling and Frost Heave 13.6.4 Selection of Layer Thicknesses 13.6.5 Analysis for the Design of Layered Pavement System 13.7 Example from Appendix H of the AASHTO Guide 13.7.1 Design Analysis 13.7.2 Time Constraints 13.7.3 Traffic 13.7.4 Reliability 13.7.5 Environmental Impacts 13.7.6 Serviceability 13.7.7 Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus 13.7.8 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization 13.7.9 Layer Coefficients 13.7.10 Drainage Coefficients 13.7.11 Development of Initial Stage of a Design Alternative 13.7.12 Determination of Structural Layer Thicknesses for Initial Structure 13.7.13 Overlay Design 13.7.14 Summary of Design Strategy 13.8 Computer-Aided Design of Flexible Pavement in AASHTO Method Bibliography Chapter 14: Design of Rigid Concrete Pavement 14.1 General 14.2 Types of Rigid Concrete Pavements 14.3 Materials 14.3.1 Coarse Aggregate 14.4 Design Requirements 14.4.1 Design Inputs 14.4.2 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 14.4.3 Pavement Layer Materials Characterization 14.4.4 PCC Modulus of Rupture 14.4.5 Layer Coefficients 14.5 Pavement Structural Characteristics 14.5.1 Drainage 14.5.2 Load Transfer 14.5.3 Loss of Support 14.6 Reinforcement Variables 14.6.1 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements 14.6.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP) 14.7 Rigid Pavement Design 14.7.1 Determining the Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction 14.7.2 Determine Required Slab Thickness 14.7.3 Stage Construction 14.7.4 Roadbed Swelling and Frost Heave 14.8 Rigid Pavement Joint Design 14.8.1 Joint Types 14.8.2 Joint Geometry 14.9 Rigid Pavement Reinforcement Design 14.9.1 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements 14.9.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements 14.9.3 Transverse Reinforcement 14.10 Computer-Aided Design of Rigid Concrete Pavement in AASHTO Method Bibliography Chapter 15: Design of Highway Drainage and Drainage Structures 15.1 General 15.2 Surface Drainage 15.2.1 Pavement and Shoulder Cross-Slopes 15.2.2 Side Slopes and Side Ditches 15.3 Design of Surface Drainage Systems 15.3.1 Hydrological Approaches and Concepts 15.3.1.1 Flood Hydrograph 15.3.2 Rainfall Intensity 15.3.3 Surface Runoff 15.3.4 Time of Concentration 15.3.5 The Rational Method 15.3.6 Estimating Runoff from Large Rural Drainage Basins 15.4 Design of Side Ditches and Other Open Channels 15.4.1 The Manning’s Formula 15.4.2 Energy or Head of Flow 15.5 Design of Culverts 15.5.1 Guidelines to Decide Culvert Location 15.5.2 Hydraulic Design of Culverts 15.5.2.1 Types of Culvert Flow 15.5.2.2 Culverts Flowing with Inlet Control 15.5.2.3 Culverts Flowing with Outlet Control 15.6 Drainage of City Streets 15.6.1 Pavement Crowns, Curbs and Gutters 15.6.2 Inlets 15.6.3 Catch Basins 15.6.4 Manholes 15.7 Computer-Aided Design of Highway Drainage 15.7.1 Computer-Aided Design of Highway Surface Drainage 15.7.2 Computer-Aided Stream Hydrology and Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Bibliography Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X Z