Computational Intelligence. Theory and Applications: International Conference, 7th Fuzzy Days Dortmund, Germany, October 1-3, 2001 Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2206)

Ten years of ,,Fuzzy Days“ in Dortmund! What started as a relatively small workshop in 1991 has now become one of the best known smaller conferences on Computational Intelligence in the world. It fact, it was (to my best knowledge) the ?rst conference to use this term, in 1994, although I confess that another, larger conference was announced ?rst and the trade mark “Computational Intelligence was not coined in Dortmund. I believe, that the success of this conference is grounded on the quality of its reviewedandinvitedpapersaswellasitsgoodorganization. Fromthebeginning, we have sent every paper anonymously to ?ve referees, and we have always accepted only around 50% of the papers sent in. This year it was a little less than that. I would like to thank everybody who helped us by considering Dortmund’s Fuzzy Days as the conference at which to appear. I know that among the - stracts not accepted there were some quite good ones, but we were restricted to a ?xed number. I also know that referees do a good job but cannot always judge wisely from abstracts. Hence my apologies to those who did not make it this year. Please try again! I would like to point out that our conference also has a good regional re- tation. I am grateful to the City of Dortmund, its Lord Mayor Dr. Langemeyer, the Dortmund project, the DFG – Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the KVR – Kommunalverband Ruhrgebiet, the Martin-Schmeißer-Stiftung, and the C- line AG/Quantum GmbH for their valuable support. Computational Intelligence Preface Organization Table of Contents Interactive Evolutionary Computation as Humanized Computational Intelligence Technology Microcontroller-Based Fuzzy System to Optimize the Anaerobic Digestion in Biogas Reactors 1 Introduction 1.1 Production of Biogas 1.2 Problems of Control Technology 1.3 Technical Conditions of the System Control 2 Fuzzy Modelling 2.1 Objective 2.2 Data Acquisition 2.3 Data-Mining 2.4 Fuzzy-Model 3 Implementation of the Model 3.1 Objective 3.2 Target-Hardware-System 3.3 Fuzzy-Shell 4 Results 5 Summary References The Decision of Service Centres Location Problem in Fuzzy Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Conception of p-Median of Fuzzy Graph 3 Search of p-Median of Fuzzy Graph 3.1 Lower Bound Calculation 3.1.1 Estimation for Nodes of the First Level of Search Tree 3.1.2 Estimation for Nodes of the Second Level of Search Tree 3.1.3 Estimation for Nodes of Level k, k=1,...,(p-1) 3.1.4 Improved Estimations 3.1.5 Estimation for the Nodes of Level p 3.2 Branching Process 3.3 Calculation Results 4 Conclusion References Application of the Biologically Inspired Network for Electroencephalogram Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Problems of Automatic EEG Analysis 3 Algorithm 4 Application of the Algorithm 5 Conclusions References Discrimination between Two Mental States (Rest and Motor Image) Using Wavelet Transform and Neural Networks 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Data Choosing 2.3 Data Processing and Classification 3 Results 4 Conclusion and Future Works 5 References Decision Making in Diagnosis of Oral Mucosa Lesions 1 Introduction 2 Medical Problem 3 Representation of the Initial Data 4 Mathematical Model 4.1 "Black and White" Symptoms 4.2 Patient's Information 4.3 Fuzzy Relations 5 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Fuzzy Logic and the Internet: Lingustic Summarization of Distributed Sets of Data Bibliography Adaptive Color- and Edge-Based Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy Techniques 1 Introduction 2 Denotations 3 Color-Based Segmentation 4 Edge-Based Segmentation 5 Reasonable Combination of Fuzzy Knowledge 6 Building of a Contour 7 Summary of the Approach 8 Examples of Application and Performance Analysis 9 Summary and Conclusion References Computer Aided Diagnosis System of Meniscal Tears with T1 and T2 Weighted MR Images Based on Fuzzy Inference 1 Introduction 2 Outline of Our Computer Aided Diagnosis System 3 Experimental Results 4 Conclusions Acknowledgment References A New Paradigm for Fuzzy Aggregation in Multisensorial Image Processing 1 Introduction 2 A New Fusion Paradigm in Multisensorial Image Processing Systems 2.1 Fuzzy aggregation in multisensorial processing systems 2.2 Intelligent Localized Fusion in the theoretical framework of Fuzzy Integrals 2.3 Localized fuzzy measures the new aspect of the ILF paradigm 3 Color Edge Detection on Outdoor Color Images 3.1 Preliminary results 4 Conclusions and Future Work References An Adaptive Learning Algorithm for a Neuro-fuzzy Network 1 Introduction 2 Neuro-fuzzy Network 3 Learning Algorithm 3.1 Tuning Antecedents 3.2 Tuning Consequents 4 Simulaton Results 4.1 Online Learning 4.2 Batch Learning 5 Conclusion References Fuzzy Probabilistic Neural Networks: A Practical Approach to the Implementation of Baysian Classifier 1 Introduction 2 Parzen PDF Estimator and PNN Structure 3 Fuzzy Probabilistic Neural Networks 4 Signal Classification Examples 4.1 Two Simple Overlapping Classes 4.2 XOR Problem for Overlapping Classes 5 Concluding Remarks References Fuzzy-n for Back Propagation Networks 1 Introduction 2 Back-Propagation of Algorithm 3 Fuzzy Back-Propagation of Algorithm 4 Conclusions References eaLib - A Java Framework for Implementation of Evolutionary Algorithms 1 Introduction 2 Genetic Representation and Evaluation of Individuals 3 Genetic Operators 4 Architecture of an Algorithm 5 Parallelization of Algorithms 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Experimental Evaluation of Fuzzy Controllers for an Outdoor AGV 1 Introduction 2 AGV and It's Dynamics 3 Sliding Mode Control Law Synthesis 4 Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Law Synthesis 5 Fuzzy PD Control Law Synthesis 6 Experimental Results 7 Conclusion References Appendix Time-Series Segmentation and Symbolic Representation, from Process-Monitoring to Data-Mining 1 Introduction 2 Existing Algorithms for Process-Monitoring 3 Segmentation for Data-Mining 4 From Segmentation to Symbolic Representation 5 Conclusion and Future Works References Brain State Recognition Using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) Clustering with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) 1 Introduction 2 Materials 3 FCM Clustering for Time Series Analysis 3.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform Using Mexician Hat 3.2 Fuzzy Clustering with Estimating the Optimum Number of Clusters 4 Experimental Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Microcontroller Based Fuzzy Logic Sevofluorane Anesthesia Control System 1 Introduction 2 Patients and Application 3 Conclusion References Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets in some Medical Applications 1. Introduction 2. Medical Diagnosis via Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set Theory 3. Conclusions Literature Interpretation of Trained Neural Networks by Rule Extraction 1 Introduction 2 Iterative Relation for Neural Network Inversion 3 Rule Extraction by Interval Propagation 3.1 Case Study 4 Fuzzy Rule Extraction from Neural Networks 5 Conclusions References Neural Model Identification Using Local Robustness Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Local Robustness Problem 3 Neural Network Structure 4 FANN of Non-linear Autoregressive Models (NAR) 5 Local Robustness of NAR 6 Conclusions References Computing with Activity Patterns 1 Introduction 2 Basic Assumptions 3 About the Structure of the Simulated Neural Nets 4 Structure and Task of the Used Neighborhood Function of the Activity Centres 5 Chunking and Activation of Similar Components of an Already Stored Pattern 5.1 Example of Topological Neighborhood of Similar Patterns 5.2 Example of a Chunking Process 6 Learning Rules 7 Conclusions References A GA-Based Algorithm with a Very Fast Rate of Convergence 1 Introduction 2 A Brief Review of CGA 3 The OGA 3.1 Main Motivation 4 An Illustrative Example 5 Conclusions References Representing and Learning Conditional Information in Possibility Theory 1 Introduction 2 Conditionals in Possibility Theory 3 Conditional Structures 4 Conditional Indifference 5 Representing Conditionals by Possibility Distributions 6 Revising Possibility Distributions by Conditional Beliefs 7 Extracting Rules from Possibilistic Data 8 Conditional Structures and Conditional Events 9 Conclusion and Outlook References Extracting Trapezoidal Membership Functions of a Fuzzy Rule System by Bacterial Algorithm 1 Introduction 2 Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary Algorithms 3 Fuzzy Rule Base Identification by Bacterial Algorithm 3.1 Generating the Initial Bacterium 3.2 Bacterial Mutation 3.3 Fuzzy Operators 3.4 Stop Condition 4 Results 4.1 Definition of the Error Function 4.2 Simulation Results 5 Conclusions References Possibility Theory, Probability Theory and Multiple-Valued Logics: A Clarification Parameterized Petri Net Reformulation of the Fuzzy Production System 1 Introduction 2 Parameterized Petri Nets 3 Parameterized Petri Net Model of FPS 4 Fuzzy-PPN Reasoning Components 5 Reasoning Algorithm 6 Conclusions References Fuzzy Topologies Induced by Fuzzy Relation Based Modifiers 1 Introduction 2 Induced Fuzzy Topologies 3 Generalized Opening and Closure Operators 4 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Advanced Inference Filter Defuzzification 1 Introduction 2 The Inference Filter Concept 2.1 Motivation 2.2 Convolution Realization of the Inference Filter 3 The Advanced Inference Filter Concept 3.1 Motivation 3.2 The Advanced Inference Filter 4 Examples 4.1 The Model of a Heat Exchanger 4.2 Experts’ Prediction of Necessary Power Reserve 5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References On Cardinality and Singular Fuzzy Sets 1 Preliminaries 2 Generalized Cardinals of Fuzzy Sets with Triangular Norms 3 Nonstrict Archimedean t-Norms and Singular Fuzzy Sets References Fast Iris Detection for Personal Verification Using Modular Neural Nets 1 Introduction 2 Human Iris Detection Based on Neural Networks 2.1 A Proposed Algorithm For Iris Detection Using MNNs 2.2 Enhancement of Detection Performance 3 Fast Neural Nets for Iris Detection 3.1 Sub-Image Normalization in Frequency Domain 3.2 Image Testing at Multi Resolutions 4 A New Faster Algorithm for Human Iris Detection Based on Image Decomposition 4.1 Simulation of the Fast Iris Detection Process (after Image Decomposition) Using Parallel Processing Techniques 5 Conclusion References A Rotation Invariant Algorithm for Recognition 1. Introduction 2. Face Recognition Using Invariant Features 3. Combining Fourier and Wavelet Transforms with Neural Nets for Face Recognition 4. Conclusions References Application of the Neural Networks Based on Multi-valued Neurons to Classification of the Images of Gene Expression Patterns 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Data 3 Preliminary Results: One Dimensional Classification by the Discriminant Function Analysis 4 Multi-valued Neuron and MVN-Based Neural Network for Image Recognition 4.1 Multi-valued Neuron 4.2 MVN-Based Neural Network for Pattern Recognition 5 Recognition and Classification. Simulation Results 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References A Multi-purpose Visual Classification System 1 Introduction 2 The Neural Classification System 3 Application to Computer Vision Tasks 3.1 Object Recognition 3.2 Object Segmentation 3.3 Gesture Recognition 4 Conclusion and Acknowledgement References Problem Difficulty in Real-Valued Dynamic Problems 1 Introduction 2 Problem Difficulty in Dynamic Environments 2.1 Discontinuity Caused by Dynamics 2.2 Combination of Tracking and Optimization 3 Problem Framework 4 Experiments: Moving Circle 5 Experiments: Moving Corridor 6 Conclusions References GeLog - A System Combining Genetic Algorithm with Inductive Logic Programming 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Evolutionary Algorithms 2.2 Inductive Logic Programming 3 Related Works 4 The GeLog System 4.1 Configureability of the System 4.2 Phenotype and Genotype 4.3 Generation and Population 4.4 Operators 4.5 Selection and Fitness 5 Example 6 Conclusion and Future Work References 7 Appendix: The Configuration File for the Mushroom Example Decision Strategies in Evolutionary Optimization 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Formulation 1.2 Plan of Experiments 2 Decision Methods 3 Evolutionary Strategies 3.1 Strategies of Real Crossover 3.2 Mutation of Real Parameter 3.3 Purposeful Coupling 3.4 Selection Operator 4 Description of Algorithms 4.1 The Classic Genetic Algorithm 4.2 The Restricted Genetic Algorithm 4.3 The Evolutionary Algorithm 5 Experiments 6 The Results 7 Conclusions References Appendix: Results - The 8th , 16th , 24th , and 50th generations A Cluster-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Multi-objective Optimization 1. Introduction 2. Multi-objective Optimization Problem 3. The New Algorithm 3.1 The MOSCA Principle 3.2 Introduced Notations 3.3 The Steps of the MOSCA 4. Test Results 5. Conclusion Acknowledgments: References Appendix. Test Problems Inherent Wave Estimation on Ultrasonic Non-destructive Testing Using Fuzzy Inference 1 Introduction 2 NDT System 3 Method 3.1 Outline of the Procedure 3.2 Suppression of the Inherent Wave 3.3 Detection of Embedded Object 4 Experimental Results and Conclusions References Fuzzy Association Rules: Semantic Issues and Quality Measures 1 Introduction 2 Association Rules 2.1 Binary Association Rules 2.2 Quantitative Association Rules 2.3 Fuzzy Association Rules 3 Implication-Based Fuzzy Association Rules 3.1 Support 3.2 Confidence 3.3 Semantic Interpretation of Fuzzy Association Rules 4 Logic-Oriented Evaluation 5 Summary and Conclusions References Calculation vs. Subjective Assessment with Respect to Fuzzy Probability 1 Introduction 2 Basic Definitions and Terminology 2.1 Fuzzy Probability 2.2 Fuzzy Expected Value and Standard Deviation 2.3 Method of Information Distribution 3 Interior-Outer-Set Model 4 Experiments in Calculation 4.1 Samples from Normal Distribution 4.2 Samples from Exponential Distribution 4.3 Calculation of Expected Values and Standard Deviations 5 Experiment in Subjective Assessment 5.1 Illustrating the Samples 5.2 Subjective Assessments 5.3 Calculation of Expected Values and Standard Deviations 6 Comparison of Calculation and Subjective Assessment 7 Conclusion and Discussion References Methodology for Optimizing Fuzzy Classifiers Based on Computational Intelligence 1 Introduction 2 The Data 3 Evolutionary Algorithms 3.1 Genetic Algorithms 3.2 Evolutionary Strategies 3.3 The Used Encoding Nomenclature 4 Classification Based on Fuzzy Relations 4.1 The Classification Algorithm 4.2 The Linguistic Terms 4.3 Evolutionary Encoding of the Used Fuzzy-System 4.4 The Fitness Function 4.5 Evolutionary Parameters 5 Results and Discussion References Analysing the Structure of Poly-crystalline Materials by 2-Dimensional DLS-Spectra and Neural Nets 1 Introduction 2 Preprocessing Kikuchi-Diagrams 3 The Radon-Transformation 4 Peak-Detektion 5 Peak-Verification by Neuronal Nets 6 Summary References A Neuron-MOS Threshold Element with Switching Capacitors 1 Introduction 2 Threshold Element with Switching Capacitors 3 Conclusion References A Neural Approach to Compression of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery 1 Introduction 2 A Fully Neural Model for Compression of Hyperspectral Imagery 2.1 Model Description 2.2 Experimental Results for Compression of Hyperspectral Imagery 2.2.1 Training 2.2.2 Testing 3 Removal of the Spectral Redundancy of Color Images as a Particular Case of Multispectral Image Compression 3.1 Compression of Still Color Images 3.2 Compression of Color Image Sequences 4 Concluding Remarks References Multi-valued and Universal Binary Neurons: New Applications in Intelligent Image Processing 1 Introduction 2 A Problem of Nonlinear Filtering 3 Multi-valued and Universal Binary Neurons, CNN-UBN and CNN-MVN 4 Nonlinear Cellular Neural Filtering 5 Application of the Multi-valued Filters in Solving of the Super-resolution Problem 6 Conclusions References Hybrid Two-Population Genetic Algorithm 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Description of the System 3.1 Genetic Pool 3.2 Ordinary Population 3.3 Evolution of Both Populations 4 Genetic Operations 4.1 Crossover Operation 4.2 Mutation Operation 5 Results 6 Conclusions 7 Future Works References Reducing Bloat in Genetic Programming 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Causes of Bloat 4 Possible Methods to Reduce Bloat 4.1 Code Editing 4.2 Hill Climbing 4.3 Dynamic Size Limiting 5 Experiments 5.1 No Optimizations 5.2 Code Editing 5.3 Hill Climbing 5.4 Hill Climbing and Code Editing 5.5 Dynamic Size Limiting 5.6 Dynamic Size Limiting and Hill Climbing 5.7 Dynamic Size Limiting and Code Editing 6 Conclusions References Too Much Knowledge Hurts: Acceleration of Genetic Programs for Learning Heuristics 1 Introduction 2 Preliminaries 2.1 Heuristic Learning 2.2 BDD Minimization by Genetic Programming 3 Influence and Selection of Parameters 3.1 Initial Population 3.2 Training Set 3.3 Stopping Condition 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions References Gaussians-Based Hybrid System for Prediction and Classification 1 Introduction 2 Radial Basis Function (RBF) 2.1 Asymmetric RBF 2.2 Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) 2.3 Lattice-Based Associative Memory Network (LB-AMN) 3 Hybrid Model for Prediction and Classification 3.1 GA Encoding 4 Model Testing 4.1 Breast Cancer Classification 4.2 Prediction of Toxicity in Chemical Compounds through QSAR 5 Conclusions References A Color Problem for Fuzzy Graph 1 Introduction 2 A Coloring of Fuzzy Graph 3 Conclusion References On the Uniqueness of Interpretations for Fuzzy IF-THEN Rule Bases 1 Fundamental Definitions 2 Fuzzy IF-THEN Rule Bases and Their Interpretation using Concepts of Functional Analysis 3 Some Ideas from Mathematical Logic 4 Fundamental Concepts and Uniqueness Results for Interpretations of Fuzzy IF-THEN Rule Bases 5 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References Appendix Quantum Computers as Fuzzy Computers 1 Introduction 2 The Standard Fuzzy Arithmetics 2.1 Fuzzy Numbers 2.2 Addition of Fuzzy Numbers on a Classical Computer 3 How Quantum Computer Works 4 Quantum Fuzzy Arithmetics 5 Getting the Output Acknowledgments References Improvement of the Cluster Searching Algorithm in Sugeno and Yasukawa's Qualitative Modeling Approach 1 Introduction 2 The Sugeno and Yasukawa's Qualitative Modeling Method 3 The Problem of Clustering Input Space 4 Identification of the Clustering in the Input Space 5 Conclusion References Can Perceptrons Identify Users of Body Lotion? 1 The Problem 2 Systems Design 3 Implementation 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions References Reinforcement Learning for Control of Traffic and Access Points in Intelligent Wireless ATM Networks 1 Introduction 2 Problem Description 3 Reinforcement Learning and Its Application to Control of Traffic and Access Points in Intelligent Wireless ATM Networks 4 Computational Experiment 5 Conclusions References Categorization of Time Delay by Means of Neural Networks 1 Introduction 1.1 The Evaluation of Time Delays 2 Categorization of Statistical Data by Neural Networks 2.1 The Output of the Categorization Result 3 Conclusion References Neural Networks as a Tool for Gray Box Modelling in Reactive Distillation 1 Introduction 2 Modelling Issues 2.1 Model of a Theoretical Stage 3 Neural Network Architectures 3.1 Feedforward Networks 3.2 Radial Basis Function Networks 4 Results 4.1 Training 4.2 Validation 5 Conclusions Acknowledgement References On Step Width Adaptation in Simulated Annealing for Continuous Parameter Optimisation 1 Introduction 2 Need for Step with Variation 3 Real-World Example 4 Conclusions 5 Acknowledgements 6 References GA-Based Search for Paths with Minimum Energy Consumption for Mobile Robot Systems 1 Introduction 2 GA-Based Path Planning 2.1 Genetic Operators 2.2 The Genetic Algorithm 3 Implementation Details 3.1 Environments and Paths 3.2 Fitness Evaluation and Selection 3.3 Handling of Paths 4 Operator Probabilities and Experimental Results 5 Conclusions and Outlook References A New Modified Genetic Algorithm for Multiuser Detection in DS/CDMA Systems 1 Introduction 2 Classic and New Modified GAs 2.1 The Classic GA 2.1.1 Parent Selection Methods 2.1.2 Crossover Methods 2.1.3 Mutation 2.2 Proposed Modified GA 3 System Model 4 Simulations and Results 5 Conclusions References Clustering of Categoric Data in Medicine - Application of Evolutionary Algorithms 1 Introduction 2 Clustering of Categoric Data in Psychotherapy - Fitness Fuction for Dissimilarity Data 3 Advanced EA Schemes 3.1 Multiple Population EAs with Toplogical Order and Neighborhood Related Migration Strategies 3.2 The $(mu * lambda)$-Selection Strategy 4 Results 5 Conclusion References A New Direction in AI - Toward a Computational Theory of Perceptions Personalization of Newsletters Using Multistage Fuzzy Inference 1 Motivation 2 Personalization and User Modelling 3 Personalization of Newsletters 4 Approach 5 Function group 6 Outlook References Fuzzy Techniques for XML Data Smushing 1 Introduction 2 The Problem 3 Approximate Matching of XML Subtrees 3.1 XML Thesauri 3.2 Elementary Type Matching 3.3 A Worked-out Example 3.4 Complex Type Matching 4 Smushing in a Framework of an XML Search Engine 5 Applications and Future Developments References A New Fuzzy-Based Multi-objective Optimization Concept for Process Control Systems 1 Motivation 2 Multi-objective Fuzzy Control Design Concept 2.1 Basic Idea 2.2 Optimization by Fuzzy Decision Making 2.3 Weighting of Different Performance Criteria 3 Application to an Industrial Batch Process 3.1 Plant Behaviour 3.2 Process Model 3.3 Control Concept 3.4 Fuzzy Performance Criteria 3.4.1 Disturbance Rejection 3.4.2 Command Response 3.4.3 Stability 3.4.4 Actuation Effort 3.5 Robustness 4 Results 4.1 Weighting of the Performance Criteria 4.2 Different Robustness Requirements 4.3 Process Performance 5 Conclusions References An Improved Shape-Preserving Affine Takagi-Sugeno Controller Using Splines 1 Introduction 2 Fuzzy Numbers and Fuzzy Partitions 3 Transformation of Affine T-S Fuzzy Models 4 Fuzzification Convolution 5 Univariate $varphi$-Spline Partitions 6 Shape-Preserving Affine Takagi-Sugeno Model 7 Examples 8 Conclusions References METALA: A Meta-learning Architecture* 1 Introduction 2 The Architecture 2.1 The O.O. Layer 2.2 The Middleware Layer 2.3 The Agents Layer 3 A Service for Massive Storage 4 On Performance in the Architecture 5 Conclusions and Future Works References On-Line Signature Verification Using a Computational Intelligence Approach 1 Introduction 2 Data Acquisition and Preprocessing 3 Feature Extraction 4 Analysis of a Test Signature for Authenticity 5 The Computational Intelligence in the Verification System 5.1 Fuzzy Inference Systems 5.2 Genetic Algorithms for Selection of Optimal Personalized Features 5.2.1 Genetic Coding of Feature Vectors 5.2.2 Genetic Algorithm 5.2.3 Fitness Function and Evaluation 6 Signature Database and Results 6.1 Database 6.2 Experimental Results 7 Conclusion References Appendix Autonomous Driving through Intelligent Image Processing and Machine Learning 1 Introduction 2 Intelligent Image Processing 3 Machine Learning 4 Experimental Results References SVD Reduction in Continuos Environment Reinforcement Learning 1 Introduction 1.1 Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Environment 1.2 Fuzzy Techniques in Continuos Environment Reinforcement Learning 1.3 Fuzzy Rule Base Complexity Reduction 2 Reinforcement Learning 3 The Proposed Method 4 SVD Based Complexity Reduction 4.1 Definitions 4.2 SVD Based Fuzzy Rule Base Complexity Reduction 4.3 Adaptation of SVD Based Approximation 5 Practical Use of the Proposed Reinforcement Technique 6 Conclusions References Analyzing Directed Acyclic Graph Recombination 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 DAG Recombination 4 Experimental Result 5 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Rough Set Based Knowledge Discovery of Interface for the Internet Usage among Japanese Elderly Women 1 Introduction 2 Subjects and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Fuzzy Limits and Fuzzy Nearness Relation 1 Introduction 2 Fuzzy Limits References Handwritten Digit Recognition: A Neural Network Demo 1 Introduction 2 Neural Networks 2.1 Learning 2.2 Labeling 3 Handwritten Digit Recognition 3.1 Preprocessing 4 Network Configurations 4.1 Two NNs in Series 4.2 Template Matching Instead of NNs 4.3 Ten NNs in Parallel 4.4 Fragmented Digits vs. Whole Digits 5 Results 6 Digit Recognizing Demonstration 7 Conclusions Acknowledgments References New Neural Nets 1 Introduction 2 Functional Principle 2.1 Basic Units and Procedures 2.2 The Neural Net 2.3 The Biological Hypothesis 3 A Preliminary Study 3.1 Methods and Materials 3.2 Results 4 Conclusions References Inference in Fuzzy Models of Physical Processes 1 Introduction 2 Description of Models 2.1 Tabular Models 2.2 Rule-Based Models 2.3 Local Regression Models 2.4 Fuzzy Regression Models 3 Conclusion References About the Combination of Functional Approaches and Fuzzy Reasoning 1 Introduction 2 Basic Terms of Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems and Affinities to Boolen Set Theory 2.1 Membership Function Shape 2.2 Costs and Minimal FRBS 3 Finding Minimal FRBS 3.1 Initial FRBS 3.2 Minimizing FRBS 4 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgment References Expected Utility Networks in Transferable Belief Model 1 Introduction 2 The Transferable Belief Model 2.1 Belief Functions 2.2 The Pignistic Probability Function Derived rom a Belief Function 2.3 Independence and Non-interactivity in the Transferable Belief Model 3 Expected Utility Networks with Pignistic Probabilities 3.1 Conditional Independence of Pignistic Probabilities and Utilities 3.2 Conditional Expected Utility 3.3 Conditional Expected Utility Independence References Data Clustering and Rule Abduction to Facilitate Crime Hot Spot Prediction 1 Introduction 1.1 Potential for Crime Prediction by the Police 1.2 COPDAT 2 Methodology 2.1 Data Sets 2.2 GIS Techniques 2.3 Artificial Neural Network Techniques 2.4 Data Preparation and Processing 2.5 Data Pre-processing 2.6 Clustering Using a Kohonen Self Organising Map 2.7 An Overview of the Methodology 2.8 Post-processing 3 Implementation Details 4 Summary & Benefits References Computing with Words: Multi-objective GAS for Approximate Reasoning 1 Introduction 2 GA Based Problem Solving 2.1 GA Properties 3 Multi-objective Problem Modelling 4 Fitness Assignment Strategies 5 Conclusion References The Description of All -Distributive Triangular Norms of Lengths 2 and 3 1 Introduction 2 The Description of All $vee $-Distributive Triangular Norms of Lengths 2 and 3 3 Direct Decompositions of a Triangular Norm on a Lattice 4 Comaximal Elements and Direct Decompositions of the Neutral References Latent Semantic Analysis for German Literature Investigation 1 Introduction 2 Latent Semantic Analysis 3 Experiments 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion 6 Future Work References Some Possibilities of Improving the CORA Classification Algorithm 1 Introduction 2 Generalization by Features in Bongard's CORA Classification Algorithm 2.1 Learning Algorithm 2.2 Additional Learning Algorithm 2.3 Recognition Algorithm 3 Cross Validation Method to Determine the Accuracy of Classification 4 Introduction of the Method of Relatively Good Features 5 Introduction of the Method of Sequential Covering 6 Description of Learning and Testing Sets 7 Experiments Performed with the CORA Classification Algorithm 7.1 Determination of Optimal Learning Parameters 7.2 Experiments with Additional Learning 8 Experiments with the Modifications of the CORA Algorithm 8.1 Experiments with the Relatively Good Features Method 8.2 Experiments with the Sequential Covering Method 8.3 Experiments with a Combination of Both Methods 9 Analysis of the Results and Conclusions References Computer Aided Selection of Cutting Parameters by Using Fuzzy Logic 1 Introduction 2 Machinability Data Handbook’s Approach 3 Methodology of the Fuzzy Logic to the Selection of Cutting Parameters 3.1 Forming of Fuzzy Sets 3.2 Fuzzification 3.3 Extracting the Fuzzy-Expert Rules 3.4 Defuzzification 4 Comparisons of Membership Functions 4.1 Triangular and Trapezoidal Membership Functions 4.2 Comparison of Gaussian and Triangular Membership Function and the Effect of Number of Fuzzy Sets on Cutting Speed Results 5 Comparisons of Defuzzification Methods 5.1 Comparison of Fuzzy Cutting Results Obtained from Centroid and Mean of Maxima Defuzzification Methods 6 Fuzzy Logic Based System for Cutting Parameters Selection 6.1 Execution of the CAS-CUPFUL 7 Conclusion References Process Monitoring in Chemical Plants Using Neural Networks 1 Introduction 2 Strategy of Data Management and State Classification 3 Investigations at Lab Scale 4 Application at Pilot Plant 4.1 Specification with Characteristic Numbers 4.2 Time-Series Prediction with RBF 4.3 Self Organizing Maps 5 Application at Hydrogenation Plant 6 Final Remarks Acknowledgement References Fuzzy Probability and Power System Safety 1 Introduction 2 A Fuzzy Fault-Tree Analysis for Electric Power Protection System 3 Results 4 Conclusion References A Fuzzy Logic System Used in Safety Analysis 1 Introduction 2 A Fuzzy Logic System for the Event-Tree Analysis 3 Example 4 Conclusions References Chaining of Fuzzy Rules in RETE Network 1 The RETE Algorithm 2 Fuzzy RETE Network 3 Global Contribution 4 An Example 5 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgment References A Fuzzy Relation for Comparing Intervals 1 Introduction 2 Fuzzy Relation for Comparing Intervals 2.1 Matching 2.2 Roundness 2.3 Concentricity 3 The Equivalence Degree of Two Steels 4 Conclusion References Tomography in Fractal Neural Nets 1 Introduction 2 Architecture and Dynamics of Fractal Neural Nets 3 Examples of Fractal Neural Nets 3.1 Methods and Materials 3.2 Results 4 Conclusion References Fuzzy Approach in Ultrasound Image Segmentation 1 Introduction 2 US Signals 3 Fuzzy Segmentation 4 Optimization 5 Experimental Results 6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Dynamic Decision Making Based on Partial Probability Information 1 Motivation 2 Decision Theory 3 Static Decision Making Based on Partial Probability Information 4 Lazy Decision Making 5 Outlook References AMA: An OWA Operator Based on the Majority Process 1 Introduction 2 Ordered Weighted Averaging Operators 3 Aggregate Dependent Weights 3.1 Families of Aggregate Dependent Weight 4 Additive Majority Aggregation 4.1 Properties 5 Conclusion References DSP Implementation of Fuzzy Controlled Magnetic Levitation System 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Model of MAGLEV System 3 Proposed Controllers for MAGLEV System 4 Simulation and Experimental Results 5 Conclusions References Programming Work Simulator of the Ann-Based Integrated Protection System for the Reversible Hydro Generating Sets 1 Introduction 2 General Conception of the Integrated Protection Automation System for the Reversible Hydro Generating Sets 3 Learning Process of the ANN–Based Decision Modules 4 Programming Simulator of the ANN-Based Adaptive Protection System for the Reversible Generating Sets 5 Conclusions References Blending of 2D Objects Using Fuzzy Logic 1 Introduction 2 The Curve Modelling Method by Fuzzy Logic Technique 2.1 Developed Method 2.2 Rules for Fuzzy Logic and Construction of Membership Functions 3 Application: Blending in 2D 4 Conclusion References The Application Based on Incremental Knowledge Discovery Algorithm in Color Matching System 1 Introduction 2 Incremental Knowledge Discovery Algorithm 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Expression Form IKD Algorithm 2.2.1 The Database 2.2.2 The Rule Base 2.2.3 The Knowledge Base 2.2.4 The Main Steps in the Incremental Knowledge Discovery 2.2.5 The Error C

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence, 7th Dortmund Fuzzy Days, held in Dortmund, Germany, in October 2001. The 71 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from an overwhelming number of submissions. Also included are four invited contributions and 24 poster presentations. The papers are devoted to foundational and practical issues in fuzzy systems, soft computing, neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, and machine learning and thus cover the whole range of computational intelligence.