Compression Textiles for Medical, Sports, and Allied Applications

Textile-based compression therapy is used in a range of applications, such as for athlete and sport recovery, enhanced proprioception, compression spacesuits, and in the management of chronic diseases. This book provides an overview of compression devices and products, testing methods to measure the properties of materials used in compression devices, and design considerations based on dynamic body measurements. It also includes a model for predicting pressure and details the challenges in applying compression for various applications. Chapters in this book: Discuss the science behind compression therapy Delve into the materials used in compression devices and products and assesses their performance based on their properties and structure Cover theoretical modeling to predict the pressure exerted by compression devices on the human body Consider compression textile design based on dynamic body measurements This book is aimed at professionals and researchers in textile engineering, materials engineering, biotechnology, and the development of textile-based compression devices and products, and at such medical practitioners as phlebologists. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Series Preface Foreword Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Overview of Compression Therapy 1.1 Historical Developments in Compression Therapy 1.2 Compression Therapy: Action and Modalities 1.2.1 Bandages 1.2.1.1 Based on Material Performance 1.2.1.2 Based on Elasticity 1.2.1.3 Based on Extensibility 1.2.1.4 Based on Layers and Components 1.2.1.5 Adhesive and Cohesive Bandage 1.2.2 Stockings 1.2.3 Pneumatic Compression Devices 1.2.3.1 Based on Complexity of Device 1.2.3.2 Based on Inflatable Sleeves Encircled around the Lower Leg 1.3 Contradictions and Challenges to Compression Therapy 1.4 Market Trends in Compression Products References Chapter 2 Materials and Structure of Compression Bandages and Stocking Devices 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Functional Requirements in Compression Bandages and Stockings 2.3 Material for Compression Bandages and Stockings 2.3.1 Fiber and Yarn 2.3.2 Fabric 2.4 Bandages Construction 2.5 Stocking Construction 2.6 Properties of Bandage and Stocking Fabrics 2.6.1 Tensile Property 2.6.2 Frictional Property 2.7 Influence of Material and Structure on Pressure Development and Decay 2.8 Challenges 2.9 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of Compression Garments 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Effect of Elasticity on Compression 3.3 Multi-axial Stress Relaxation 3.4 Layering Effect 3.5 Compression Efficacy 3.6 Discussion 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4 A Model for Compression Textile Design Based on Dynamic Female Lower Body Measurements 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Anatomy of the Lower Body 4.3 Anthropometry of the Lower Body 4.3.1 Advances in Dynamic Measurements of the Lower Body 4.4 Dynamic Anthropometry Data Description 4.4.1 Population 4.4.2 Data Description 4.4.3 Dynamic Anthropometry Results 4.5 Body–Product Relationship Design Models and Application 4.5.1 Case Study One: Application of Anthropometric Data to 2D Pattern Design to a Compression Brief 4.5.1.1 2D Pattern Development 4.5.1.2 Dynamic Pattern Shape Comparison 4.5.2 Case Study Two: 3D Application of Data to Knit Structure Design on Compression Therapy Shorts 4.5.2.1 Garment Construction and Knit Design 4.6 Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 5 Compression Clothing and Body Deformations Through High-speed 4D Scanning 5.1 Introduction 5.2 3D Technology for Evaluating Compression Garments 5.3 Methodology for 4D Body Scanning and Evaluating Compression Socks Through Virtual Models 5.4 Results and Discussions 5.5 Conclusions 5.6 Future Trends Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Materials and Design of Pneumatic Compression Devices 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Bladder 6.2.1 Sealing Methods 6.3 Air Pump Unit 6.4 Connecting Tubes 6.5 Conclusion and Future Directions Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 Thermal Comfort of Compression Textiles 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Human Thermoregulation and Heat Exchange Mechanisms 7.3 Measurement Methods to Assess the Thermal and Moisture Transfer Through Textiles 7.3.1 Fabric Tests 7.3.2 Body and Body Part Models (Manikins) 7.4 Heat and Moisture Transfer Properties of Compression Fabrics and Garments 7.4.1 Fabrics Properties 7.4.2 Heat and Moisture Transfer in Garments 7.4.3 Optimization of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Garments 7.5 Future Trends: Optimization of the Thermal Comfort and the Wearability 7.5.1 Active Textiles 7.5.2 Sensing Textiles 7.6 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Models and Simulations to Predict the Pressure on the Lower Limb Generated by Compression Devices 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Principles of Compression Therapy 8.2.1 Pascal’s Law 8.2.2 Laplace’s Law and Modification 8.3 Models for Pneumatic Compression Device 8.4 Lower Leg 8.4.1 Landmarks and Dimensions 8.4.2 Tissue Properties and Tissue Deformation 8.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 9 Pressure Sensors to Measure Interface-Pressure 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Flexible Substrates for Pressure Sensors 9.3 Physical Principles for Pressure Sensing 9.3.1 Piezoresistive Sensors 9.3.2 Piezoelectric Sensors 9.3.3 Triboelectric Pressure Sensor 9.3.4 Capacitive Sensors 9.3.5 Optical and Multimaterial Fibers 9.3.5.1 Change in Diameter 9.3.5.2 Functionalization 9.3.6 Pneumatic Sensors 9.4 Textile Integration of Pressure Sensors 9.5 Overview of Existing/Commercial Sensors 9.6 Current Research and Future Trends 9.7 Conclusion Abbreviations References Chapter 10 Applications in Medical, Sports, and Athletes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Prevention and Treating of Chronic Venous and Lymphatic Disorders 10.3 Hypertrophic Scars Management 10.4 Compression Textiles for Orthopedic Support 10.5 Compression Therapy after Plastic Surgery 10.6 Compression Sportswear 10.7 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Efficacy of Compression Garments in Medical and Sports Applications 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Effectiveness of Compression Garments as Medical Therapy 11.2.1 Evidence for the Effects of Compression Garments in Treating and Preventing Venous Disease 11.2.1.1 Deep Vein Thrombosis 11.2.1.2 Venous Leg Ulcers 11.2.1.3 Edema 11.2.2 Evidence for the Effects of Compression Garments in Treating Burn Scars 11.2.3 Comments and Recommendations for Further Research 11.3 Effectiveness of Compression Garments in Sports 11.3.1 Evidence for the Effects of Compression Garments on Exercise Performance 11.3.1.1 Hemodynamic/Cardiodynamic Effects 11.3.1.2 Mechanical Effects 11.3.1.3 Neuromuscular Effects 11.3.1.4 Thermal Effects 11.3.1.5 Psychological Effects 11.3.2 Evidence for the Effects of Compression Garments on Post-exercise Recovery 11.3.3 Pressure Levels of Sports Compression Garments 11.3.4 Comments and Recommendations for Further Research 11.4 Conclusions References Chapter 12 Applications of Textile-Based Compression for Human Spaceflight and Extraterrestrial Surface Exploration 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 MCP EVA Suits 12.1.2 Mechanical-Loading Countermeasure Garments 12.2 EVA Suits Using Compression Textiles 12.2.1 Compression for Very Low-Pressure or Vacuum Environments 12.2.2 MCP as an Alternative to GP EVA Suits 12.2.3 MCP EVA Suits 12.3 Countermeasure Garments Using Compression Textiles 12.3.1 The Need for Countermeasures 12.3.2 Orthostatic Intolerance Garments 12.3.3 Countermeasure Suits for Re-weighting the Body 12.4 Outlook Acknowledgment Note References Index