Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects, 1st Edition

Over two billion people worldwide are at risk for the spectrum of disorders known as "The Iodine Deficiency Disorders." 1-10% will suffer cretinism; 5-30% will have some sort of brain damage or neurological impairment and 30-70% will be hypothyroid. The causes of iodine deficiencies can be considered from both simplistic and more complex perspectives. From the leaching of iodine from soil resulting in crops with low iodine content to malnutrition resulting in impaired iodine absorption. Poor dietary diversification and impoverished socio-economic development can also lead to iodine deficiencies. Although it is possible to diagnose and treat deficiencies, there is still an ongoing dialogue regarding the detailed molecular pathology of iodine homeostatis, how hypothyroidism impacts the body tissues, and efficient diagnosis and treatment of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders. This Handbook provides a resource of information on the various pathways and processes based on different countries or diseases. Because there is a constant flow of new information on iodine and related disorders, the goal of this Handbook is to provide a base of scientific information upon which additional knowledge can be applied. Key Features: Provides important information on one of the most common micro-nutrient deficiencies in the world, the most important "single nutrient-multiple consequences" paradigm today. Includes information on iodine-related diseases, including those that are common, preventable and treatable. Provides insight from a broad perspective of viewpoints -- from subcellular transports to economic impact Read more... Part I: Forward by the ICIDD and WHO; Part II:General Aspects of Iodine Sources and Intakes in the Diet and Main routes of Iodine Metabolism in the Mammal Organism; Part III: Damage and Disease Due to Iodine Deficiency; Part IV: Metabolic Consequences of Hypothyroidism and Other Thyroid Disease; Part V: Damage and Disease Due to Iodine Excess; Part VI: Treatment Regimes; Part VII: Selective Methods Used in Iodine Research. Cover Page ......Page 1 Copyright Page......Page 2 References......Page 3 Contributors ......Page 4 Analytical Techniques......Page 12 Introduction......Page 13 Capillary Electrophoresis......Page 14 Ion chromatography......Page 16 Gas chromatography......Page 19 Spectrophotometry......Page 20 Atomic emission spectrometry......Page 21 References......Page 22 Introduction......Page 24 Total diet studies......Page 25 Biomarkers of iodine intake......Page 26 Catalytic spectrophotometric methods......Page 27 Neutron activation analysis and othernuclear analytical techniques......Page 28 Spectrometric techniques......Page 30 Chromatographic methods......Page 31 Choice of an Analytical Method Versus the Iodine Level in Foodstuffs and Diets......Page 32 References......Page 34 Introduction......Page 37 XRF for analysis of iodine in the thyroid......Page 38 System characteristics......Page 40 Positioning......Page 41 Radiation Dose......Page 42 Summary Points......Page 43 References......Page 44 General Aspects of Iodine Sources and Intakes in the Diet, Main Routes of Iodine Metabolism, and Metabolic Roles......Page 46 Iodine Cycle and Chemistry......Page 47 Introduction......Page 48 Photolysis and Gas-Phase Iodine Chemistry......Page 49 Aerosol Chemistry and Particle Formation......Page 51 Radioactive Iodine: Atmospheric Sources and Consequences......Page 53 Summary Points......Page 54 References......Page 55 Introduction......Page 56 Distribution of iodate (IO-3) and iodide (I-)......Page 57 Total iodine and dissolved organic iodine......Page 59 Biological control of dissolved I- and IO-3......Page 60 Transfer of molecular iodine (I2) and volatile organic iodine (CH3I and CH2I2) to air......Page 61 Dissolved (nonvolatile) organic iodine......Page 62 References......Page 63 Introduction......Page 65 Structure of Tg homodimer......Page 66 Thyroglobulin and biosynthesis of thyroid hormones......Page 67 Interference of autoantibodies against Tg in the determination of Tg......Page 68 Thyroglobulin and Iodine Intake......Page 69 Pathophysiological States Changing Serum Tg Concentrations......Page 70 Our Population Studies Concerning Iodine Intake and Serum Tg Concentrations......Page 71 References......Page 72 Introduction......Page 75 Example of Record Linkage......Page 76 The register database......Page 77 Backup and database security......Page 78 References......Page 80 Introduction......Page 81 Analyses of iodine species......Page 83 Analyses of inorganic iodine species by chromatographic amperometry......Page 85 Iodine content and speciation in US soils and sediments......Page 86 Physico-chemical properties affecting sorption and transport of iodine species......Page 88 Other factors affecting iodine cycling......Page 90 Summary Points......Page 91 Acknowledgments......Page 92 Sources......Page 94 Behavior of Iodine in the Soil–Plant–Air System......Page 95 Partitioning of iodine into the liquid phase of the soil......Page 96 Iodine Speciation in the Liquid Phase of Soil......Page 97 Iodine Solid–Liquid Partitioning Coefficients (Kd Values) in Soil......Page 98 Effects of Oxic–Anoxic Boundaries......Page 99 Relationship between Soil Iodine Concentration and Plant Uptake......Page 100 Conversion of Iodine into Volatile Forms......Page 101 Volatilization from Plants......Page 102 References......Page 103 The Customization of Life Histories......Page 106 Iodine and Thyroid Function......Page 107 Iodine: Its Implications for Disease and Therapy......Page 108 References......Page 109 Early Investigations of Iodine in Drinking Water......Page 111 Humic Substances in Marine Sediments and Groundwater......Page 112 Iodine in Marine Sediments and Water......Page 113 Iodine in Drinking Water: The Danish Example......Page 114 Iodine in Humic Substances......Page 115 Bioavailability of Iodine in Humic Substances in Drinking Water......Page 116 Summary Points......Page 118 References......Page 119 Abbreviations......Page 121 Summary Points......Page 123 References......Page 124 Introduction......Page 125 Speciation Analysis of Inorganic Iodine......Page 126 Speciation Analysis of Iodine in Freshwater......Page 127 Speciation Analysis of Volatile Iodine......Page 129 Speciation Analysis of Iodine in Tissues......Page 130 Chemical Speciation of Iodine in Foodstuffs and Environmental Samples......Page 131 Speciation Analysis of Iodine in Seaweeds......Page 132 Toxicity of Excessive Intake of Iodine......Page 133 Summary Points......Page 134 References......Page 135 Abbreviations......Page 137 Legislation on feeds......Page 138 Iodine deficiency in the fetus......Page 139 Iodine deficiency in growing animals......Page 140 The iodine content of feeds......Page 141 Response criteria and dose–response studies of iodine requirement in farm animals......Page 142 Growth response of pigs fed iodine antagonists (glucosinolates)......Page 143 The effect of iodine antagonists (glucosinolates) on thyroid iodine status......Page 144 Egg iodine......Page 147 Milk iodine......Page 148 Toxicity: excess in farm animals including poultry......Page 149 Effects of large doses of iodine on the growth and thyroid status of pigs......Page 150 Summary Points......Page 152 References......Page 153 Introduction......Page 157 Isotopic exchange reactions......Page 158 Radiation chemistry of iodine in aqueous solutions......Page 159 Adsorption Method......Page 160 Radiochemical procedure for iodine......Page 161 Gamma ray spectrometric analysis of radioiodine......Page 162 Neutron Activation Analysis......Page 163 Neutron activation analysis of iodine (127I)......Page 164 Neutron activation analysis of iodine-129......Page 165 Summary Points......Page 166 References......Page 167 Physiology, Metabolism, and Biochemistry......Page 169 Introduction......Page 170 HML’s low-background counting chamber......Page 171 The volunteers......Page 172 Half-life determination......Page 173 Retention model......Page 175 References......Page 176 Models of Iodine within the Thyroid Gland......Page 177 Models of Thyroid Hormone Distribution that include Rates of Peripheral Tissue Metabolism......Page 178 Iodide Kinetics......Page 179 Usefulness of these Models......Page 180 References......Page 181 Introduction......Page 183 Transfer of bromide via mother’s milk......Page 184 Effects of a High Bromide Intake in Lactating Rat Dams on Their Own Iodine Metabolism......Page 185 Effect of dietary bromide on dams’ food and water consumption......Page 186 Induction of hypothyroidism in the young by high bromide intake in the mothers......Page 187 References......Page 189 Introduction......Page 191 Methods to Detect NIS Expression......Page 192 The Sodium Iodide Symporter......Page 193 Thyroid Gland......Page 194 Placenta......Page 195 Other Tissues......Page 196 References......Page 197 Introduction......Page 199 Gastric NIS Detection and Distribution......Page 200 Gastric Iodide Transport Mediated by NIS......Page 201 Regulation of Gastric NIS......Page 202 Summary Points......Page 203 References......Page 204 Abbreviations......Page 205 Structure of the Human and Rat NIS Gene......Page 206 Transcriptional Regulation of NIS in Thyroid Cancer......Page 207 TSH Receptor Stimulation in Thyroid Cells......Page 208 Enhancement of NIS Expression in Breast Cancer Cells......Page 211 Summary Points......Page 212 References......Page 213 Introduction......Page 215 History and Definition......Page 217 Clinical Presentation......Page 218 Function of Pendrin in Thyroid Cells......Page 219 Functional Consequences of Pendrin Mutations......Page 220 Regulation of Pendrin in Thyroid Cells......Page 221 Pendrin in the Inner Ear......Page 222 References......Page 223 Introduction......Page 226 Thyroid Lodolipids......Page 227 Iodolipid Effects: δ-Iodolactone......Page 228 Summary Points......Page 229 References......Page 230 Introduction......Page 231 Iodine in Normal Tissues......Page 232 Reproductive Factors and Cancer Risk......Page 233 Iodine in Neoplastic Glands......Page 235 Summary Points......Page 237 References......Page 238 Introduction......Page 240 Particulate Deposition in the Respiratory Tract......Page 241 Inhalability......Page 242 Aerodynamic diameter (dae)......Page 243 Breathing rate (BR)......Page 244 Uncertainty of Regional Deposition Fraction......Page 245 Particulate deposition’s influence on radiation dose to the respiratory tract......Page 246 Sensitivity analysis for 5- and 10-year-old children......Page 247 Sensitivity analysis for 3-month-old infants and 1-year-old children......Page 248 Regional deposition comparison to experimental results of other investigators......Page 249 Regional deposition comparison to theoretical results of other investigators......Page 250 Total lung deposition comparison to experimental results of other investigators......Page 251 Total lung deposition comparison to theoretical results of other investigators......Page 252 References......Page 253 Thiocyanate and NIS......Page 255 Thiocyanate and Iodine in Milk......Page 256 Maternal Smoking and Iodine Nutrition of the Breast-Fed Child......Page 258 Thiocyanate from Food: The Experience from Central Africa......Page 259 References......Page 260 Abbreviations......Page 262 References......Page 263 Iodate......Page 265 Perchlorate Analysis: Premodern era......Page 266 Perchlorate Analysis: Modern Era......Page 267 Perchlorate Analysis: Recent Advances......Page 268 Iodate......Page 269 Perchlorate......Page 270 References......Page 271 Introduction......Page 273 Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations......Page 274 Direct Effects on the Thyroid Gland......Page 275 Conjugation: Glucuronidation and Sulfation......Page 277 References......Page 278 Introduction......Page 281 Iodide as signal......Page 282 Primary cultures......Page 283 Mechanism of some effects of iodide......Page 284 Candidates XI......Page 286 Iodoaldehydes......Page 287 Role of Iodolactones......Page 288 Clinical Significance of the Effects of Iodide......Page 289 References......Page 290 Introduction......Page 293 Pathogenic Tg peptides containing primary hormonogenic sites......Page 294 Pathogenic Tg peptides containing iodotyrosyls......Page 295 Iodine and Peripheral T-Cell Reactivity to Tg......Page 296 Abs Recognizing Iodinated Determinants as Regulators of Tg-Specific T-Cell Reactivity......Page 297 Does Tg Iodination Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Human Thyroiditis?......Page 298 References......Page 299 Types and Causes of Goiters......Page 301 Clinical Evaluation......Page 302 Management of diffuse goiters......Page 304 Management of thyroid nodules and multinodular goiter......Page 305 References......Page 306 Nutrition and Dietary Aspects......Page 308 Main Dietary Sources of Iodine......Page 309 Intake in Different Countries withDifferent Dietary Characteristics......Page 310 Iodine Intake in Subjects with DifferentDietary Patterns within a Country......Page 311 References......Page 312 Iodine uptake by drinking mineralized iodine waters and complex treatment applications......Page 314 The risk of causing thyroid disturbance by health resort treatments using higher-mineralized brines......Page 316 Theoretical model to explain the antioxidative effect of iodine......Page 318 References......Page 319 Dietary Sources of Iodine......Page 320 Studies Assessing Iodine Nutrition......Page 322 Thyroid Disorders......Page 324 Iodine Nutrition in Norway......Page 325 References......Page 326 Abbreviations......Page 328 Effect of soy isoflavones on sex hormone regulation......Page 329 Effect of soy isoflavonoids on thyroidhormone function......Page 330 Clinical Trials......Page 331 How Thyroid Hormone Levels Correlate with Actual Soy Isoflavone Concentration in Children......Page 332 The Effect of Short-Term Soy Consumption on Thyroid Hormone Levels......Page 334 References......Page 337 Introduction......Page 339 Politicians and ministerial health staff......Page 340 Consumers at household level......Page 341 Assessment of Knowledge of Iodine Nutrition......Page 342 Improving Knowledge of Iodine Nutrition......Page 343 References......Page 344 Introduction......Page 345 Iodine Metabolism and Requirements......Page 346 Iodine Balance and Parenterally FedPreterm Infants......Page 347 Iodine Excess......Page 349 Iodinated Skin Disinfectants......Page 350 Brain Development and Thyroxine......Page 351 Summary Points......Page 352 References......Page 353 Introduction......Page 356 Specialized Feeds for Phenylketonuria......Page 357 Specialized Feeds for Tyrosinaemia......Page 367 Specialized Feeds for Maple Syrup Urine Disease......Page 368 Specialized Feeds for Methylmalonic Acidemia and Proprionic Acidemia......Page 369 Specialized Feeds for Isovaleric Acidemia and Disorders of Leucine Metabolism......Page 370 Special Foods for Conditions of Intolerance......Page 371 Summary Points......Page 372 References......Page 373 Iodine Metabolism......Page 374 Thyroid hormones in pregnancy......Page 375 Physiological Changes in Thyroidal Activity during Pregnancy......Page 376 The Consequences of Insufficient Iodine Supple­mentation in Pregnancy......Page 377 Trimester-Specific Changes in Maternal Thyroid Hormones......Page 378 Trimester-Specific Changes in Maternal Thyroid Hormones: Implications for Iodine Nutrition......Page 379 References......Page 380 Monitoring Iodine Status......Page 382 UI excretion variations......Page 383 Description of an overall population iodine status......Page 384 Which goals should be achieved?......Page 385 Urinary iodine......Page 386 Influence of iodine tablets and smoking as confounders on UI......Page 387 Prediction of thyroid volume......Page 388 References......Page 390 Preanalytical variation (σpreanalytical)......Page 392 Variation in Urinary Iodine Excretion......Page 393 Study of iodine in samples, not subjects......Page 395 Urinary iodine excretion in an individual......Page 396 Reliability of iodine nutrition studies......Page 397 Summary Points......Page 398 References......Page 399 Sources of Iodine in the Diet......Page 400 Sources of iodine in the vegan diet......Page 401 Studies assessing the iodine intake in vegans......Page 402 Factors affecting the assessment of iodine intake in vegans......Page 404 Assessment of Iodine Status in Vegans......Page 405 Summary Points......Page 406 References......Page 407 Sources and Production of IodineIsotopes......Page 408 Utilization of Iodine Isotopes......Page 411 Level of Iodine Isotopes inThyroid and Urine......Page 412 Determination of Iodine Isotopes in theThyroid and Urine......Page 415 Radiation Risk of Radioisotopes ofIodine in Thyroid......Page 416 References......Page 417 Iodine Deficiency and Disease......Page 420 Diseases that may be More Common with a Higher Iodine Intake......Page 422 Practical Consequences for Iodization Programs......Page 423 References......Page 425 Pathological Aspects of Iodine Deficiency......Page 427 General Aspects of Pathology......Page 428 Introduction......Page 429 Assessment Techniques: Measuring the Extent of the Problem......Page 430 Current Extent of Iodine Deficiency......Page 431 Summary Points......Page 434 References......Page 435 Pathophysiology of IodineDeficiency in Pregnancy......Page 436 Urinary iodine excretion in pregnancy......Page 438 Iodine balance......Page 439 Current Studies of Iodine Status......Page 440 References......Page 441 Introduction......Page 444 Effects of Thyroid Hormones on the Human Central Nervous System during Fetal and Postnatal Life......Page 445 Iodine Content in Premature and Infant Formulas: Iodine Intake in Newborns......Page 446 Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function......Page 447 Iodine Deficiency in Preterm Babies Born at less than 30 Weeks of Gestation and Alterations in their Neurodevelopment......Page 448 Summary......Page 449 References......Page 0 Introduction......Page 453 Oxidative Stress and the Thyroid Gland......Page 454 Animal studies......Page 455 Human studies......Page 457 Iodine Deficiency and Thyroid Malignancy......Page 458 Summary Points......Page 460 References......Page 461 Introduction......Page 464 The Challenge......Page 465 Feto-Maternal Repercussions of Iodine Deficiency during Pregnancy and the Immediate Postnatal Period......Page 466 Fe Status and Thyroid Metabolism......Page 467 Fe Deficiency and Parasitosis......Page 469 Interaction between Fe Deficiency, Fe Supplementation and Susceptibility to Infection......Page 473 Iodine and Fe Fortification and Parasitosis......Page 474 References......Page 475 Introduction......Page 477 General Features of Thyroid Cancer......Page 478 Papillary and follicular carcinoma......Page 479 Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma......Page 480 Primary thyroid lymphoma......Page 481 References......Page 482 Introduction......Page 484 Survey data: US......Page 485 Survey data: Europe......Page 486 Iodine Content of Omnivore and Vegetarian Diets......Page 487 Iodine Nutrition in Vegetarians......Page 488 Heterogeneity of vegetarian diets......Page 490 Discussion......Page 491 References......Page 492 Thyroid Size Before and After Introduction of Iodine Fortification......Page 495 Relationship Between Iodine Intake and Mean Thyroid Volume Between Countries/Populations......Page 496 Relationship Between Various Measures of Iodine Intake and Thyroid Volume......Page 497 References......Page 498 Introduction......Page 500 TPO: Structure and Function......Page 501 TPO: Polymorphisms and Mutations......Page 502 Clinical findings......Page 504 Diagnosis......Page 505 References......Page 506 Introduction......Page 509 Substrates of Thyroid Hormone Metabolism: Iodine and H2O2......Page 510 Antioxidant Response during Iodine Deficiency......Page 511 Markers of Oxidative DNA Damage......Page 512 Spontaneous Mutation in the Thyroid......Page 514 Consequences of a High Somatic Mutation Rate in the Thyroid......Page 515 Summary Points......Page 516 References......Page 517 Introduction......Page 519 Thyroid Glands......Page 520 Extrathyroidal Tissues......Page 521 Mild iodine deficiency: LID+1.0 group......Page 522 Very severe iodine deficiency: LID' group......Page 524 Possible Implications for Man......Page 525 References......Page 526 Introduction......Page 528 Effect of Iodine Supplementation......Page 529 Sweat versus urinary iodine loss......Page 530 Conclusions......Page 531 References......Page 532 Introduction......Page 533 Thyroid peroxidase and thyroid peroxidase antibody......Page 534 Detection of Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab in healthy individuals......Page 535 Intervention studies in animals......Page 536 Intervention by Iodine Fortification of Salt in the Population......Page 537 Comparative Epidemiological Studies on Thyroid Autoantibodies......Page 538 Thyroid Autoantibodies in Iodine-Replete Areas......Page 540 Speculations on Possible Mechanisms behind Iodine Intake and Development of Antibodies......Page 541 References......Page 542 Introduction......Page 544 Resemblance of bromide to iodide: goitrogenic effects of bromide......Page 545 Concentration ratio [I]/[Br] in the thyroid as a sensitive marker of iodine status......Page 546 Uptake of iodide by various organs and tissues: an overview......Page 547 Influence of bromide on the whole-body biological half life of iodine......Page 548 Possible mechanisms of excessive bromide actions......Page 549 Dependence of the Excretion Rate of Bromide (Iodide) on Sodium Intake......Page 550 Summary Points......Page 551 References......Page 552 The Effects on the Brain and Neurological Aspect......Page 553 Clinical Studies of Endemic Cretinism......Page 554 Fetal and postnatal hypothyroidism......Page 555 The timing of the lesion of neurological cretinism......Page 556 Animal Models......Page 557 Less severe cretin populations......Page 558 Summary......Page 559 References......Page 560 Introduction......Page 562 Results......Page 564 Discussion......Page 567 Summary Points......Page 568 References......Page 569 Cretinism: Historical and Epidemiological Studies......Page 570 The Maternal Transfer of T4 during Gestation: Experimental Studies......Page 571 The Human Brain Early in Gestation......Page 573 Neurological Abnormalities in Iodine Deficiency......Page 575 References......Page 577 Abbreviations......Page 579 Thyroid hormones and neurogenesis......Page 580 Maternal hypothyroxinemia due to Iodine deficiency: effects on fetal neurocognitive development......Page 581 MRS technique and methodology......Page 582 N-Acetyl Aspartate......Page 583 Brain MRS Findings in Neonates with Hypothyroidism due to Intrauterine Iodine Deficiency: A Representative Study......Page 584 Hypothyroidism and Major Cerebral Metabolites: Effects of Thyroxine Therapy on N-Acetyl Aspartate and Choline Levels......Page 586 References......Page 587 Mental retardation (MR)......Page 589 Iodine and MR......Page 590 Neurological examination......Page 591 Singular-locus association analysis......Page 592 Discussion......Page 593 Summary Points......Page 594 References......Page 595 Introduction......Page 596 DNA damage in adult rat brain......Page 597 DNA damage in offspring rat brain cells......Page 598 What Can We Learn From TheseStudies?......Page 599 References......Page 601 Introduction......Page 603 Diagnostic criteria for ADHD......Page 604 A step-by-step approach to comprehension of the pathogenesis of iodine deficiency-related ADHD: ADHD in children with GRTH......Page 605 Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of iodine deficiency in the study area......Page 606 Iodine deficiency and ADHD: the link......Page 607 Iodine deficiency and ADHD: the results......Page 608 Iodine deficiency and ADHD: maternal thyroid function vs. ADHD......Page 609 Iodine deficiency and ADHD: conclusions......Page 610 References......Page 613 Introduction......Page 615 Applied Techniques......Page 617 Iodine......Page 619 Bromine......Page 620 Chlorine......Page 621 Correlation Between Elements......Page 622 References......Page 624 Introduction......Page 627 Background......Page 628 Iodine-deficiency-related early gestational hypothyroxinemia......Page 629 Effects of “silent iodine prophylaxis” and iodized salt implementation programs in pregnant women......Page 630 Evidence and timing of the physiological mechanisms designed to guarantee adequate bioavailability of thyroid hormone/iodine to the fetus......Page 632 Maternal hypothyroxinemia may affect fetal neurodevelopment......Page 633 Current Opinions of Iodine-Deficiency-Related Hypothyroxinemia: Comment and Criticism......Page 634 References......Page 635 Introduction......Page 637 Iodine and Selenium Interactions and the Endocrine System......Page 638 Myxedematous Cretinism......Page 639 Iodine, selenium deficiency, and bone metabolism......Page 642 Epidemiology of Kashin–Beck disease......Page 644 Clinical presentation of Kashin–Beck disease......Page 645 Concluding Remarks......Page 648 References......Page 650 Introduction......Page 653 Normal Iodine and Thyroid Physiology......Page 654 Amiodarone and iodine excess......Page 655 Hyperthyroidism and Neuromuscular Dysfunction......Page 656 Myopathy......Page 657 Hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis......Page 658 Myasthenia gravis......Page 659 Myopathy......Page 660 Rhabdomyolysis......Page 661 References......Page 662 Introduction......Page 664 Effect of Early Maternal Hypothyroxinemia on CNS Development......Page 665 Pregnant Women with Iodine Deficiency in Iodine-Sufficient Areas: How Common is Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnant Women in Developed Countries?......Page 666 Diagnosis of Iodine Deficiency and Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnant Women......Page 667 Options to Correct Iodine Deficiency and Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnant Women......Page 668 Undesirable Consequences of Iodine Supplementation......Page 669 References......Page 670 Prevention and Treatment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders......Page 672 Introduction: Founding of the ICCIDD......Page 673 The ICCIDD Network......Page 674 Regional activities......Page 675 Sustainability......Page 676 Conclusion......Page 677 References......Page 678 Introduction......Page 680 Mass fortification......Page 681 Commercially available products......Page 683 Forms of Iodine for Fortification and Issues in Fortification......Page 685 References......Page 687 Introduction......Page 689 Production......Page 690 Use of oxidative agents......Page 691 Labeling reactions......Page 693 Prosthetic groups......Page 695 Biomolecule labeling......Page 698 Tumor imaging......Page 699 Infection and inflammation imaging......Page 702 References......Page 703 Introduction......Page 705 Summary Points......Page 708 References......Page 709 Introduction......Page 711 Estimation of iodine consumption in Sweden......Page 712 Thyroid scintigraphy and ultrasonography......Page 713 Intrathyroidal iodine content by X-ray fluorescence analysis (see also Chapter 3)......Page 714 Thyroid cancer and lifelong iodine supplementation......Page 715 Summary Points......Page 716 References......Page 717 Introduction......Page 718 Impact of iodized salt in Switzerland (1920–1934)......Page 719 Effectiveness of iodization in New Guinea (1966–1970)......Page 720 Iodine supplementation through irrigation water protects damaged reproduction: the most important consequence of iodine deficiency......Page 721 Effects of iodine intervention in the livestock population......Page 722 Eastern India......Page 723 Summary Points......Page 724 References......Page 725 Introduction......Page 726 Contribution of AP versus SP......Page 727 References......Page 733 Introduction......Page 735 Treatment of Toxic Adenoma and Toxic Multinodular Goiter......Page 736 Treatment modalities......Page 737 Radioiodine Treatment......Page 738 Surgery......Page 739 Discrimination between benign and malignant thyroid disease......Page 740 Natural course and medical treatment......Page 742 Medical treatment modalities......Page 743 Summary Points......Page 744 References......Page 745 Introduction......Page 747 Iodinated lipids......Page 748 Mammary tissue......Page 749 Placebo-controlled human efficacy trials with molecular iodine (I2)......Page 750 Safety trials with I2......Page 752 References......Page 755 Introduction......Page 757 Present......Page 758 Neonates, children, and adolescents......Page 759 Perspectives......Page 760 Summary Points......Page 761 References......Page 762 Introduction......Page 763 Thyroid Ultrasonography......Page 764 Autoimmune diseases before and after salt iodization......Page 765 Differentiated thyroid cancer before and after salt iodization......Page 766 Discussion......Page 767 References......Page 768 Abbreviations......Page 770 Applied research that provided the scientific basis for the national program......Page 771 The new monitoring and surveillance role inthe National IDD Elimination Program......Page 772 Legislation, regulations and enforcement of USI......Page 774 Points for reflection......Page 776 Snapshot on Tibet......Page 777 Summary Points......Page 778 References......Page 779 Current Status of Iodine Deficiency......Page 780 Improved Program of Iodine Prophylaxis in the Czech Republic......Page 781 Influence on ioduria......Page 783 Influence on thyroid volume......Page 784 Influence on thyroid function......Page 785 Summary and Conclusions......Page 787 References......Page 789 Introduction......Page 791 Change in Thyroid Iodine Kinetics......Page 792 Effect on Graves’ Disease......Page 793 Summary Points......Page 794 References......Page 795 Damage and Disease due to Iodine Toxicity......Page 796 Introduction......Page 797 Potential developmental toxic effects of excess iodine in humans......Page 798 Alterations of Maternal–Fetal Thyroid Hormone Metabolism Induced by Iodine Excess......Page 802 Modulation of Expression Pattern of Hox Genes by TH in Bone Differentiation, Growth and Development......Page 803 Summary Points......Page 804 References......Page 805 Introduction......Page 807 Iodine Prophylaxis and Thyroiditis......Page 808 Thyroiditis and Thyroid Cancer......Page 809 References......Page 810 The Thyroid Can Compensate for High Amounts of Iodine......Page 812 More Data on IIH Related to Iodine Prophylaxis......Page 813 IIH Underlying Mechanisms......Page 815 References......Page 816 Impact of chronic excessive iodine supplementation on the structure and function of the thyroid tissue......Page 817 Chronic excessive iodine supplementation decreased the ability of antioxidation......Page 819 The effect of iodine limitation on thyroid morphology, function and apoptosis......Page 820 Iodine supplementation at iodine deficient baseline may superpose the damages to thyroid morphological structure......Page 821 Effects of chronic excessive iodine supplementation on the morphology and structure of the thyroid......Page 822 Effects of chronic excessive iodine supplementation on the expression of apoptosis-related protein on infiltrated lymphocytes in thyroid from NOD.H-2h4 mice......Page 823 Effects of Chronic Excessive Iodine Supplementation on the Thyroid from NOD.H-2h4 Mice at Deficient Iodine Baseline......Page 824 References......Page 825 Introduction......Page 827 Drugs......Page 828 Metabolism and Transport of Iodine......Page 829 Preexisting Thyroid Abnormalities......Page 830 Amount of Iodine Intake......Page 832 Treatment of Iodine-Induced Hyperthyroidism......Page 833 Summary Points......Page 834 References......Page 835 Introduction......Page 837 Iodine Content in Edible Seaweeds......Page 838 Iodine-Induced Thyroid Disorders......Page 839 Goiter, Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Following Seaweed Consumption......Page 841 Thyrotoxicosis due to Ingestion of Seaweed or Seaweed-Containing Dietary Supplements......Page 844 References......Page 847 Introduction......Page 849 Physical and Chemical Properties of Iodate......Page 850 Metabolism and Kinetics of Iod Over two billion people worldwide are at risk for the spectrum of disorders known as "The Iodine Deficiency Disorders." 1-10% will suffer cretinism; 5-30% will have some sort of brain damage or neurological impairment and 30-70% will be hypothyroid.

The causes of iodine deficiencies can be considered from both simplistic and more complex perspectives: From the leaching of iodine from soil resulting in crops with low iodine content to malnutrition resulting in impaired iodine absorption. Poor dietary diversification and impoverished socio-economic development can also lead to iodine deficiencies.

Although it is possible to diagnose and treat deficiencies, there is still an ongoing dialogue regarding the detailed molecular pathology of iodine homeostatis, how hypothyroidism impacts the body tissues, and efficient diagnosis and treatment of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders.

This Handbook provides a resource of information on the various pathways and processes based on different countries or diseases. Because there is a constant flow of new information on iodine and related disorders, the goal of this Handbook is to provide a base of scientific information upon which additional knowledge can be applied.

Key Features:
*Provides important information on one of the most common micro-nutrient deficiencies in the world, the most important "single nutrient-multiple consequences" paradigm today
*Includes information on iodine-related diseases, including those that are common, preventable and treatable
*Provides insight from a broad perspective of viewpoints -- from subcellular transports to economic impact