Composite Materials for Aircraft Structures, Second Edition (Aiaa Education Series)

Offering An Introduction To The Technology Of Composite Materials As Used In Aeronautical Design And Structure, This Text Discusses Differences Between Composites And Metals, Structural Design Procedures, And The In-service Performance Of Those Materials. Introduction And Overview -- Basic Principles Of Fiber Composite Materials -- Fibers For Polymer-matrix Composites -- Polymeric Matrix Materials -- Component Form And Manufacture -- Structural Analysis -- Mechanical Property Measurement -- Properties Of Composite Systems -- Joining Of Composite Structures -- Repair Technology -- Quality Assurance -- Aircraft Applications And Design Issues -- Airworthiness Considerations For Airframe Structures -- Three-dimensionally Reinforced Preforms And Composites -- Smart Structures -- Knowledge-based Engineering, Computer-aided Design, And Finite Element Analysis -- Appendix. Overview Of Some Sensors And Actuators Used For Smart Structure Applications. [edited By] Alan Baker, Stuart Dutton, Donald Kelly. Rev. Ed. Of: Composite Materials For Aircraft Structures / Edited By B.c. Hoskin And A.a. Baker. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Table of Contents......Page 0 Front Matter......Page 1 Foreword......Page 4 Foreword to First Edition......Page 5 Contributors......Page 8 Preface......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 10 1.1 General......Page 15 1.3 High-Performance Fiber Composite Concepts......Page 17 1.4 Fiber Reinforcements......Page 20 1.5 Matrices......Page 21 1.7 Non-polymeric Composite Systems......Page 27 1.8 Hybrid Metal/PMC Composites......Page 33 Bibliography......Page 35 2.2 Micromechanical Versus Macromechanical View of Composites......Page 36 2.3 Micromechanics......Page 38 2.4 Elastic Constants......Page 39 2.5 Micromechanics Approach to Strength......Page 49 2.6 Simple Estimate of Compressive Strength......Page 55 2.7 Off-axis Strength in Tension......Page 58 2.8 Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Composites......Page 60 References......Page 66 3.1 Overview......Page 68 3.2 Glass Fibers......Page 70 3.3 Carbon Fibers......Page 76 3.4 Boron Fibers......Page 80 3.5 Silicon Carbide......Page 82 3.6 Aramid Fibers......Page 84 3.7 Orientated Polyethylene Fibers......Page 86 3.8 Dry Fiber Forms......Page 87 References......Page 92 4.1 Introduction......Page 94 4.2 Thermoset and Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix Materials......Page 99 4.3 Thermosetting Resin Systems......Page 101 4.4 Thermoplastic Systems......Page 121 References......Page 125 5.1 Introduction......Page 126 5.2 Outline of General Laminating Procedures......Page 128 5.3 Laminating Procedures For Aircraft-Grade Composite Components......Page 130 5.4 Liquid Resin Molding Techniques......Page 145 5.5 Filament Winding......Page 153 5.6 Pultrusion......Page 158 5.7 Process Modelling......Page 162 5.8 Tooling......Page 171 5.9 Special Thermoplastic Techniques......Page 175 References......Page 182 6.1 Overview......Page 183 6.2 Laminate Theory......Page 184 6.3 Stress Concentration and Edge Effects......Page 203 6.4 Failure Theories......Page 206 6.5 Fracture Mechanics......Page 215 6.6 Failure Prediction Near Stress Raisers and Damage Tolerance......Page 216 6.7 Buckling......Page 219 References......Page 221 7.1 Introduction......Page 224 7.2 Coupon Tests......Page 227 7.3 Laboratory Simulation of Environmental Effects......Page 236 7.4 Measurement of Residual Strength......Page 238 7.5 Measurement of Interlaminar Fracture Energy......Page 242 References......Page 248 8.1 Introduction......Page 250 8.2 Glass-Fiber Composite Systems......Page 252 8.3 Boron Fiber Composite Systems......Page 258 8.4 Aramid Fiber Composite Systems......Page 260 8.5 Carbon Fiber Systems......Page 268 8.6 Properties of Laminates......Page 273 8.7 Impact Damage Resistance......Page 274 8.8 Fatigue of Composite Laminates......Page 277 8.9 Environmental Effects......Page 287 References......Page 297 9.1 Introduction......Page 299 9.2 Comparison Between Mechanically Fastened and Adhesively Bonded Joints......Page 300 9.3 Adhesively Bonded Joints......Page 302 9.4 Mechanically Fastened Joints......Page 347 References......Page 376 10.2 Assessment of the Need to Repair......Page 379 10.4 Repair Requirements......Page 381 10.5 Non-patch Repairs......Page 384 10.6 Patch Repairs: General Considerations......Page 387 10.7 Bonded Patch Repairs......Page 389 10.8 Materials Engineering Aspects......Page 400 10.9 Application Technology: In Situ Repairs......Page 404 10.10 Bolted Repairs......Page 405 10.11 Materials Engineering Aspects......Page 408 References......Page 411 11.2 Quality Control......Page 413 11.3 Cure Monitoring......Page 418 11.4 Non-destructive Inspection of Advanced Composite Aerospace Structures......Page 424 11.5 Conclusion......Page 440 References......Page 441 12.2 Applications of Glass-Fiber Composites......Page 444 12.3 Current Applications......Page 445 12.4 Design Considerations......Page 456 12.5 Design of Carbon-Fiber-Based Components......Page 458 12.6 Design Methodologies......Page 471 12.7 A Value Engineering Approach to the Use of Composite Materials......Page 475 References......Page 483 13.1 Overview......Page 485 13.2 Certification of Airframe Structures......Page 488 13.3 The Development of Design Allowables......Page 490 13.4 Demonstration of Static Strength......Page 492 13.5 Demonstration of Fatigue Strength......Page 494 13.7 Assessment of the Impact Damage Threat......Page 495 References......Page 496 14.1 Introduction......Page 498 14.2 Stitching......Page 499 14.3 Z-Pinning......Page 505 14.4 Three-Dimensional Weaving......Page 509 14.5 Braiding......Page 514 14.6 Knitting......Page 522 14.7 Non-crimp Fabrics......Page 526 References......Page 530 15.1 Introduction......Page 532 15.2 Engineering Approaches......Page 533 15.3 Selected Applications and Demonstrators......Page 538 15.4 Key Technology Needs......Page 551 References......Page 552 16.1 Knowledge-Based Design Systems......Page 555 16.2 Finite Element Modelling of Composite Structures......Page 558 16.3 Finite Element Solution Process......Page 559 16.4 Element Types......Page 568 16.5 Finite Element Modelling of Composite Structures......Page 569 16.6 Implementation......Page 572 16.7 Design Optimization......Page 574 References......Page 575 A.1 Piezoelectric Materials......Page 576 A.2 Shape Memory Alloys......Page 578 A.3 Optical Fiber Sensors......Page 579 A.6 Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems......Page 582 A.7 Comparison Of Actuators......Page 583 References......Page 584 A......Page 586 B......Page 587 C......Page 588 D......Page 589 E......Page 590 F......Page 591 G......Page 592 K......Page 593 M......Page 594 N......Page 595 P......Page 596 Q......Page 597 S......Page 598 T......Page 600 W......Page 601 Z......Page 602 Annotation The second edition of this best-selling book provides an introduction to virtually all aspects of the technology of composite materials as used in aeronautical design and structure. The text discusses important differences in the technology of composites from that of metals - intrinsic substantive differences and their implications for manufacturing processes, structural design procedures, and in-service performance of the materials, particularly regarding the cause and nature of damage that may be sustained Since the first edition of this textbook in 1986, the use of high-performance polymer-matrix fiber composites in aircraft structures has grown steadily, although not as dramatically as predicted at that time.