Competitive physics 2. part Thermodynamics, electromagnetism and relativity : by physics olympiad medalists and trainers / Jinhui Wang, Bernard Ricardo

La 4e de couverture indique : " Written by a former Olympiad student, Wang Jinhui, and a Physics Olympiad national trainer, Bernard Ricardo, Competitive Physics delves into the art of solving challenging physics puzzles. This book not only expounds a multitude of physics topics from the basics but also illustrates how these theories can be applied to problems, often in an elegant fashion. With worked examples that depict various problem-solving sleights of hand and interesting exercises to enhance the mastery of such techniques, readers will hopefully be able to develop their own insights and be better prepared for physics competitions. Ultimately, problem-solving is a craft that requires much intuition. Yet this intuition, perhaps, can only be honed by trudging through an arduous but fulfilling journey of enigmas. This is the second part of a two-volume series and will mainly analyze thermodynamics, electromagnetism and special relativity. A brief overview of geometrical optics is also included." Contents Dedication Preface 1 Geometrical Optics 1.1 Light Rays 1.2 The Law of Reflection 1.3 Refraction 1.4 Total Internal Reflection 1.5 Fermat’s Principle 1.6 Optical Apparatus 1.6.1 Focusing Mirrors 1.6.2 Lenses 1.6.3 Applications of Lenses 1.6.4 Other Refracting Apparatus Problems Solutions 2 Thermodynamics and Ideal Gases 2.1 The Zeroth Law 2.2 Common Quantities in Thermodynamics 2.2.1 State Variables 2.2.2 Internal Energy 2.2.3 Heat and Work 2.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.4 Ideal Gases 2.4.1 Internal Energy 2.4.2 General and Reversible Work 2.5 Heat Capacity 2.6 Gas Flows 2.7 Kinetic Theory of Gases 2.7.1 Distribution Functions 2.7.2 Pressure 2.7.3 Effusion 2.7.4 Mean Free Path 2.7.5 Statistics of an Ideal Gas Problems Solutions 3 The Second Law and Heat Engines 3.1 Kelvin-Planck’s and Clausius’ Statements 3.2 Heat Engines and Refrigerators 3.2.1 Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck’s and Clausius’ Statements 3.2.2 Carnot’s Principles 3.2.3 What does it take to be Reversible? — The Carnot Engine 3.3 Clausius’ Inequality and Entropy 3.3.1 Entropy 3.3.2 Entropy Calculations 3.4 Fundamental Relation of Thermodynamics 3.4.1 Spontaneous Reactions Problems Solutions 4 Heat Transfer and Phase Transitions 4.1 Convection 4.2 Conduction 4.2.1 Equivalent Resistance 4.3 Radiation 4.3.1 Wien’s Displacement Law 4.3.2 Radiation at a Surface 4.3.3 System of Gray Bodies 4.4 Thermal Expansion 4.5 Phase Transitions 4.5.1 Phase Diagrams 4.5.2 Coexistence of Phases 4.5.3 Mixture of Gases Problems Solutions 5 Electrostatics 5.1 Electric Charges 5.2 Coulomb’s Law 5.3 Electric Field 5.4 Gauss’ Law 5.4.1 Applications of Gauss’ Law 5.5 Line Integral of Electrostatic Field 5.6 Electric Potential Energy 5.7 Electric Potential 5.8 Potential Energy of a System Problems Solutions 6 Conductors and Dielectrics 6.1 Properties of Conductors 6.2 The Uniqueness Theorems 6.2.1 First Uniqueness Theorem 6.2.2 Second Uniqueness Theorem 6.2.3 Electrostatic Shielding 6.2.4 Direct Construction of Solutions 6.2.5 Image Charges 6.3 Capacitors 6.3.1 An Elegant Method for Determining Total Charges 6.4 Electric Fields in Matter 6.4.1 Electric Dipoles 6.4.2 Multipole Expansion 6.4.3 Dielectrics 6.4.4 Bound Charges 6.4.5 Electric Displacement 6.4.6 Linear Dielectrics 6.4.7 Force on Dielectrics Problems Solutions 7 Magnetism 7.1 Lorentz Force Law and the Definition of Magnetic Field 7.2 Magnetic Field 7.2.1 Magnetic Field Lines 7.2.2 Magnetic Energy Density 7.3 Ampere’s Law 7.3.1 Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions 7.4 Motion in Magnetic Fields 7.4.1 Charge in Uniform Magnetic Field 7.4.2 Charge in Uniform and Perpendicular Electric and Magnetic Fields 7.4.3 Current Loop in Uniform Magnetic Field 7.5 Magnetic Fields in Matter 7.5.1 Bound Currents 7.5.2 Magnetic Susceptibility 7.5.3 Analogy between Magnetic and Electric Fields Problems Solutions 8 Currents and EMI 8.1 Voltage 8.2 Current 8.2.1 Microscopic View 8.2.2 Drude’s Model of Conduction 8.2.3 Ohm’s Law 8.3 Electromotive Force 8.4 Motional Emf 8.5 Induced Emf 8.6 Self-Inductance 8.7 Mutual Inductance 8.8 Ampere–Maxwell Law 8.9 Perfect Conductors and Superconductors 8.10 Force on Inductors 8.10.1 Pressure on Self-Inductor 8.10.2 Force Between Mutual Inductors 8.10.3 Distant Magnetic Field of Magnetic Dipole Problems Solutions 9 DC Circuits 9.1 Kirchhoff’s Laws 9.1.1 Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule 9.1.2 Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule 9.1.3 Sign Conventions 9.1.4 Definitions 9.1.5 Circuit Elements 9.1.6 Mesh Analysis 9.1.7 Nodal Analysis 9.2 The Principle of Superposition 9.3 Equipotential Points 9.4 Thevenin’s Theorem 9.4.1 Source Transformations 9.5 Y-Δ Transformations 9.6 Infinite Networks Problems Solutions 10 RLC and AC Circuits 10.1 Roles of Capacitors and Inductors 10.1.1 Series and Parallel Configurations 10.1.2 Sign Conventions 10.1.3 Short-term and Long-term Effects 10.1.4 Effects at All Times 10.1.5 Mutual Inductance 10.2 AC Circuits 10.2.1 Real Variables 10.2.2 Complex Variables 10.2.3 Method of Complex Admittance and Impedance 10.2.4 Root-Mean-Square Values Problems Solutions 11 Relativistic Kinematics 11.1 Frames of Reference 11.2 The Two Postulates 11.2.1 The Principle of Relativity 11.2.2 Invariance of the Speed of Light 11.2.3 Underlying Assumptions 11.3 Consequences of the Postulates 11.3.1 Conventions 11.3.2 Time 11.3.3 The Relativity of Simultaneity 11.3.4 Time Dilation 11.3.5 Length Contraction 11.4 Space-Time 11.5 The Lorentz Transformations and Active Transformations 11.6 Passive Transformations 11.7 The Invariant Interval 11.8 The Relativistic Speed Limit 11.9 Other Effects 11.9.1 Relativistic Velocity Addition 11.9.2 Acceleration 11.9.3 Rigid Objects 11.9.4 Relativistic Longitudinal Doppler Effect Problems Solutions 12 Relativistic Dynamics 12.1 Momentum 12.2 Relativistic Energy 12.3 Force and Coordinate Acceleration 12.4 Four-Vectors 12.4.1 Four-Coordinate 12.4.2 Four-Velocity 12.4.3 Four-Acceleration 12.4.4 Four-Momentum 12.4.5 Four-Force 12.4.6 Four-Wave Vector 12.5 Transformation of Electric and Magnetic Fields 12.5.1 Fields of a Moving Charge Problems Solutions Appendix: Michelson–Morley Experiment Index