زبان‌شناسی حقوقی مقایسه‌ای

The language of law reflects the overlapping, competing and co-existing nature of legal discourse; its form both the product of its linguistic history and a response to the fluidity of legal culture. This book examines legal language as a language for special purposes, evaluating the functions and characteristics of legal language and the terminology of law. Using examples drawn from major and lesser legal languages, it examines the major legal languages themselves, beginning with Latin through German, French and English. Each chapter includes an historical overview of the growth of the language, its international use, its coherence in the various countries using it and its relationship to cognate legal languages. Where relevant, the characteristics of legal cultures are described to explain the features of the legal language. The work will be a valuable resource for students, researchers and practitioners in the areas of comparative law, legal theory, semiotics, and linguistics. Contents......Page 6 Foreword......Page 12 Foreword to the Finnish Original......Page 14 PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION......Page 18 1 The Concept of Legal Language......Page 20 2 Genres of Legal Language......Page 21 3 Legal Linguistics as a Discipline......Page 23 4 The Importance of Legal-linguistic Knowledge......Page 36 5 Structure and Content of this Book......Page 38 PART 2: LEGAL LANGUAGE AS A LANGUAGE FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES......Page 46 2 Achieving Justice......Page 48 3 Transmission of Legal Messages......Page 50 4 Strengthening the Authority of the Law......Page 56 5 Strengthening Lawyers’ Team Spirit......Page 69 6 Linguistic Policy......Page 70 7 The Cultural Task of Legal Language......Page 75 1 Precision......Page 82 2 Information (Over)load......Page 89 3 Universality and Aloofness......Page 90 4 Systemic Character......Page 94 5 Structure and Formalism in Legal Texts......Page 98 6 Frequency of Initialisations and Acronyms......Page 105 7 Sentence Complexity and Diversity of Language Elements......Page 107 8 Archaism and Solemnity......Page 109 9 Proper Use of Legal Language......Page 113 1 Legal Concepts......Page 122 2 Characteristics of Legal Terminology......Page 125 3 Formation of Legal Terminology......Page 129 PART 3: THE MAJOR LEGAL LANGUAGES......Page 140 1 The Importance of Roman Law......Page 142 2 History of Legal Latin......Page 143 3 Latin in Modern Legal Languages......Page 153 4 The Communication Value of Legal Latin......Page 167 5 Dictionaries of Legal Latin......Page 174 1 History of Legal German......Page 176 2 Characteristics of Legal German......Page 190 3 International Importance of Legal German......Page 196 1 History of Legal French......Page 204 2 Characteristics of Legal French......Page 216 3 International Position Today......Page 228 1 The Common Law System......Page 238 2 Development of Legal English......Page 242 3 Characteristics of Legal English......Page 245 4 Legal English as a Global Language......Page 257 PART 4: CONCLUSION......Page 272 1 Changes in Legal-linguistic Dominance in the International Arena......Page 274 2 Terminological Interaction between Legal Languages......Page 276 3 Problems of Lexical Comprehension......Page 278 4 The Need for Jurilinguistic Research on Legal Institutions and Concepts......Page 282 Alphabetic Bibliography......Page 286 Systematic Bibliography......Page 312 Foreign Terms and Expressions......Page 322 Index......Page 334 A......Page 335 B......Page 336 C......Page 337 D......Page 341 E......Page 342 G......Page 344 H......Page 345 I......Page 346 L......Page 348 M......Page 351 N......Page 352 O......Page 353 P......Page 354 R......Page 356 S......Page 357 T......Page 360 V......Page 362 Y......Page 363 Contents 6 Foreword 12 Foreword to the Finnish Original 14 PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 18 1 Legal Language and Legal Linguistics 20 1 The Concept of Legal Language 20 2 Genres of Legal Language 21 3 Legal Linguistics as a Discipline 23 4 The Importance of Legal-linguistic Knowledge 36 5 Structure and Content of this Book 38 PART 2: LEGAL LANGUAGE AS A LANGUAGE FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES 46 2 Functions of Legal Language 48 1 Importance of the Theory of Communication 48 2 Achieving Justice 48 3 Transmission of Legal Messages 50 4 Strengthening the Authority of the Law 56 5 Strengthening Lawyers’ Team Spirit 69 6 Linguistic Policy 70 7 The Cultural Task of Legal Language 75 3 Characteristics of Legal Language 82 1 Precision 82 2 Information (Over)load 89 3 Universality and Aloofness 90 4 Systemic Character 94 5 Structure and Formalism in Legal Texts 98 6 Frequency of Initialisations and Acronyms 105 7 Sentence Complexity and Diversity of Language Elements 107 8 Archaism and Solemnity 109 9 Proper Use of Legal Language 113 4 Legal Terminology 122 1 Legal Concepts 122 2 Characteristics of Legal Terminology 125 3 Formation of Legal Terminology 129 PART 3: THE MAJOR LEGAL LANGUAGES 140 5 The Heritage of Legal Latin 142 1 The Importance of Roman Law 142 2 History of Legal Latin 143 3 Latin in Modern Legal Languages 153 4 The Communication Value of Legal Latin 167 5 Dictionaries of Legal Latin 174 6 Legal German 176 1 History of Legal German 176 2 Characteristics of Legal German 190 3 International Importance of Legal German 196 7 Legal French 204 1 History of Legal French 204 2 Characteristics of Legal French 216 3 International Position Today 228 8 Legal English 238 1 The Common Law System 238 2 Development of Legal English 242 3 Characteristics of Legal English 245 4 Legal English as a Global Language 257 PART 4: CONCLUSION 272 9 Lexical Comprehension and Research Needs 274 1 Changes in Legal-linguistic Dominance in the International Arena 274 2 Terminological Interaction between Legal Languages 276 3 Problems of Lexical Comprehension 278 4 The Need for Jurilinguistic Research on Legal Institutions and Concepts 282 Alphabetic Bibliography 286 Systematic Bibliography 312 Foreign Terms and Expressions 322 Index 334 A 335 B 336 C 337 D 341 E 342 F 344 G 344 H 345 I 346 J 348 K 348 L 348 M 351 N 352 O 353 P 354 Q 356 R 356 S 357 T 360 U 362 V 362 W 363 X 363 Y 363 The Language Of Law Reflects The Overlapping, Competing And Co-existing Nature Of Legal Discourse; Its Form Both The Product Of Its Linguistic History And A Response To The Fluidity Of Legal Culture. This Book Examines Legal Language As A Language For Special Purposes, Evaluating The Functions And Characteristics Of Legal Language And The Terminology Of Law. Using Examples Drawn From Major And Lesser Legal Languages, It Examines The Major Legal Languages Themselves, Beginning With Latin Through German, French And English. Each Chapter Includes An Historical Overview Of The Growth Of The Language, Its International Use, Its Coherence In The Various Countries Using It And Its Relationship To Cognate Legal Languages. Where Relevant, The Characteristics Of Legal Cultures Are Described To Explain The Features Of The Legal Language.--book Jacket. Legal Language And Legal Linguistics -- Functions Of Legal Language -- Characteristics Of Legal Language -- Legal Terminology -- The Heritage Of Legal Latin -- Legal German -- Legal French -- Legal English -- Lexical Comprehension And Research Needs. Heikki E.s. Mattila ; Translated By Christopher Goddard. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [269]-304) And Index. Legal language does not qualify as a language in the same way as French, Finnish, or Arabic, for example.