Comparative Demography of the Syrian Diaspora: European and Middle Eastern Destinations (European Studies of Population, 20)

This book provides a demographic profile of the Syrian diaspora into Europe and identifies the issue of forced migration as a separate and increasingly salient topic within the more general field of migration research. It describes the progressive increase in numbers of Syrian refugees in different European countries during recent years and gives a demographic profile of the Syrian refugee population. The book also compares and synthesizes the demographic profiles presented, to show how the population of Syrian refugees differs from country to county in terms of age structure, sex ratio, family status, educational attainment and other social and economic characteristics. By providing a solid empirical portrait based on national and international statistics, this book will be a great resource to students, academics in migration and refugee studies as well as social scientists and policy-makers in European countries. Preface Contents Part I: Genesis of the Syrian Diaspora Chapter 1: Conceptualizing the Syrian Refugee Crisis and Migration during Armed Conflict 1.1 The Syrian Refugee Crisis 1.2 Defining the Gaps- What Do We Not Understand That Could Be Useful? 1.3 Purpose of This Edited Volume 1.4 Social Science as a Foundation for the Study of Migration During Armed Conflict Chapter 2: Baseline Demographic Profile of Syria in 2009 2.1 Data Documentation 2.2 Population Characteristics 2.2.1 Population Age Structure 2.2.2 Education by Age and Sex 2.2.3 Education by Urban/Rural Residence 2.2.4 Education by Governate 2.2.5 Marital Status by Gender 2.3 Number of Live Births 2.4 Religious and Ethnic Composition 2.4.1 Short Political History: Baath Party 2.4.2 Alawites and Shias 2.4.3 Sunnis 2.4.4 Christians 2.4.5 Kurds 2.4.6 Druze References Chapter 3: Surveying Syrians in Diaspora: Methodological Aspects for Planning and Implementing Longitudinal Studies 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.3 Methods and Sampling 3.3.1 DiPAS Sampling and Interview Locations 3.3.2 DiPAS Thematic Scope and Questionnaires 3.3.3 DiPAS Samples 3.3.4 FIMAS Sampling and Interview Locations 3.3.5 FIMAS Thematic Scope and Questionnaires 3.3.6 FIMAS Samples 3.4 Reflections from the Field 3.4.1 Language 3.4.2 Sensitive Topics 3.4.3 Cultural Diversity 3.4.4 Contact and Response Rates in the Longitudinal Samples 3.5 Discussion References Part II: Population Movement to Front-Line States Chapter 4: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Turkey 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Movements of Syrians into Turkey and Legal Framework 4.3 Movements of Syrians Out of Turkey 4.4 Other Status Holder Syrians in Turkey 4.5 Size and Demographic Structure of the Syrian Population in Turkey 4.6 Geographical Distribution of the Syrian Population in Turkey 4.7 Syrian Refugees in Turkey and Education 4.8 Labor Force Participation of Syrians in Turkey 4.9 Discussion References Chapter 5: The Situation of Syrian Women in Turkey 5.1 Problems of Women Among Syrian Refugees 5.2 Polygamy as a Social Problem in Turkish Society 5.3 Polygamy as a Problem for Displaced Syrian Women 5.4 Research Design 5.4.1 In-depth Interview Procedures 5.4.2 Content Analysis 5.5 Results of Interviews and Participant Observation 5.6 Results of Content Analysis 5.6.1 Women Abuse, Child Abuse and Sex Trafficking 5.6.2 Blaming the Syrian Women 5.6.3 Marriages to “Save” Syrian Women 5.7 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Jordan and Lebanon 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Policy Context for the Syrian Refugee Response in Jordan and Lebanon 6.2.1 Lebanon 6.2.2 Jordan 6.2.3 Policies Towards Palestine Refugees from Syria 6.3 Data Sources 6.4 Number, Geographic Distribution and Age-Sex Structure of the Syrian Population 6.4.1 Number of Syrians Over Time 6.4.2 Geographic Distribution 6.4.3 Population Structure 6.5 Marital Status and Household Structure 6.6 Educational Attainment 6.6.1 Educational Enrollments of Current Refugee Children 6.7 Discussion and Conclusions References Part III: Population Movement to Non-contiguous European States Chapter 7: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Austria 7.1 Syrians in Austria: Time Line of Migration Flows 7.2 Characteristics of the Syrian Population in Austria 7.2.1 Legal Status 7.2.2 Housing and Residential Location 7.2.3 Fertility 7.3 Micro-level Data on Syrian Refugees in Austria 7.3.1 Educational Profile and Economic Status 7.3.2 Family Status 7.3.3 Economic Status 7.3.4 Ethnic and Religious Identity 7.4 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Belgium 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Data Sources and Literature on Population of Syrian Origin in Belgium 8.3 Syrian Migration into Belgium, 2011–2017 8.3.1 Immigration to Belgium: Recent Trends 8.3.2 Declared Migration and International Protection 8.3.3 Syrian Asylum Seekers in Belgium: Mode of Arrival and Recognition Rates 8.3.4 Demographic Changes in Immigration Flows 8.3.5 Legal Processes for Syrian Immigration 8.3.6 Outmigration 8.4 Population of Syrian Origin: Size and Composition 8.4.1 Syrian Nationals (Current Syrian Nationality) and People of Syrian Origin (Syrian Nationality at Birth) 8.4.2 Country of Birth of People of Syrian Origin in Belgium: A Large Majority of Immigrants 8.4.3 Changes in Age and Sex Composition, 2011–2017 8.4.4 Comparison of Age and Sex Composition with Other Groups 8.5 Characteristics of Syrian Population Circa 2017 8.5.1 Type of Residence Permit 8.5.2 Geographic Distribution 8.5.3 Family Status and Living Arrangements 8.5.4 Economic Activities 8.6 Conclusion Annex (Tables 8.10, 8.11, and 8.12) References Chapter 9: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Germany and Aspects of Integration 9.1 Migration from Syria to Germany 9.2 Developments since the Outbreak of the War in Syria 2011 9.2.1 Syrian Migrants in Germany in 2010 9.2.2 In- and Out-Migration from 2010 to 2017 9.2.2.1 Overview 9.2.2.2 Asylum 9.2.2.3 Humanitarian Admission and Resettlement 9.2.2.4 Family Migration 9.2.2.5 Further Types of Migration 9.2.2.6 Return to Syria and Onward Migration to Other Countries 9.3 Syrian Migrants in Germany 2016/2017 9.3.1 Duration of Stay and Residence Status 9.3.2 Age and Sex Ratio 9.3.3 Spatial Distribution and Housing 9.3.3.1 Spatial Distribution 9.3.3.2 Housing 9.3.4 Family Status and Living Arrangements 9.3.5 Educational Profile 9.3.6 Economic Status 9.3.7 Ethnic and Religious Affiliation 9.3.8 Acquisition of German citizenship 9.4 Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 10: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Italy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Arrival and Registration: Contradictory Statistics 10.3 Demographic Characteristics and Geographic Distribution of Syrians in Italy 10.4 A Summary Picture of Syrians in Italy References Chapter 11: Demographic Profile of Syrians in the Netherlands 11.1 Introduction and Background 11.2 Syrian Population by Age and Sex in 2010–2011 11.3 Annual In/Out-Migration of Syrians 2010–2017 11.4 Resident Syrian Population by Age and Sex in 2018 11.5 Legal Status of the Syrian Population, 2018 11.6 Residential Location and Housing 11.7 An Educational Profile 11.8 Family Status and Living Arrangements 11.9 Economic Status and Labour Market Situation 11.10 Identity, Health and Return Intentions References Chapter 12: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Norway 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Syrian Immigrants Living in Norway in 2011 12.2.1 Age and Duration of Stay: Similar to Other Immigrants 12.2.2 The Majority Were Norwegian Citizens 12.2.3 Many Refugees and Family Migrants 12.2.4 Most Adult Women Were Married 12.2.5 Many Lived in Oslo, Larvik and Kristiansand 12.3 In- and Out-Migration of Syrians 2011–2018 12.3.1 Emigration: Few Leave, but Some Go to Sweden 12.4 Syrians in Norway in 2018 12.4.1 From the 50th to the 5th Largest Immigrant Group 12.4.2 A High Share of Children 12.4.3 Large Majority of Men, Particularly in the 20s 12.4.4 Mainly Syrian Citizens 12.4.5 Nearly Four Out of Five Are Refugees 12.4.6 Most Men Are Unmarried 12.4.7 Many in Northern and Southern Norway 12.4.8 Others with a Syrian Background 12.4.9 Education: Fewer Have Attained Upper Secondary or Higher Education 12.5 Summary: Change from 2011 to 2018 References Chapter 13: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Poland 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Forms and Procedures of Assistance to Individuals Seeking Residency in Poland 13.2.1 International Protection 13.2.2 Permanent Residence 13.2.3 European Union Long-Term Residence 13.2.4 Temporary Residence 13.3 Evolution of the Number and Spatial Distribution of Syrian Refugees in Poland 13.3.1 The Influx of Refugees into Poland, 1992–2017 13.3.2 Fluctuations in the Influx of Syrian Citizens into Poland 13.4 Number of Syrian Refugees in Poland 13.5 Spatial Distribution of Syrian Refugees in Poland 13.6 Demographic and Social Structures Among Syrian Refugees in Poland 13.7 Conclusions References Chapter 14: Demographic Profile of Syrians in Sweden 14.1 Syrian Migration to Sweden 14.2 Syrian Migrants in Sweden in 2010 14.2.1 Population Composition and Duration of Stay 14.2.2 Family Structure 14.2.3 Education 14.2.4 Citizenship and Reason for Migration 14.3 Syrian Migrants in Sweden in 2017 14.3.1 Population Composition and Duration of Stay 14.3.2 Family Structure 14.3.3 Education 14.3.4 Citizenship and Reason for Migration 14.4 Conclusion Appendix References Part IV: Comparative Perspectives on the Syrian Diaspora Chapter 15: Differences Among European States Involving Syrian Asylum Seekers 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Trends of Syrian Applicants in the EU 15.3 The Legal Framework 15.4 European Member States’ Treatment of Syrian Asylum Seekers 15.4.1 The Approach 15.4.1.1 Data 15.4.1.2 Indicators 15.4.2 Method 15.4.3 Empirical Evidence 15.5 Explaining Differences Across the European Union 15.5.1 Differences in the Distribution Among the European Member States 15.5.2 Differences in the Recognition Rate 15.6 Conclusions 15.7 Glossary References Chapter 16: Demographic Comparisons of Syrian Populations 16.1 Destinations of Syrian Migrants 16.2 Age and Sex 16.2.1 Age Distributions for Syrian Men 16.2.2 Age Distributions for Syrian Women 16.2.3 Sex Ratios of Syrian Men to Women for Age Groups 16.3 Selection by Educational Attainment 16.4 Choice of Destinations: Migrant Preferences and National Policies 16.5 Conclusions References