Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets (The University of Arizona Space Science Series)

The early development of life, a fundamental question for humankind, requires the presence of a suitable planetary climate. Our understanding of how habitable planets come to be begins with the worlds closest to home. Venus, Earth, and Mars differ only modestly in their mass and distance from the Sun, yet their current climates could scarcely be more divergent. Only Earth has abundant liquid water, Venus has a runaway greenhouse, and evidence for life-supporting conditions on Mars points to a bygone era. In addition, an Earth-like hydrologic cycle has been revealed in a surprising Saturns cloud-covered satellite Titan has liquid hydrocarbon rain, lakes, and river networks. Deducing the initial conditions for these diverse worlds and unraveling how and why they diverged to their current climates is a challenge at the forefront of planetary science. Through the contributions of more than sixty leading experts in the field, Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets sets forth the foundations for this emerging new science and brings the reader to the forefront of our current understanding of atmospheric formation and climate evolution. Particular emphasis is given to surface-atmosphere interactions, evolving stellar flux, mantle processes, photochemistry, and interactions with the interplanetary environment, all of which influence the climatology of terrestrial planets. From this cornerstone, both current professionals and most especially new students are brought to the threshold, enabling the next generation of new advances in our own solar system and beyond. Contents Part Foundations Jim Hansen Mark Bullock Scot Rafkin Caitlin Griffith Shawn Domagal-Goldman and Antigona Segura Kevin Zahnle Part The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Dynamics Curt Covey G. Schubert and J. Mitchell Tim Dowling Francois Forget and Sebastien Lebonnois Vladimir Krasnopolsky Adam Showman Part Clouds, Hazes, and Precipitation Larry Esposito A. Mttnen, K. Prot, F. Montmessin, and A. Hauchecorne Nilton Renno Zibi Turtle Mark Marley Part Surface-Atmosphere Interactions Colin Goldblatt Teresa Segura et al. John Grotzinger Adrian Lenardic D. A. Brain, F. Leblanc, J. G. Luhmann, T. E. Moore, and F. Tian Part Solar Influences on Planetary Climate Aaron Zent Jerry Harder F. Tian, E. Chassefiere, F. Leblanc, and D. Brain David Des Marais Foreword J. E. Hansen Preface M. A. Bullock, A. A. Simon-Miller, J. W. Harder, S. J. Mackwell Part I: Foundations 1. Climate Physics 101: The Earth A. D. Del Genio 2. The Atmosphere and Climate of Venus M. A. Bullock and D. H. Grinspoon 3. Mars: Atmosphere and Climate Overview S. C. R. Rafkin, J. L. Hollingsworth, M. A. Mischna, C. E. Newman, M. I. Richardson 4. Titan's Evolving Climate C. A. Griffith, J. L. Mitchell, P. Lavvas, G. Tobie 5. Exoplanet Climates S. D. Domagal-Goldman A. Segura 6. The Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets: Clues to the Origins and Early Evolution of Venus, Earth, and Mars K. H. Baines, S. K. Atreya, M. A. Bullock, D. H. Grinspoon, P. Mahaffy, C. T. Russell, G. Schubert, K. Zahnle Part II: Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Dynamics 7. The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Feedbacks C. Covey, R. M. Haberle, C. P. McKay, D. V. Titov 8. Planetary Atmospheres as Heat Engines G. Schubert and J. L. Mitchell 9. Earth General Circulation Models T. E. Dowling 10. Global Climate Models of the Terrestrial Planets F. Forget and S. Lebonnois 11. Chemistry of the Atmospheres of Mars, Venus, and Titan V. A. Krasnopolsky and F. Lefevre 12. Atmospheric Circulation of Terrestrial Exoplanets A. P. Showman, R. D. Wordsworth, T. M. Merlis, Y. Kaspi Part III: Clouds and Hazes 13. Clouds and Aerosols on the Terrestrial Planets L. W. Esposito, A. Colaprete, J. English, R. M. Haberle, M. A. Kahre 14. The Lifting of Aerosols and Their Effects on Atmospheric Dynamics N. O. Renno, D. Halleaux, H. Elliott, J. F. Kok 15. Clouds and Hazes in Exoplanet Atmospheres M. S. Marley, A. S. Ackerman, J. N. Cuzzi, D. Kitzmann 16. Mesospheric Clouds on Mars and on Earth A. Määttänen, K. Pérot, F. Montmessin, A. Hauchecorne Part IV: Surface and Interior 17. The Effects of Impacts on the Climates of Terrestrial Planets T. L. Segura, K. Zahnle, O. B. Toon, C. P. McKay 18. Sedimentary Processes on Earth, Mars, Titan and Venus J. P. Grotzinger, A. G. Hayes, M. P. Lamb, S. M. McLennan 19. Mantle Convection and Outgassing on Terrestrial Planets C. O'Neill, A. Lenardic, T. Höink, N. Coltice 20. Planetary Magnetic Fields and Climate Evolution D. A. Brain, F. Leblanc, J. G. Luhmann, T. E. Moore, F. Tian Part V: Solar Influences 21. Orbital Drivers of Climate Change on Earth and Mars A. P. Zent 22. Solar Irradiance Variability and Its Impacts on the Earth Climate System J. W. Harder, T. N. Woods 23. Atmosphere Escape and Climate Evolution of Terrestrial Planets F. Tian, E. Chassefière, F. Leblanc, D. A. Brain 24. Planetary Climate and the Search for Life D. J. Des Marais List of Contributing Authors and Acknowledgement of Reviewers Foreword / J.E. Hansen Preface / M.A. Bullock, A.A. Simon-Miller, J.W. Harder, S.J. Mackwell Part I: Foundations Physical Processes Controlling Earth's Climate / A.D. Del Genio The Atmosphere and Climate of Venus / M.A. Bullock and D.H. Grinspoon Mars: Atmosphere and Climate Overview / S.C.R. Rafkin, J.L. Hollingsworth, M.A. Mischna, C.E. Newman, M.I. Richardson Titan's Evolving Climate / C.A. Griffith, J.L. Mitchell, P. Lavvas, G. Tobie Exoplanet Climates / S.D. Domagal-Goldman / A. Segura The Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets: Clues to the Origins and Early Evolution of Venus, Earth, and Mars / K.H. Baines, S.K. Atreya, M.A. Bullock, D.H. Grinspoon, P. Mahaffy, C.T. Russell, G. Schubert, K. Zahnle Part II: Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Dynamics The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Feedbacks / C. Covey, R.M. Haberle, C.P. McKay, D.V. Titov Planetary Atmospheres as Heat Engines / G. Schubert and J.L. Mitchell Earth General Circulation Models / T.E. Dowling Global Climate Models of the Terrestrial Planets / F. Forget and S. Lebonnois Chemistry of the Atmospheres of Mars, Venus, and Titan / V.A. Krasnopolsky and F. Lefevre Atmospheric Circulation of Terrestrial Exoplanets / A.P. Showman, R.D. Wordsworth, T.M. Merlis, Y. Kaspi Part III: Clouds and Hazes Clouds and Aerosols on the Terrestrial Planets / L.W. Esposito, A. Colaprete, J. English, R.M. Haberle, M.A. Kahre The Lifting of Aerosols and Their Effects on Atmospheric Dynamics / N.O. Renno, D. Halleaux, H. Elliott, J.F. Kok Clouds and Hazes in Exoplanet Atmospheres / M.S. Marley, A.S. Ackerman, J.N. Cuzzi, D. Kitzmann Mesospheric Clouds on Mars and on Earth / A. Maattanen, K. Perot, F. Montmessin, A. Hauchecorne Part IV: Surface and Interior The Effects of Impacts on the Climates of Terrestrial Planets / T.L. Segura, K. Zahnle, O.B. Toon, C.P. McKay Sedimentary Processes on Earth, Mars, Titan and Venus / J.P. Grotzinger, A.G. Hayes, M.P. Lamb, S.M. McLennan Mantle Convection and Outgassing on Terrestrial Planets / C. O'Neill, A. Lenardic, T. Hoink, N. Coltice Planetary Magnetic Fields and Climate Evolution / D.A. Brain, F. Leblanc, J.G. Luhmann, T.E. Moore, F. Tian Part V: Solar Influences Orbital Drivers of Climate Change on Earth and Mars / A.P. Zent Solar Irradiance Variability and Its Impacts on the Earth Climate System / J.W. Harder, T.N. Woods Atmosphere Escape and Climate Evolution of Terrestrial Planets / F. Tian, E. Chassefiere, F. Leblanc, D.A. Brain Planetary Climate and the Search for Life / D.J. Des Marais Index. The early development of life, a fundamental question for humankind, requires the presence of a suitable planetary climate. Our understanding of how habitable planets come to be begins with the worlds closest to home. Venus, Earth, and Mars differ only modestly in their mass and distance from the Sun, yet their current climates could scarcely be more divergent. Only Earth has abundant liquid water, Venus has a runaway greenhouse, and evidence for life-supporting conditions on Mars points to a bygone era. In addition, an Earth-like hydrologic cycle has been revealed in a surprising place: Saturn's cloud-covered satellite Titan has liquid hydrocarbon rain, lakes, and river networks.Deducing the initial conditions for these diverse worlds and unraveling how and why they diverged to their current climates is a challenge at the forefront of planetary science. Through the contributions of more than sixty leading experts in the field,Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planetssets forth the foundations for this emerging new science and brings the reader to the forefront of our current understanding of atmospheric formation and climate evolution. Particular emphasis is given to surface-atmosphere interactions, evolving stellar flux, mantle processes, photochemistry, and interactions with the interplanetary environment, all of which influence the climatology of terrestrial planets. From this cornerstone, both current professionals and most especially new students are brought to the threshold, enabling the next generation of new advances in our own solar system and beyond.Contents Part I: FoundationsJim HansenMark BullockScot RafkinCaitlin GriffithShawn Domagal-Goldman and Antigona SeguraKevin ZahnlePart II: The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric DynamicsCurt CoveyG. Schubert and J. MitchellTim DowlingFrancois Forget and Sebastien LebonnoisVladimir KrasnopolskyAdam ShowmanPart III: Clouds, Hazes, and PrecipitationLarry EspositoA. Määttänen, K. Pérot, F. Montmessin, and A. HauchecorneNilton RennoZibi TurtleMark MarleyPart IV: Surface-Atmosphere InteractionsColin GoldblattTeresa Segura et al.John GrotzingerAdrian LenardicD. A. Brain, F. Leblanc, J. G. Luhmann, T. E. Moore, and F. TianPart V: Solar Influences on Planetary ClimateAaron ZentJerry HarderF. Tian, E. Chassefiere, F. Leblanc, and D. BrainDavid Des Marais