Companion Encyclopedia of Geography: The Environment and Humankind (Routledge Companion Encyclopedias)

Annotation The Companion Encyclopedia of Geography provides an authoritative and provocative source of reference for all those concerned with the earth and its people. This Companion examines both physical and human geography, and the relationship between the two. An international team of forty-seven geographers, all recognized figures in their discipline, chart the development of humankind's diverse habitat and the social and economic activities within that habitat up to the present day, and look to the future. The work is divided into six parts: A differentiated world * A world transformed by the growth of a global economy * The global scale of habitat modification * A world of questions * Changing worlds, changing geographies * Geographical futures The forty-five self-contained chapters are bound into a unifying whole by the editors' general and part introductions; each chapter provides details of the most useful sources of further reading and research, and the volume concludes with a comprehensive index. This is an invaluable resource not only for students, teachers and researchers, but also for professionals in commercial and public sector organizations Planet Earth / Cliff D. Ollier -- The Ever-changing Climate / Andrew Goudie -- The Biosphere / Alfred G. Fischer -- Human Evolution / Bernard Wood -- The Geography Of Language / William C. Brice -- Religion : Nature And Origins / E. Geoffrey Parrinder -- The Modification Of The Earth By Humans In Pre-industrial Times / I.g. Simmons -- European Settlement, 1450-1750 / Len Guelke And Jeanne Kay -- European Expansion And Land Cover Transformation / Michael Williams -- The Origins Of The Capitalist World Economy / John Langton -- Industrialization And World Agriculture / Brian W. Ilbery And Ian R. Bowler -- Changes In Global Demography / John I. Clarke -- Origins Of Modern Environmentalism / J.m. Powell -- The Saviour City : Beneficial Effects Of Urbanization In England And Wales / Brian T. Robson -- From A 'cultural' World To A 'political' One / Paul Claval -- Unity And Division In Global Political Geography / Peter Taylor --^ The Geography Of Conflicts And The Prospects For Peace / John O'loughlin -- A New 'geo-economy' : Patterns, Processes, Problems / Peter Dicken -- Third World Urbanization / Alan Gilbert -- From Riches To Rags : The International Debt Crisis / Stuart Corbridge -- Monitoring, Modelling, And Mothering The Environment : The Impact Of Science And Technology Since The Second World War / Richard Huggett -- Environmentalism On The Move / Timothy O'riordan -- Climatic Variation And Global Change / F. Kenneth Hare -- Ocean Uses : Environment And Management / Alastair D. Couper -- Water : Confronting The Critical Dilemma / Peter Crabb -- Surface Instability And Human Modifications In Geomorphic Systems / Jonathan D. Phillips And William H. Renwick -- The Tropical Rain Forest / John R. Flenly -- Humanity's Resources / I.g. Simmons -- Environmental Hazards / John Whittow -- The Sustainability Of Sustenance : Land And Agricultural Production In The Third World / William C. Clarke --^ Famines And Surplus In World Food Production / David Grigg -- The Nature Of Third World Cities / David Drakakis-smith -- Western Cities And Their Problems / David T. Herbert -- Changing Countrysides / Hugh Clout -- The Quality Of Life : Human Welfare And Social Justice / David M. Smith -- The Expansion And Fragmentation Of Geography In Higher Education / R.j. Johnston -- Achievements Of Spatial Science / Arild Holt-jensen -- Geography And Humanism In The Late Twentieth Century / Anne Buttimer -- Structural Themes In Geographical Discourse / Richard Peet -- Challenging The Boundaries : Survival And Change In A Gendered World / Janice Monk -- Place / Edward Relph -- Concern For Geography : A Case For Equal Emphasis Of The Geographical Traditions / Adetoye Faniran -- Home And World, Cosmopolitanism And Ethnicity : Key Concepts In Contemporary Human Geography / Yi-fu Tuan -- Paleoenvironmental Narrative And Scenario Science / Frank Oldfield --^ Geographical Futures : Some Personal Speculations / Peter Haggett. Edited By Ian Douglas, Richard Huggett, And Mike Robinson. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Book Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 4 Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 10 The Contributors......Page 14 General Introduction......Page 30 Introduction......Page 40 Planet Earth......Page 44 The ever-changing climate......Page 73 The biosphere......Page 96 Human evolution......Page 115 The geography of language......Page 136 Religion: nature and origins......Page 149 The modification of the earth by humans in pre-industrial times......Page 166 Introduction......Page 188 European settlement, 1450 1750......Page 191 European expansion and land cover transformation......Page 211 The origins of the capitalist world economy......Page 235 Industrialization and world agriculture......Page 257 Changes in global demography......Page 278 Origins of modern environmentalism......Page 303 The saviour city: beneficial effects of urbanization in England and Wales......Page 322 From a 'cultural' world to a 'political' one......Page 339 Introduction......Page 358 Unity and division in global political geography......Page 361 The geography of conflicts and the prospects for peace......Page 382 A new 'geo-economy': patterns, processes, problems......Page 399 Third World urbanization......Page 420 From riches to rags: the international debt crisis......Page 437 Monitoring, modelling and mothering the environment: the impact of science and technology since the Second World War......Page 459 Environmentalism on the move......Page 478 Introduction......Page 508 Climatic variation and global change......Page 511 Ocean uses, environment and management......Page 537 Water: confronting the critical dilemma......Page 555 Surface instability and human modification in geomorphic systems......Page 582 The tropical rain forest......Page 602 Humanity's resources......Page 628 Environmental hazards......Page 649 The sustainability of sustenance: land and agricultural production in the Third World......Page 680 Famines and surplus in world food production......Page 706 The nature of Third World cities......Page 731 Western cities and their problems......Page 759 Changing countrysides......Page 781 The quality of life: human welfare and social justice......Page 801 Introduction......Page 822 The expansion and fragmentation of geography in higher education......Page 823 Achievements of spatial science......Page 847 Geography and humanism in the late twentieth century......Page 866 Structural themes in geographical discourse......Page 889 Challenging the boundaries: survival and change in a gendered world......Page 917 Place......Page 935 Introduction......Page 954 Concern for geography: a case for equal emphasis of the geographical traditions......Page 955 Home and world, cosmopolitanism and ethnicity: key concepts in contemporary human geography......Page 968 Palaeoenvironmental narrative and scenario science......Page 981 Geographical futures: some personal speculations......Page 994 Index......Page 1003 The Companion Encyclopedia of Geography provides an authoritative and provocative source of reference for all those concerned with the earth and its people. Examining both physical and human geography and charting human activities within their habitat up to the present day, this Companion also asks what lies in the future: * A differentiated world * A world transformed by the growth of a global economy * The global scale of habitat modification * A world of questions * Changing worlds, changing geographies * Geographical futures. The forty-five self contained chapters are bound into a unifying whole by the editors' general and part introductions; each chapter provides details of the most useful sources of further reading and research, and the volume is concluded with a comprehensive index. This is an invaluable resource not only for students, teachers and researchers in the academic domain but also professionals in interested commercial and public-sector organisations. "Taking into account the doubling of the world's population and massive geopolitical changes, this classic reference work has almost tripled in size. The first new edition since 1952 has greater inclusion of developing nations, as reflected by over 5,000 entries from Brazil alone. Entries include political divisions (states, provinces, capitals), the physical world (oceans, mountains, volcanoes), and special places (military bases, dams, national parks). The Columbia Gazetteer is a truly monumental work that will continue to serve as the starting place for any geography search."--"Outstanding Reference Sources : the 1999 Selection of New Titles", American Libraries, May 1999. Comp. by the Reference Sources Committee, RUSA, ALA The distinctiveness of the geographical discipline has always lain in the extent to which it accommodates a concern for the physical as well as for the human environment and in its early vision of an integrated and holistic world: a habitat; a place of organic life. In 45 chapters a team of geographers have compiled a major work that will be an invaluable resource to not only students and teachers but also commercially motivated professionals in the private sector and public sector organisations too This Companion examines both physical and human geography and charts human activities within their various habitats up to the present day, and is an essential reference work for those concerned with the earth and its inhabitants.