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Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering takes an integrated approach to the sequence of topics – one specific structure, characteristic, or property type is covered in turn for all three basic material types: metals, ceramics, and polymeric materials. This presentation permits the early introduction of non-metals and supports the engineer's role in choosing materials based upon their characteristics. Using clear, concise terminology that is familiar to students, Fundamentals presents material at an appropriate level for both student comprehension and instructors who may not have a materials background. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering is available with WileyPLUS, an online teaching and learning environment that integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources to fit every learning style. The text builds student confidence with the opportunity to practice problems and complete homework with instant feedback in WileyPLUS. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Preface Acknowledgments Contents List of Symbols 1. Introduction Learning Objectives 1.1 Historical Perspective 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? Case Study—Liberty Ship Failures 1.4 Classification of Materials Case Study—Carbonated Beverage Containers 1.5 Advanced Materials 1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs Summary References Questions 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction ATOMIC STRUCTURE 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 2.4 The Periodic Table ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding Materials of Importance—Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 2.8 Mixed Bonding 2.9 Molecules 2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 3.3 Unit Cells 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 3.5 Density Computations—Metals 3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics 3.8 Silicate Ceramics 3.9 Carbon 3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 3.11 Crystal Systems Material of Importance—Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND PLANES 3.12 Point Coordinates 3.13 Crystallographic Directions 3.14 Crystallographic Planes 3.15 Linear and Planar Densities 3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 3.17 Single Crystals 3.18 Polycrystalline Materials 3.19 Anisotropy 3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 3.21 Noncrystalline Solids Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 4. Polymer Structures Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 4.3 Polymer Molecules 4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 4.5 Molecular Weight 4.6 Molecular Shape 4.7 Molecular Structure 4.8 Molecular Configurations 4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 4.10 Copolymers 4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 4.12 Polymer Crystals Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 5. Imperfections in Solids Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction POINT DEFECTS 5.2 Point Defects in Metals 5.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 5.4 Impurities in Solids 5.5 Point Defects in Polymers 5.6 Specification of Composition MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 5.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects 5.8 Interfacial Defects 5.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 5.10 Atomic Vibrations Materials of Importance—Catalysts (and Surface Defects) MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 5.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 5.12 Microscopic Techniques 5.13 Grain-Size Determination Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 6. Diffusion Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 6.3 Fick’s First Law 6.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 6.5 Factors that Influence Diffusion 6.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials Materials of Importance—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 6.7 Other Diffusion Paths 6.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 7. Mechanical Properties Learning Objectives 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain ELASTIC DEFORMATION 7.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 7.4 Anelasticity 7.5 Elastic Properties of Materials MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—METALS 7.6 Tensile Properties 7.7 True Stress and Strain 7.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 7.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—CERAMICS 7.10 Flexural Strength 7.11 Elastic Behavior 7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—POLYMERS 7.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 7.14 Macroscopic Deformation 7.15 Viscoelastic Deformation HARDNESS AND OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS 7.16 Hardness 7.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 7.19 Variability of Material Properties 7.20 Design/Safety Factors Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 8. Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms Learning Objectives 8.1 Introduction DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR METALS 8.2 Historical 8.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 8.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 8.5 Slip Systems 8.6 Slip in Single Crystals 8.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 8.8 Deformation by Twinning MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 8.11 Strain Hardening RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH 8.12 Recovery 8.13 Recrystallization 8.14 Grain Growth DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS 8.15 Crystalline Ceramics 8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 8.18 Factors that Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers Materials of Importance—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 8.19 Deformation of Elastomers Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 9. Failure Learning Objectives 9.1 Introduction FRACTURE 9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 9.3 Ductile Fracture 9.4 Brittle Fracture 9.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 9.7 Fracture of Polymers 9.8 Fracture Toughness Testing FATIGUE 9.9 Cyclic Stresses 9.10 The S–N Curve 9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 9.12 Crack Initiation and Propagation 9.13 Factors that Affect Fatigue Life 9.14 Environmental Effects CREEP 9.15 Generalized Creep Behavior 9.16 Stress and Temperature Effects 9.17 Data Extrapolation Methods 9.18 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 9.19 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 10. Phase Diagrams Learning Objectives 10.1 Introduction DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 10.2 Solubility Limit 10.3 Phases 10.4 Microstructure 10.5 Phase Equilibria 10.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 10.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 10.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 10.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 10.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 10.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 10.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys Materials of Importance—Lead-Free Solders 10.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 10.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 10.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 10.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 10.17 Ternary Phase Diagrams 10.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule THE IRON–CARBON SYSTEM 10.19 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 10.20 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys 10.21 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 11. Phase Transformations Learning Objectives 11.1 Introduction PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN METALS 11.2 Basic Concepts 11.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 11.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON–CARBON ALLOYS 11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 11.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 11.8 Tempered Martensite 11.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys Materials of Importance—Shape-Memory Alloys PRECIPITATION HARDENING 11.10 Heat Treatments 11.11 Mechanism of Hardening 11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING, AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 11.13 Crystallization 11.14 Melting 11.15 The Glass Transition 11.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 11.17 Factors that Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 12. Electrical Properties Learning Objectives 12.1 Introduction ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 12.2 Ohm’s Law 12.3 Electrical Conductivity 12.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 12.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 12.7 Electron Mobility 12.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 12.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys Materials of Importance—Aluminum Electrical Wires SEMICONDUCTIVITY 12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 12.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 12.13 Factors that Affect Carrier Mobility 12.14 The Hall Effect 12.15 Semiconductor Devices ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS 12.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 12.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 12.18 Capacitance 12.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 12.20 Types of Polarization 12.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 12.22 Dielectric Strength 12.23 Dielectric Materials OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 12.24 Ferroelectricity 12.25 Piezoelectricity Material of Importance—Piezoelectric Ceramic Ink-Jet Printer Heads Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 13. Types and Applications of Materials Learning Objectives 13.1 Introduction TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 13.2 Ferrous Alloys 13.3 Nonferrous Alloys Materials of Importance—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins TYPES OF CERAMICS 13.4 Glasses 13.5 Glass-Ceramics 13.6 Clay Products 13.7 Refractories 13.8 Abrasives 13.9 Cements 13.10 Carbons 13.11 Advanced Ceramics TYPES OF POLYMERS 13.12 Plastics Materials of Importance—Phenolic Billiard Balls 13.13 Elastomers 13.14 Fibers 13.15 Miscellaneous Applications 13.16 Advanced Polymeric Materials Summary Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Questions Fundamentals of Engineering Questions 14. Synthesis, Fabrication, and Processing of Materials Learning Objectives 14.1 Introduction FABRICATION OF METALS 14.2 Forming Operations 14.3 Casting 14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS 14.5 Annealing Processes 14.6 Heat Treatment of Steels FABRICATION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 14.7 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 14.8 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 14.9 Powder Pressing 14.10 Tape Casting SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION OF POLYMERS 14.11 Polymerization 14.12 Polymer Additives 14.13 Forming Techniques for Plastics 14.14 Fabrication of Elastomers 14.15 Fabrication of Fibers and Films Summary Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 15. Composites Learning Objectives 15.1 Introduction PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 15.2 Large–Particle Composites 15.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 15.4 Influence of Fiber Length 15.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 15.6 The Fiber Phase 15.7 The Matrix Phase 15.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 15.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 15.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 15.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 15.12 Hybrid Composites 15.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 15.14 Laminar Composites 15.15 Sandwich Panels Case Study—Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 15.16 Nanocomposites Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 16. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials Learning Objectives 16.1 Introduction CORROSION OF METALS 16.2 Electrochemical Considerations 16.3 Corrosion Rates 16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 16.5 Passivity 16.6 Environmental Effects 16.7 Forms of Corrosion 16.8 Corrosion Environments 16.9 Corrosion Prevention 16.10 Oxidation CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 16.11 Swelling and Dissolution 16.12 Bond Rupture 16.13 Weathering Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 17. Thermal Properties Learning Objectives 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Heat Capacity 17.3 Thermal Expansion Materials of Importance—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 17.4 Thermal Conductivity 17.5 Thermal Stresses Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 18. Magnetic Properties Learning Objectives 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Basic Concepts 18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 18.4 Ferromagnetism 18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 18.7 Domains and Hysteresis 18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials Materials of Importance—An Iron–Silicon Alloy that Is Used in Transformer Cores 18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 18.11 Magnetic Storage 18.12 Superconductivity Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problems Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 19. Optical Properties Learning Objectives 19.1 Introduction BASIC CONCEPTS 19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 19.3 Light Interactions with Solids 19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS 19.5 Refraction 19.6 Reflection 19.7 Absorption 19.8 Transmission 19.9 Color 19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA 19.11 Luminescence 19.12 Photoconductivity Materials of Importance—Light-Emitting Diodes 19.13 Lasers 19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications Summary Equation Summary List of Symbols Important Terms and Concepts References Questions and Problems Design Problem Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 20. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering Learning Objectives 20.1 Introduction ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 20.2 Component Design 20.3 Materials 20.4 Manufacturing Techniques ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS 20.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering Materials of Importance—Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/ Plastics Summary References Design Questions Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials B.1: Density B.2: Modulus of Elasticity B.3: Poisson’s Ratio B.4: Strength and Ductility B.5: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness B.6: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion B.7: Thermal Conductivity B.8: Specific Heat B.9: Electrical Resistivity B.10: Metal Alloy Compositions Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials Glossary Answers to Selected Problems Index EULA This Text Is An Unbound, Three Hole Punched Version. Fundamentals Of Materials Science And Engineering: An Integrated Approach, Binder Ready Version, 5th Edition Takes An Integrated Approach To The Sequence Of Topics – One Specific Structure, Characteristic, Or Property Type Is Covered In Turn For All Three Basic Material Types: Metals, Ceramics, And Polymeric Materials. This Presentation Permits The Early Introduction Of Non-metals And Supports The Engineer's Role In Choosing Materials Based Upon Their Characteristics. Using Clear, Concise Terminology That Is Familiar To Students, Fundamentals Presents Material At An Appropriate Level For Both Student Comprehension And Instructors Who May Not Have A Materials Background. This Text Is An Unbound, Three Hole Punched Version. Access To Wileyplus Sold Separately.