مدیریت ماهیگیری مبتنی بر جامعه: یک دیدگاه جهانی

__Community Based Fisheries Management: A Global Perspective__ unravels the different aspects of CBFM from different continents and countries. At a time when the population is significantly increasing, with resources decreasing, this resource is directly relevant to helping communities understand and improve fishery production management in a sustainably way. Sections explore various scientific literature on the impact of community-based fishing, participatory management of water bodies, methodologies for studies on community-based fisheries management, and interviews of workers working on community-based fisheries. This information will be most useful to fish farmers, aquaculturists, fish and fishery scientists, research scholars and anyone else interested in this field. Based on 30 years of scientific research, this resource emphasizes the need for the management of resources through the involvement of the local community while also providing a framework for participatory collaboration. Front Cover Community Based Fisheries Management: A Global Perspective Copyright Dedication Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgment Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Community-based fisheries management (CBFM) as an emerging concept and as an exercise 1.1.1 Management regimes of Floodplain wetlands in general 1.1.1.1 Private management 1.1.1.2 Cooperative management or management through cooperative society 1.1.1.3 Community-based fisheries management (CBFM) 1.1.1.4 Decentralized management 1.1.2 Little details of CBFM 1.1.2.1 What is CBFM and how it works? 1.1.2.2 Requirements of CBFM 1.1.3 Implementation and operationalization of CBFM 1.1.3.1 The promotional phase 1.1.3.2 The implementation phases What is meant by participatory wetland management? When participatory wetland management could be appropriate: Few suggestions Supportive frameworks and infrastructure 1.1.4 Community-based fisheries management (CBFM) and its application and implication 1.1.5 Conflicts and consensus 1.2 Impact of CBFM on development and management of wetland fisheries: Impact of CBFM on peoples’ life 1.3 Present status of CBFM in the global scenario, in general 1.3.1 Logic behind fast appraisal approach 1.3.2 Information in this regard from Japan 1.3.3 Information in this regard from Senegal 1.3.4 Information in this regard from Thailand 1.3.5 Information in this regard from Zambia 1.3.6 Information in this regard from Bénin’s coastal fisheries 1.3.7 Information in this regard from Malaysia 1.3.8 Information in this regard from India, Pakistan, Kenya, and Tanzania 1.3.9 Information in this regard from Mauritania, Cameroon, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Pakistan 1.3.10 Economic valuations 1.3.11 Gender 1.3.12 Participatory monitoring and overseeing 1.3.13 Threat(s) and their effective addressing 1.4 Conclusions 1.5 Summary Suggested readings Further reading Chapter 2 Researchers’ contribution: A review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Empowering communities 2.3 A glimpse into Researchers’ contributions to CBFM in different continents in the World 2.3.1 Review of Literature in different countries/regions in Asia 2.3.1.1 Asia (General) 2.3.1.2 Asia-Pacific Region 2.3.1.3 Cambodia 2.3.1.4 China 2.3.1.5 Hong Kong 2.3.1.6 Indonesia 2.3.1.7 Japan 2.3.1.8 Korea 2.3.1.9 Lao PDR 2.3.1.10 Malaysia 2.3.1.11 Middle East 2.3.1.12 Myanmar 2.3.1.13 Nepal 2.3.1.14 The Philippines 2.3.1.15 Southeast (SE) Asia and the Pacific 2.3.1.16 Sri Lanka (SL) 2.3.1.17 Thailand 2.3.1.18 Vietnam 2.3.1.19 CBFM in India 2.3.1.20 Wetlands of Assam Beel Haor Anua (river-formed oxbow wetlands) Reservoirs Tanks 2.3.1.21 Review of Literature: Historical Resume’ 2.3.1.22 Limnology and fisheries of Beels 2.3.1.23 Socioeconomic profile of the fishers 2.3.1.24 Community-based Fisheries Management (CBFM) 2.3.1.25 Management scenario of the Beels in Northeast India and Assam State perspective on CBFM 2.3.1.26 CBFM in Bangladesh 2.3.1.27 Community-Managed Aquatic Resources: Aquatic Resources as Common Property Why participatory management? Oxbow lakes: a CPR People-managed fish stocks Why is CPR management difficult 2.3.1.28 Summary 2.3.2 Review of Literature in different countries in Africa 2.3.2.1 Africa General 2.3.2.2 Namibia (Africa) 2.3.2.3 Ghana 2.3.2.4 Lake Victoria 2.3.2.5 Madagascar 2.3.2.6 Senegal 2.3.2.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.3.2.8 Tanzania 2.3.2.9 Uganda 2.3.2.10 Zambia 2.3.2.11 Summary 2.3.3 Review of Literature in different countries in Australasia 2.3.3.1 Australia 2.3.3.2 Fiji 2.3.3.3 Oceana: Micronesia 2.3.3.4 Pacific Islands (1) 2.3.3.5 Oceania: Vanuatu 2.3.3.6 Summary 2.3.4 Review of Literature in different countries in Europe 2.3.4.1 Europe (General) 2.3.4.2 Austria 2.3.4.3 Belgium 2.3.4.4 Bulgaria 2.3.4.5 Climatic changes Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration Summary of the framework for arriving at decisions on key long-term measures Generating a practice of compliance The knowledge base for the policies and principles Views of the Bulgarian Fisheries Administration with regard to Aquaculture 2.3.4.6 Denmark 2.3.4.7 Finland 2.3.4.8 France 2.3.4.9 Germany 2.3.4.10 Hungary 2.3.4.11 Ireland 2.3.4.12 Italy 2.3.4.13 Mediterranean and the Black Sea 2.3.4.14 Norway 2.3.4.15 The Netherlands 2.3.4.16 Romania 2.3.4.17 Switzerland 2.3.4.18 United Kingdom (UK) 2.3.4.19 Macedonia (Yugoslavia) 2.3.4.20 Summary 2.3.5 Review of Literature in different countries in America 2.3.5.1 Argentina 2.3.5.2 Brazil 2.3.5.3 Canada 2.3.5.4 The Caribbean 2.3.5.5 Cuba 2.3.5.6 Hawaii 2.3.5.7 Mexico 2.3.5.8 Peru 2.3.5.9 Trinidad 2.3.5.10 The United States (US) 2.3.5.11 Summary Suggested reading Asia Africa Australasia Europe America Further reading Chapter 3 Materials and methods 3.1 Introduction 3.2 A typical procedure for conducting CBFM study 3.2.1 Locations of the study site 3.2.2 Land and the people 3.2.3 Methods of data collection 3.2.3.1 Community meeting and small focus group discussion 3.2.3.2 Direct observation 3.2.3.3 Interviews with knowledgeable individuals (KIs) 3.2.4 Wealth ranking 3.2.4.1 Rich (Rank A) 3.2.4.2 Medium rich (Rank B) 3.2.4.3 Poor (Rank C) 3.2.4.4 Very poor (Rank D) 3.2.5 Procedure for the selection of respondents 3.2.6 Application of statistical methodology 3.2.7 Operationalization of the variables and their measurement 3.2.8 Statistical analyses of data 3.2.8.1 Descriptive statistics 3.3 Summary Suggested reading Further reading Chapter 4 Aspects of participatory management of water bodies 4.1 Introduction 4.2 What is participatory wetland management? 4.3 Supporting frameworks 4.3.1 An example of community-based fisheries 4.4 When is participatory wetland management advisable? 4.5 Indicators for measuring local and indigenous people’s involvement in wetland management 4.6 Local environmental knowledge 4.7 Economic valuation 4.8 Participatory monitoring 4.9 Effectively addressing threats 4.9.1 Community and conservation 4.10 Win-win scenarios 4.10.1 Community as common interests and shared norms 4.11 Exit strategies 4.12 Conclusions 4.12.1 Community as a homogeneous social structure 4.13 Summary Suggested reading Further reading Chapter 5 Community-based fisheries management in different continents and countries across the world 5.1 Asia 5.1.1 Asia general 5.1.1.1 Cohesion in the group 5.1.1.2 Organizations existing 5.1.1.3 Costs less than the benefits 5.1.1.4 Participation by the affected people 5.1.1.5 Enforcement of management rules 5.1.1.6 Legal rights for organization 5.1.1.7 Leadership and cooperation at the community level 5.1.1.8 Delegation of authority through decentralization 5.1.1.9 Collaboration and coordination between government and community 5.1.2 Asia-Pacific region 5.1.2.1 Development of model fisherman villages 5.1.2.2 Group accident insurance program for active fishermen 5.1.2.3 National cooperatives development corporation (NCDC) 5.1.2.4 Employment status 5.1.2.5 Difficulties in the operations of cooperatives at optimum levels 5.1.2.6 Human rights and issues related to environment 5.1.2.7 Issues of equity and access to fisheries 5.1.2.8 Categorization of fisheries management systems Type characteristics 5.1.2.9 Common ownership (unofficial: without any legal or governmental support) 5.1.2.10 Sri Subrahmanyeshwara Aqua Club in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh 5.1.2.11 Suggestions for India 5.1.2.12 The role of public-private partnership in the management of estuarine fisheries: Learning from the Kerala model ... Cherai poyil 5.1.2.13 Rights and responsibilities of the panchayats in managing poyil fisheries 5.1.2.14 Policy of the government 5.1.2.15 Support of tradition 5.1.2.16 Centralization 5.1.2.17 External replacement of traditional local authority 5.1.2.18 Changes in demography 5.1.2.19 Urbanization and alterations in the education systems 5.1.2.20 The Tuna Bait fisheries: The impact of the industrial fisheries sector 5.1.2.21 Development and related management projects 5.1.3 Bangladesh (B’dsh) 5.1.3.1 Community-based fisheries management (CBFM) 5.1.3.2 Methodology Sampling and collection of data Factor analysis Regression analysis 5.1.3.3 Impact of CBFM on household income 5.1.3.4 Access to fishing 5.1.3.5 Land and assets of household 5.1.3.6 Microcredit 5.1.3.7 Social capital 5.1.3.8 Capital index: Physical 5.1.3.9 Human, economic, and natural capital assets 5.1.3.10 Regression analysis 5.1.3.11 The impact of human development training conducted by CBFM partner NGOs 5.1.3.12 Inferences and policy implications 5.1.3.13 Recommendations for CBFM in Bangladesh from the CBFM international conference 5.1.4 Cambodia 5.1.5 China 5.1.5.1 Reservoir resources and their status Nature of reservoirs 5.1.5.2 Potential of reservoir fisheries development 5.1.5.3 Biological characteristics of reservoirs Natural food organisms 5.1.5.4 Reservoir fish fauna 5.1.5.5 Introduced fish species 5.1.5.6 Fisheries Utilization of fisheries resources in reservoirs of China 5.1.5.7 Production levels and trends 5.1.5.8 Jurisdiction of reservoir water and fishery resources Main fisheries strategies 5.1.5.9 Achievements of reservoir fisheries in China 5.1.5.10 Production 5.1.5.11 Fish productivity assessment in reservoirs 5.1.5.12 Rapid increase in fish production in reservoirs 5.1.5.13 Improvement in fish capture techniques 5.1.5.14 Improvement in fish escape preventing techniques 5.1.5.15 Fisher organizations 5.1.5.16 Marketing 5.1.5.17 Socioeconomics of reservoir fisheries 5.1.5.18 Biological and environmental constraints 5.1.5.19 Socioeconomic constraints 5.1.5.20 Policy constraints 5.1.5.21 Prevalence of the sudden and virulent fish disease 5.1.5.22 Establishment of stocking and management systems 5.1.5.23 Future strategies 5.1.5.24 Development of eco-friendly fisheries in reservoirs 5.1.5.25 Development of leisure fisheries 5.1.5.26 Improvement of fish species composition in reservoirs 5.1.5.27 Strengthening the support for the management of reservoir fisheries 5.1.5.28 Future strategies and management 5.1.6 Hong Kong 5.1.6.1 Feedbacks obtained in general 5.1.6.2 Options with high priority Establishing a fishing license program and limiting new entrants 5.1.6.3 Setting up of nursery and spawning ground protection areas 5.1.6.4 Habitat restoration and Habitat enhancement 5.1.6.5 Re -stocking exercise 5.1.6.6 Medium priority and low-priority options 5.1.6.7 Way forward 5.1.6.8 Capture fisheries 5.1.6.9 Culture fisheries and aquaculture 5.1.6.10 Consumption 5.1.6.11 Development and services 5.1.6.12 Fisher folk, their livelihood, their struggle for existence 5.1.7 India 5.1.7.1 Sone Beel wetland 5.1.7.2 Physicochemical characteristics of water 5.1.7.3 Aquatic macrophytes (AM) 5.1.7.4 Plankton 5.1.7.5 An account of limnoplankton of Sone Beel 5.1.7.6 Fish diversity in Sone Beel 5.1.7.7 Fish yield (FY) of Sone Beel 5.1.7.8 Fish catching devices in Sone Beel 5.1.7.9 Management and conservation aspects Sone Beel as a case study 5.1.7.10 Impact of habitat loss and topographical changes 5.1.7.11 Contamination of the Beel water 5.1.7.12 Effects of drought 5.1.7.13 Competition and predation 5.1.7.14 Fishing pressure 5.1.7.15 Remedial measures 5.1.7.16 Alteration of land 5.1.7.17 Alteration of Beel water 5.1.7.18 Turbidity 5.1.7.19 Nutrients 5.1.7.20 Vegetation management 5.1.7.21 Biotic manipulation 5.1.7.22 Habitat construction 5.1.7.23 Aquaculture and agriculture 5.1.7.24 Fish disease 5.1.7.25 Conservation 5.1.7.26 Epilogue 5.1.7.27 Chatla Haor 5.1.7.28 Phytoplankton 5.1.7.29 Zooplankton 5.1.7.30 Aquatic macrophytes 5.1.7.31 Fish diversity 5.1.7.32 Fish yield 5.1.7.33 Satkarakandi Anua 5.1.7.34 Aquatic macrophytes (AM) 5.1.7.35 Plankton 5.1.7.36 Fish diversity 5.1.7.37 Fish yield 5.1.7.38 Baskandi Anua 5.1.7.39 Aquatic macrophytes (AM) 5.1.7.40 Plankton 5.1.7.41 Fish diversity 5.1.7.42 Fish yield 5.1.7.43 Property rights scenario in wetlands 5.1.7.44 Stakeholders in the wetlands 5.1.7.45 Institutional arrangement with regard to management regime Institutional arrangement 5.1.7.46 The aim of ownership and regulation rights of the government 5.1.7.47 Management scenario of the wetlands 5.1.7.48 Private management 5.1.7.49 Cooperative management 5.1.7.50 Community-based fisheries management 5.1.7.51 Open access 5.1.7.52 Challenges, concerns, and choices for sustainable management of fisheries in wetlands Policies Institutions and their governance Objectives 5.1.7.53 Studies in India Site 1. Pedajalaripeta village in Visakhapatinam Site 2. Bheemunipatinam village in Visakhapatinam Site 3. Sakthikulangara 5.1.7.54 Application of PISCES Timelines Institutional wheels Semi-structured interview schedule Stakeholder interactions through country-planning workshop Nature, categories, and reasons of conflicts 5.1.7.55 Attempt and attitudes toward conflict resolution 5.1.7.56 Plan for communication 5.1.7.57 Nagai experiment 5.1.7.58 Alapad experiment 5.1.7.59 Results 5.1.7.60 Methods of study 5.1.7.61 Stake-net fishery and the “padu system” 5.1.7.62 Evolution of the padu system and the sanghams 5.1.7.63 Facilitating equitable access to fishing grounds 5.1.7.64 Providing collective social responsibility 5.1.7.65 Mechanisms for conflict resolution and making of rules 5.1.7.66 Regional context of padu systems 5.1.7.67 Discussion and conclusions 5.1.7.68 Summary 5.1.7.69 Group accident insurance scheme for active fishermen 5.1.7.70 National cooperatives development corporation (NCDC) 5.1.7.71 Employment 5.1.7.72 Development of model fisherman villages 5.1.7.73 Human rights and environment 5.1.7.74 Equity and fisheries access 5.1.7.75 Classifications of fisheries management systems Type characteristics 5.1.7.76 Common ownership (unofficial: without any legal support or governmental support) 5.1.7.77 Type characteristics Sri Subrahmanyeshwara Aqua Club in West Godavari District, AP 5.1.7.78 Models for India 5.1.7.79 The role of public-private cooperation in the management of estuarine fisheries: Learning from the Kerala model ... 5.1.7.80 Rights and responsibilities of the GP in managing poyil fisheries 5.1.7.81 Roles of various partners in cooperative fisheries management 5.1.7.82 Local state: Upholding formal rules and regulations of central and provincial governments 5.1.7.83 Failure to regulate externalities 5.1.7.84 Conclusion 5.1.7.85 Reservoirs 5.1.7.86 Morphometric and hydrological features 5.1.7.87 Physicochemical features of reservoirs 5.1.7.88 Chemical characteristics Soil reaction 5.1.7.89 Nutrients Available nitrogen Available phosphorus 5.1.7.90 Physical characteristics of water Thermal stratification 5.1.7.91 Chemical features of water Dissolved oxygen (DO) Free carbon dioxide (FCO 2) pH Specific conductivity (SC) Total alkalinity (TA) 5.1.7.92 Nutrient status 5.1.7.93 Biological features of reservoirs Plankton Macrobenthos Aquatic macrophytes (AM) 5.1.7.94 Fish and fisheries in the reservoirs Species composition Status of fisheries 5.1.7.95 Fishing practices Gears 5.1.7.96 Fishing crafts 5.1.7.97 Fish production trends 5.1.7.98 Efforts in yield enhancement 5.1.7.99 Socioeconomic and institutional settings 5.1.7.100 Management practices 5.1.7.101 Future action plan 5.1.7.102 Community fisheries in India 5.1.7.103 Dealing with the complexity and change in fisheries management The case of small-scale fisheries in Andhra Pradesh, India Overview Case study(1) 5.1.7.104 India’s share in World fish production 5.1.7.105 Growth of fisheries sector in India 5.1.8 Indonesia 5.1.9 Japan 5.1.9.1 The Japanese fisheries sector: Some basic facts and data Catch/harvest 5.1.9.2 Change in fisheries management regime 5.1.9.3 The “Ura” law (1743–1867) 5.1.9.4 The “Blank period” (1868–1900) 5.1.9.5 Old fishery law (1901–1948) 5.1.10 Korea 5.1.10.1 Indirect control devices in Korea TAC-based management for 11 species 5.1.10.2 Ecosystem-based resource management 5.1.10.3 Current management through ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) Goal Objective Bodies Flexibility Range of areas Period Further research 5.1.11 Lao PDR 5.1.12 Malaysia 5.1.13 Middle East 5.1.13.1 The issue of fisheries globally 5.1.13.2 Fisheries of exclusive economic zone 5.1.13.3 Small-scale fisheries 5.1.13.4 Inland fisheries 5.1.13.5 Aquaculture 5.1.13.6 Management and conservation 5.1.14 Myanmar 5.1.15 Nepal 5.1.15.1 Inland water resources: Nature and distribution Rivers Lakes Reservoirs 5.1.15.2 Biological aspects 5.1.15.3 Environmental aspects of reservoirs 5.1.15.4 Fisheries 5.1.15.5 Fisher organizations 5.1.15.6 Economic viability, marketing aspects, profitability, and value addition 5.1.15.7 Constraints to reservoir fishery development Policy/legislation 5.1.15.8 Ecological impacts 5.1.15.9 Socioeconomic aspects 5.1.15.10 Results Formation of the cooperatives 5.1.15.11 Awareness and fisheries-based employment of cooperative members 5.1.15.12 Discussion 5.1.15.13 Lessons that had been learned 5.1.16 The Philippines 5.1.16.1 Cyanide fishermen 5.1.16.2 Live reef fish export 5.1.16.3 People involved in the live reef fish trade 5.1.16.4 Live reef fish consumers 5.1.16.5 Agriculture and fisheries modernization 5.1.16.6 Background and relevant context: The aims and policy questions 5.1.16.7 Some of the limitations 5.1.16.8 Framework and procedure(s) of policy review 5.1.16.9 EAFM and its relationship with sustainable development 5.1.16.9.1 Evolution and beginning of EAFM 5.1.16.10 Efforts toward EAFM in the Philippines 5.1.16.11 Fisheries improvement for sustainable harvest (FISH) project 5.1.16.12 Coral triangle initiative (CTI) 5.1.16.13 Ginintuang masaganang ani for fisheries program (GMAFP) (2002–2004) 5.1.16.14 Integrated coastal resources management project (ICRMP) 5.1.16.15 Fishery sector programme (FSP) and fisheries resources management project (FRMP) 5.1.16.16 World wildlife fund (WWF), The Philippines 5.1.16.17 The Philippine-Canada local government support program (TPCLGSP) 5.1.16.18 Small grants program-global environment facility (SGP-GEF) 5.1.16.19 Honda Bay and Snake Island fisheries management and mangrove conservation project (HBSIFMMCP) 5.1.16.20 Community-based marine sanctuary management and livelihood support project in Caramay, Roxas, Palawan (CBMSMALS ... 5.1.16.21 Coastal resources management 5.1.16.22 Strengthening the fisheries and aquatic resources management councils (FARMCs) 5.1.16.23 Strengthening governance and sustainability of small-scale fisheries management in the Philippines: An ecosyste ... 5.1.16.24 Cancun declaration 5.1.16.25 United Nations conference on straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks (UNFSA) 5.1.16.26 The Malawi principles, Lilongwe, Malawi, January 26–28, 1998 5.1.16.27 World summit on sustainable development (WSSD), Johannesburg, South Africa, August 26 to September 4, 2002 5.1.17 Sri Lanka (SL) 5.1.17.1 Reservoirs in Sri Lanka 5.1.17.2 Ichthyofauna in the reservoirs of Sri Lanka 5.1.17.3 A concise history and recent trends of inland fisheries of Sri Lanka 5.1.17.4 Status of capture fisheries in reservoirs of Sri Lanka 5.1.17.5 Fishery resource evaluation in reservoirs of Sri Lanka 5.1.17.6 Aspects of management of capture fisheries in perennial reservoirs 5.1.17.7 Aspects of management of CBF in the village reservoirs 5.1.17.8 Species cultured 5.1.17.9 Aspects of success of culture-based fisheries in Sri Lanka 5.1.17.10 Regulatory aspects and community management 5.1.17.11 Present trend of research on culture-based fisheries in Sri Lanka 5.1.18 Thailand 5.1.18.1 Reservoir fisheries in Thailand 5.1.18.2 General aspects 5.1.18.3 Fish communities 5.1.18.4 Fisheries 5.1.18.5 Stock enhancement programs 5.1.18.6 Cage culture 5.1.18.7 Socioeconomics and management aspects 5.1.18.8 Conflicts in reservoir fisheries 5.1.18.9 Regulations 5.1.18.10 Proceedings of the international workshop on fisheries comanagement General situation of Thai marine fisheries 5.1.19 Vietnam 5.1.20 Asia: Summary 5.2 Africa 5.2.1 Africa general 5.2.1.1 Sustainable management of wild-capture fisheries 5.2.1.2 Current questions in sustainable fisheries, water management, and higher education 5.2.1.3 Fish diversity and assessment of aquatic ecosystems in Burkina Faso BD and conservation 5.2.1.4 Studies on the impacts of policies, legislations, and institutions in the management of fish and water resources 5.2.1.5 Gender and fisheries perspectives in the SUSFISH project 5.2.1.6 Fisheries health and food security 5.2.1.7 Systems analysis of environmental, economic, sociopolitical/cultural factors that influence sustainable fisheries 5.2.1.8 Expected results 5.2.2 Botswana, Malawi 5.2.3 Ghana 5.2.3.1 The present status of Ghana’s marine fisheries 5.2.3.2 The importance of Ghana’s marine fisheries 5.2.3.3 The depletion in Ghana’s fish landings 5.2.3.4 Aquatic desert 5.2.3.5 The reason(s) for the decline in marine fisheries 5.2.4 Lake Victoria 5.2.4.1 Beach management units (BMU) in East Africa 5.2.5 Madagascar 5.2.5.1 Farming the sea 5.2.5.2 Why seaweed and sea cucumbers? 5.2.5.3 Scaling success 5.2.5.4 Partners for innovation 5.2.6 Namibia 5.2.6.1 An overview 5.2.6.2 Beginning from the scratch 5.2.6.3 Renewable harvesting rights form the core of the Namibian fisheries management system and limited permission of a ... 5.2.6.4 Enforcement and efforts for implementation 5.2.6.5 Significant snags 5.2.7 Status in Mozambique 5.2.7.1 Feeding frenzy for fish: A view 5.2.8 A brief account in other regions (in a little comparative manner) 5.2.8.1 Inference 5.2.9 Senegal 5.2.9.1 Extension of the experiences of Kayar to other Senegalese fisheries 5.2.10 Tanzania 5.2.10.1 About the Tanzania natural resources forum (TNRF) 5.2.10.2 Background on community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) 5.2.10.3 Background need for a Tanzania CBNRM forum 5.2.10.4 Objectives, scope, and approach of stocktaking exercise Objectives of the stocktaking exercise Scope of the stocktaking exercise 5.2.10.5 Fisheries subsector CBNRM in the fisheries sector: Policy and legislative environment which support CBNRM in the fisheries sector CBNRM models in fisheries sector Challenges with regard to implementation of fisheries comanagement The legislation and policy environment on community fisheries management The National Fisheries Sector Policy and strategy statement Fisheries act no. 22 of 2003 and fisheries regulations of 2005 Fisheries Regulations (2005) on comanagement 5.2.10.6 Collaborative fisheries management in Tanzania 5.2.8.7 Opportunities in the fisheries sector 5.2.10.8 Constraints in the implementation of fisheries policy 5.2.10.9 Recommendation by stakeholders to improve fisheries comanagement 5.2.10.10 Lessons and scopes in the fisheries co-management 5.2.11 Summary 5.3 Australasia 5.3.1 Australia 5.3.1.1 The marine stewardship council (MSC) 5.3.2 Fiji 5.3.2.1 Poverty alleviation 5.3.2.2 Biodiversity conservation 5.3.2.3 Types of conflicts in natural resource management 5.3.2.4 Types of conflicts arising in NRM intra-micro-micro conflicts 5.3.2.5 Inter-micro-micro conflicts 5.3.2.6 Micro-macro conflicts 5.3.2.7 Causes of nonviolent conflict 5.3.3 Micronesia (Oceania) 5.3.3.1 Contextual aspect 5.3.3.2 SPC activities 5.3.3.3 Activities Coastal fisheries resources management The management activities included the following: Alternative livelihoods and adaptation: Fish aggregating devices (FADs) Capacity building Participatory and scientific assessments Awareness Capacity building and implementation 5.3.4 Pacific Islands 5.3.4.1 Fisheries 5.3.4.2 Fishing gears and methods 5.3.4.3 Reef gleaning 5.3.4.4 Traps 5.3.4.5 Hooks and lines 5.3.4.6 Longlines 5.3.4.7 Trolling and lures 5.3.4.8 Gill nets, tangle nets, and barrier nets 5.3.4.9 Seine nets and drive-in netting 5.3.4.10 Cast nets and scoop nets 5.3.4.11 Spears 5.3.4.12 Fish aggregating devices (FADs) 5.3.4.13 Fisheries management 5.3.4.14 The role of subsistence fishing 5.3.4.15 Traditional culture and the division of labor 5.3.4.16 The significance of subsistence fishing 5.3.4.17 Informal employment 5.3.4.18 Lack of much information on inshore fisheries 5.3.4.19 Problems with fisheries Declining fish catches The need for awareness Environmental education in schools 5.3.4.20 Raising community awareness Radio and television Printed material Direct contact Extension work 5.3.4.21 Government attitude toward fisheries management by communities 5.3.4.22 Involving communities in marine resource management 5.3.4.23 Extension staff skills 5.3.4.24 Community ownership 5.3.4.25 Extension process 5.3.4.26 Fisheries advisory committee 5.3.4.27 Community-based fisheries management 5.3.4.28 Community group meetings (CGMs): Problem/solution trees 5.3.4.29 The community fisheries management committee (FMC) 5.3.4.30 Ensuring continuing community commitment 5.3.4.31 Review of fisheries management in participating communities 5.3.4.32 Things which a community extension officer may not do 5.3.4.33 Community versus national fisheries regulations 5.3.4.34 Community conservation measures 5.3.4.35 Community-based management measures 5.3.4.36 Limiting the efficiency and types of fishing gears 5.3.4.37 Certain regulatory measures to help in management process 5.3.4.38 Minimum mesh sizes 5.3.4.39 Size limits (minimum legal lengths) 5.3.4.40 Rejection of females, or spawning females 5.3.4.41 Catch quotas 5.3.4.42 Community compliance and enforcement of regulations 5.3.4.43 Supporting community-based fisheries management 5.3.5 Vanuatu (Oceania) 5.3.5.1 CBFM in the long term 5.3.5.2 Local fisheries management systems 5.3.5.3 Issues and suggestions for fisheries management 5.3.5.4 Discussion 5.3.5.5 Strengthening community initiatives through specific national fisheries regulations 5.3.6 Summary 5.4 Europe 5.4.1 Europe (in general) 5.4.1.1 Long-term management plans (LTMPs) 5.4.1.2 Effective regionalization 5.4.1.3 Scope 5.4.1.4 Improved governance 5.4.1.5 LTMPs need to be ecosystem based 5.4.1.6 Paving the way for regionalization 5.4.1.7 Address overcapacity and improve profit margins 5.4.1.8 Delivering a system: A real reform of the CFP 5.4.1.9 Embrace rights-based management (RBM) 5.4.1.10 To place the environment at the heart of fisheries management 5.4.2 Austria 5.4.2.1 Methods Data bases Classification procedure Results A brief discussion 5.4.3 Belgium 5.4.3.1 Lessons from the case studies 5.4.3.2 Level of commitment by students 5.4.3.3 Learning that transpired for both students and adults 5.4.4 Bulgaria 5.4.4.1 Taking into account the specificity and the characteristics of the geographical regions and the fisheries sectors ... 5.4.4.2 Overcoming the five structural disadvantages of the policy Concentration on the objectives of the policy 5.4.4.3 Concentration on the framework for making decisions on key long-term principles Statement of the fish product producers organisation “big fish” 5.4.4.4 Encouraging the industry to take more responsibility in implementing the CFP Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration 5.4.4.5 Statement of the fish product producers organisation (“big fish”) 5.4.4.6 Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration 5.4.4.7 Maximum sustainable yields (MSY) 5.4.4.8 Developing a culture of compliance 5.4.4.9 Trade and markets: From catch to consumer Statement of the fish product producers organisation 5.4.4.10 The knowledge base for the policy Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration 5.4.4.11 Structural policy and public financial assistance Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration 5.4.4.12 The following principles are taken into account in EU structural policy with particular reference to the Republi ... 5.4.4.13 Aquaculture Statement of the Bulgarian fisheries administration 5.4.4.14 Status of biodiversity 5.4.4.15 Updated information on the status, trends, and threats to biodiversity and consequences for human well-being Importance of biodiversity for the country 5.4.4.16 Fish resources Commercial and recreational fishing 5.4.4.17 Aquaculture (AQC) 5.4.4.18 Genetic resources 5.4.4.19 Threats to biodiversity in Bulgaria 5.4.4.20 Climate change 5.4.4.21 Socioeconomic and cultural implications 5.4.4.22 Policies and goals related to biodiversity in Bulgaria 5.4.4.23 Fisheries in Bulgaria 5.4.4.24 Structural and cohesion policies in fisheries in Bulgaria 5.4.4.25 Fisheries in Bulgaria Fisheries management measures 5.4.4.26 Catches 5.4.4.27 Danube fisheries 5.4.4.28 Aquaculture (AQC) 5.4.4.29 Freshwater aquaculture (FW AQC) 5.4.4.30 Marine aquaculture (marine AQC) 5.4.4.31 Processing, trade, and employment 5.4.4.32 Fish processing 5.4.4.33 Fisheries research 5.4.4.34 Inference 5.4.5 Denmark 5.4.5.1 Nordic cooperation 5.4.5.2 Iceland 5.4.5.3 Norway 5.4.5.4 The Faroe Islands 5.4.5.5 Nordic experience of comanagement 5.4.5.6 The green paper on comanagement 5.4.5.7 Comanagement in the EU 5.4.5.8 Comanagement in the Nordic countries 5.4.5.9 Formal and informal comanagement in Norway 5.4.5.10 Local comanagement with unclear delegation of mandate 5.4.5.11 Organization of the industry 5.4.5.12 Empowering the local organizations 5.4.5.13 Nordic experience of reduction of discards 5.4.5.14 Reduction of discards in the Nordic countries 5.4.5.15 Bycatch rules 5.4.6 Finland 5.4.6.1 Statistics of stocking, fisheries, and catches 5.4.6.2 Socioeconomic impacts 5.4.7 France 5.4.7.1 Institutional framework for fisheries management European framework: CFP 5.4.7.2 Quota and management of species by the community 5.4.7.3 Species not subject to quota 5.4.7.4 Reduction in catch capacity 5.4.7.5 Specific case of the Mediterranean 5.4.7.6 Specific case of the FSAT 5.4.7.7 Industry participation 5.4.7.8 Distributional issues, economic simulation 5.4.8 Germany 5.4.8.1 The history of the fishery in NE Germany 5.4.8.2 Fisheries management 5.4.8.3 The competition between small-scale and trawler fishermen 5.4.9 Hungary 5.4.9.1 General description of the fishery sector in Hungary An analysis of the national and local circumstances 5.4.9.2 Aquaculture (fishpond and intensive production) 5.4.9.3 Pondfish production 5.4.9.4 Intensive production 5.4.9.5 Inland fisheries 5.4.9