Community and public health nursing : promoting the public's health

Community & Public Health Nursing is designed to provide students a basic grounding in public health nursing principles while emphasizing aggregate-level nursing. While weaving in meaningful examples from practice throughout the text, the authors coach students on how to navigate between conceptualizing about a population-focus while also continuing to advocate and care for individuals, families, and aggregates. This student-friendly, highly illustrated text engages students, and by doing so, eases students into readily applying public health principles along with evidence-based practice, nursing science, and skills that promote health, prevent disease, as well as protect at-risk populations! What the 8th edition of this text does best is assist students in broadening the base of their knowledge and skills that they can employ in both the community and acute care settings, while the newly enhanced ancillary resources offers interactive tools that allow students of all learning styles to master public health nursing. Cover ......Page 1 Titile Page ......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ......Page 5 CONTRIBUTORS ......Page 7 REVIEWERS......Page 8 OTHER REVIEWERS......Page 9 PREFACE......Page 11 CONTENTS......Page 15 UNIT 1: FOUNDATIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 19 CHAPTER 1: The Journey Begins: Introduction to Community Healt h Nursing......Page 20 COMMUNITY HEALTH......Page 21 THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY......Page 25 THE CONCEPT OF HEALTH......Page 28 COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE......Page 35 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 37 SUMMARY......Page 44 REFERENCES......Page 45 CHAPTER 2: History and Evolution of Community Health Nursing ......Page 48 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 49 SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 61 PREPARATION FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 65 SUMMARY ......Page 67 REFERENCES ......Page 68 CHAPTER 3: Setting the Stage for Community Health Nursing ......Page 70 CORE PUBLIC HEALTH FUNCTIONS......Page 71 STANDARDS OF PRACTICE......Page 73 ROLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSES......Page 74 SETTINGS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE......Page 82 SUMMARY......Page 87 REFERENCES......Page 88 CHAPTER 4: Evidence-Based Practice and Ethics in Community Health Nursing ......Page 89 ASKING THE QUESTION......Page 93 QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 98 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH BASICS TO PROMOTE EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE......Page 100 IMPACT OF RESEARCH ON COMMUNITY HEALTH AND NURSING PRACTICE......Page 107 THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE’S ROLE IN RESEARCH......Page 109 QUALITIES OF VALUES......Page 111 VALUE SYSTEMS......Page 113 VALUES CLARIFICATION......Page 114 ETHICS......Page 115 SUMMARY......Page 124 REFERENCES......Page 128 CHAPTER 5: Transcultural Nursing in the Community ......Page 133 THE MEANING OF CULTURE......Page 134 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE......Page 138 ETHNOCULTURAL HEALTH CARE PRACTICES......Page 142 SELECTED CULTURAL COMMUNITIES......Page 145 TRANSCULTURAL COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PRINCIPLES......Page 158 SUMMARY ......Page 163 REFERENCES......Page 165 UNIT 2: PUBLIC HEALTH ESSENTIALS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 169 CHAPTER 6: Structure and Economics of Community Health Services ......Page 170 HISTORICAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH CARE......Page 171 PUBLIC HEALTH CARE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 172 HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 175 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS......Page 183 SIGNIFICANT LEGISLATION......Page 186 THE ECONOMICS OF HEALTH CARE......Page 194 SOURCES OF HEALTH CARE FINANCING: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE......Page 199 TRENDS AND ISSUES INFLUENCING HEALTH CARE ECONOMICS......Page 207 HEALTH CARE REFORM......Page 216 EFFECTS OF HEALTH ECONOMICS ON COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE......Page 222 IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 224 SUMMARY......Page 225 REFERENCES......Page 227 CHAPTER 7: Epidemiology in Community Health Care ......Page 234 HISTORICAL ROOTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 235 CONCEPTS BASIC TO EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 238 SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY......Page 249 METHODS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS......Page 254 CONDUCTING EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH......Page 258 SUMMARY......Page 261 REFERENCES......Page 262 CHAPTER 8: Communicable Disease Control ......Page 264 BASIC CONCEPTS REGARDING COMMUNICABLE DISEASES......Page 265 MAJOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 272 PRIMARY PREVENTION......Page 284 SECONDARY PREVENTION......Page 294 USING THE NURSING PROCESS FOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL......Page 296 LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL......Page 297 SUMMARY......Page 298 REFERENCES......Page 299 CHAPTER 9: Environmental Health and Safety......Page 303 CONCEPTS AND FRAMEWORKS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH......Page 304 SUMMARY......Page 328 REFERENCES......Page 329 UNIT 3: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING TOOLBOX......Page 333 CHAPTER 10: Communication, Collaboration, and Contracting ......Page 334 COMMUNICATION IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 335 HEALTH LITERACY AND OUTCOMES......Page 341 COLLABORATION AND PARTNERSHIPS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 351 CONTRACTING IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 358 SUMMARY......Page 362 REFERENCES......Page 364 CHAPTER 11: Health Promotion: Achieving Change Through Education ......Page 367 HEALTH PROMOTION THROUGH CHANGE......Page 370 SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH......Page 379 DOMAINS OF LEARNING......Page 381 LEARNING THEORIES......Page 385 HEALTH-TEACHING MODELS......Page 388 TEACHING AT THREE LEVELS OF PREVENTION......Page 389 EFFECTIVE TEACHING......Page 391 SUMMARY......Page 398 REFERENCES......Page 400 CHAPTER 12: Planning and Developing Community Programs and Services ......Page 402 PROGRAM PLANNING: THE BASICS......Page 403 IDENTIFYING GROUP OR COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEMS......Page 404 EVALUATION OF OUTCOMES......Page 410 MODELS USEFUL IN PROGRAM EVALUATION......Page 416 SOCIAL MARKETING......Page 419 GRANTS......Page 420 SUMMARY......Page 423 REFERENCES......Page 424 CHAPTER 13: Policy Making and Community Health Advocacy......Page 427 EVOLUTION AND EFFECTS OF CURRENT U.S. HEALTH POLICIES......Page 428 FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL ACTION AND ADVOCACY......Page 432 CURRENT PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING ADVOCACY......Page 437 POLICY......Page 438 POLITICS AS USUAL......Page 444 POWER AND EMPOWERMENT......Page 446 INFLUENCING POLICY......Page 447 SUMMARY ......Page 451 REFERENCES......Page 452 UNIT 4: THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT......Page 455 CHAPTER 14: Theoretical Basis of Community/Public Health Nursing ......Page 456 WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY/ PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE......Page 457 THEORIES AND MODELS FOR COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING PRACTICE......Page 458 PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE MODELS......Page 464 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY/PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING......Page 466 SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITY-ORIENTED, POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING......Page 468 SUMMARY......Page 473 REFERENCES......Page 474 CHAPTER 15: Community as Client: Applying the Nursing Process ......Page 477 WHAT IS A HEALTHY COMMUNITY?......Page 480 DIMENSIONS OF THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT......Page 481 THE NURSING PROCESS APPLIED TO THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT......Page 489 COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT METHODS......Page 497 SOURCES OF COMMUNITY DATA......Page 499 DATA ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 500 PLANNING TO MEET THE HEALTH NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY......Page 503 EVALUATING IMPLEMENTED COMMUNITY HEALTH PLAN......Page 506 SUMMARY ......Page 510 REFERENCES......Page 511 CHAPTER 16: Global Health and International Community Health Nursing ......Page 515 A FRAMEWORK FOR GLOBAL COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING......Page 516 THE CONTEXT......Page 518 THE POPULATION......Page 526 PROVIDERS OF HEALTH CARE......Page 537 THE PROCEDURES/INTERVENTIONS......Page 540 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING OPPORTUNITIES......Page 548 SUMMARY......Page 550 REFERENCES......Page 551 CHAPTER 17: Being Prepared: Impact of Disaster, Terrorism, and War ......Page 555 DISASTERS......Page 556 TERRORISM......Page 575 SUMMARY......Page 581 REFERENCES......Page 582 UNIT 5: THE FAMILY AS CLIENT......Page 585 CHAPTER 18: Theoretical Basis for Promoting Family Health ......Page 586 WHAT IS FAMILY HEALTH NURSING?......Page 587 DEFINITIONS OF FAMILY......Page 588 UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES......Page 589 TRADITIONAL FAMILIES......Page 593 CONTEMPORARY FAMILIES......Page 594 SUMMARY ......Page 599 REFERENCES......Page 601 CHAPTER 19: Working with Families: Applying the Nursing Process ......Page 602 NURSING PROCESS COMPONENTS APPLIED TO FAMILIES AS CLIENTS......Page 603 PLANNING TO MEET THE HEALTH NEEDS OF FAMILIES DURING HOME VISITS......Page 605 CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY FAMILIES......Page 611 FAMILY HEALTH PRACTICE GUIDELINES......Page 615 FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT......Page 619 GUIDELINES FOR FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT......Page 625 EVALUATING IMPLEMENTED FAMILY HEALTH PLANS......Page 630 SUMMARY......Page 632 REFERENCES......Page 634 CHAPTER 20: Violence Affecting Families ......Page 635 DYNAMICS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A CRISIS......Page 636 HISTORY OF FAMILY VIOLENCE......Page 639 FAMILY VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN......Page 642 PARTNER/ SPOUSAL ABUSE......Page 650 MISTREATMENT OF ELDERS......Page 655 OTHER FORMS OF FAMILY VIOLENCE......Page 656 LEVELS OF PREVENTION: CRISIS INTERVENTION AND FAMILY VIOLENCE......Page 658 FAMILIES FACING VIOLENCE FROM OUTSIDE THE FAMILY......Page 661 ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN CARING FOR FAMILIES IN CRISIS......Page 666 SUMMARY......Page 669 REFERENCES......Page 670 UNIT 6: PROMOTING AND PROTECTING THE HEALTH OF POPULATIONS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS......Page 673 CHAPTER 21: Maternal–Child Health: Working with Perinatal, Infant, Toddler, and Preschool Clients ......Page 674 HEALTH STATUS AND NEEDS OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND INFANTS......Page 675 INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND PRESCHOOLERS......Page 691 NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND PRESCHOOLERS......Page 692 HEALTH SERVICES FOR INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND PRESCHOOLERS......Page 701 SUMMARY......Page 709 REFERENCES......Page 710 CHAPTER 22: School-Age Children and Adolescents ......Page 717 HEALTH PROBLEMS OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN......Page 718 ADOLESCENT HEALTH......Page 740 HEALTH SERVICES FOR SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS......Page 754 SUMMARY......Page 759 REFERENCES......Page 760 CHAPTER 23: Adult Women and Men ......Page 771 LIFE EXPECTANCY......Page 773 MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS OF ADULTS......Page 774 WOMEN’S HEALTH......Page 781 MEN’S HEALTH......Page 788 ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE......Page 793 SUMMARY......Page 795 REFERENCES......Page 796 CHAPTER 24: Older Adults: Aging in Place......Page 800 HEALTH STATUS OF OLDER ADULTS......Page 802 DISPELLING AGEISM......Page 805 MEETING THE HEALTH NEEDS OF OLDER ADULTS......Page 807 LEVELS OF PREVENTION......Page 808 HEALTH COSTS FOR OLDER ADULTS: MEDICARE AND MEDICAID......Page 826 APPROACHES TO OLDER ADULT CARE......Page 828 HEALTH SERVICES FOR OLDER ADULT POPULATIONS......Page 829 END OF LIFE: ADVANCE DIRECTIVES, HOSPICE, PALLIATIVE CARE......Page 833 THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE IN AN AGING AMERICA......Page 834 REFERENCES......Page 837 UNIT 7: PROMOTING AND PROTECTING THE HEALTH OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS......Page 841 CHAPTER 25: Working with Vulnerable People ......Page 842 THE CONCEPT OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS......Page 843 VULNERABILITY AND INEQUALITY IN HEALTH CARE......Page 849 WORKING WITH VULNERABLE POPULATIONS......Page 851 SUMMARY......Page 856 REFERENCES......Page 858 CHAPTER 26: Clien Community & Public Health Nursing is provides students with a basic grounding in public health nursing principles while emphasizing aggregate-level nursing. While weaving in meaningful examples from practice throughout the text, the authors coach students on how to navigate between conceptualizing about a population-focus while also continuing to advocate and care for individuals, families, and aggregates. This student-friendly, highly illustrated text engages students, and by doing so, eases students into readily applying public health principles along with evidence-based practice, nursing science, and skills that promote health, prevent disease, as well as protect at-risk populations