Communication technologies for vehicles : 15th international workshop, Nets4Cars/Nets4Trains/Nets4Aircraft 2020, Bordeaux, France, November 16-17, 2020 : proceedings

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles, Nets4Cars/Nets4Trains/Nets4Aircraft 2020, held in Bordeaux, France, in November 2020. The 18 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 22 submissions. The selected papers present orig-inal research results in areas related to the physical layer, communication protocols and standards, mobility and traffic models, experimental and field operational testing, and performance analysis. Preface 6 Organization 7 Contents 9 Road 11 Simulation of Cyberattacks in ITS-G5 Systems 12 1 Introduction 12 2 Related Work 14 2.1 Cyber-Attack Taxonomy 14 2.2 C-ITS Simulation Tools and Platforms 15 3 Simulation Study 17 3.1 Simulation Set-Up 17 3.2 Jamming Attack Case 17 3.3 Replay Attack Case 18 3.4 Falsification Attack Case 20 3.5 Congestion Attack Case 20 4 Difficulties and Limitations 21 5 Conclusion 22 References 22 Towards an Extensible Security Monitoring Architecture for Vehicular Networks 24 1 Introduction 24 2 Extensible Security Monitoring 25 3 Related Work 26 4 A Sample Use Case 27 5 Extensible Security Monitoring Architecture 28 5.1 Architecture Overview 28 5.2 Integrating Probes in the Architecture 29 5.3 A CAM/DENM Monitoring Probe 29 6 Implementation and Evaluation 30 7 Conclusion and Outlook 32 References 32 Anomaly Detection on Roads Using C-ITS Messages 34 1 Introduction 34 2 Related Works 36 2.1 Trajectory-User Linking (TUL) 36 2.2 Trajectory Mining 37 2.3 Anomaly Detection 38 3 Problem Statement and Methodology 39 3.1 Problem Statement 39 3.2 Methodology 39 3.3 Dataset Description 40 4 Performance Evaluation 41 4.1 Obstacle Detection 41 5 Conclusion 45 References 46 Leveraging GPS Data for Vehicle Maneuver Detection 48 1 Introduction 48 2 Related Works 50 3 GPS Based Method for Vehicle Maneuver Detection 51 3.1 Creation of the Model Trajectory 52 3.2 Division of the Vehicle Trajectory Data into Segments 53 3.3 Hausdorff Distance Calculation 54 4 Experimental Study 54 4.1 Dataset 55 4.2 Trajectory Model Computation 55 4.3 Choice of the Parameters' Values 56 5 Maneuvers Detection Evaluation 58 5.1 Evaluation Metrics 59 5.2 Results and Discussion 59 6 Conclusion 61 References 61 Analysis and Comparison of IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 802.11bd 64 1 Introduction 64 2 Overview of C-ITS Technologies 65 2.1 Overview of the IEEE 802.11p Standard 65 2.2 Overview of the IEEE 802.11bd Standard 66 3 Implementation and Model Validation 67 3.1 IEEE 802.11bd Implementation 67 3.2 Model Validation 70 3.3 Packet Reception Ratio Comparison 72 4 Conclusions 73 References 74 An Investigation of the Bits Corruption in the IEEE 802.11p 75 1 Introduction 75 2 Overview of the 802.11p Performance 76 3 Experimental Test-Bed 78 3.1 Materials 78 3.2 Material Modifications 79 3.3 Experiment Settings 79 4 Data Analysis 80 4.1 Data Set Selection 80 4.2 Impact of Data Length and the Data Rate 81 4.3 The Bits Corruption 81 5 Theoretical Framework for Data Rate Selection Problems 82 5.1 Combinatorial Optimisation Without Restriction 83 5.2 Combinatorial Optimisation with Transmission Restrictions 84 6 Conclusion 85 References 86 Measurements of Communication Channel in Different Scenarios with the Channel Characterization Tool System 87 1 Introduction 87 2 Measurement Equipment: CCT 88 3 Main Environments and Phenomena in Road Communications 89 3.1 Road Environment: General Scenarios 90 3.2 Weather Conditions 90 3.3 Speed of the Vehicle 91 3.4 Coverage 91 3.5 Interferences 92 3.6 Summary 92 4 Measurement Campaign 93 5 Results 94 6 Conclusions 96 References 97 Survey on Decision-Making Algorithms for Network Selection in Heterogeneous Architectures 98 1 Introduction 98 2 A Taxonomy of Decision-Making Algorithms 100 2.1 Deterministic Decision-Making Methods 100 2.2 Artificial Intelligence-Based Decision-Making Methods 101 3 Challenges and Key Issues 104 3.1 Deterministic Methods Related Issues 104 3.2 Artificial Intelligence-Based Methods Related Issues 104 4 Conclusion 105 References 106 Radio Access Technologies Selection in Vehicular Networks: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives for Autonomous Connected Vehicles 108 1 Introduction 108 2 Background 109 2.1 Vehicular Use Cases Needs 109 2.2 Access Technologies in Vehicular Networks 110 3 State-of-the-Art Related to Radio Access Technology Selection 111 3.1 Standards for Radio Access Technology Selection 111 3.2 European Projects 112 3.3 Dynamic Radio Access Technology Selection in the Literature 112 4 Research Directions for Future Works 117 4.1 Adaptability and Programmability 117 4.2 Smart Aspect 118 4.3 Multi-* 119 4.4 Reliability and Security 119 5 Conclusion 119 References 120 Toward the Integration of V2V Based Clusters in a Global Infrastructure Network for Vehicles 122 1 Introduction 122 2 Related Work 123 3 Background 124 4 Definition of the Operation Including the Infrastructure 125 5 Simulation context 125 5.1 Scheme Behavior Description in Case 1 and Case 2 126 6 The Results Explanation 128 7 Conclusion and Perspectives 130 References 131 Train 132 Integration of Antennas for Communication System on Complex Platforms 133 1 Introduction 133 2 Challenges and Constraints upon Antenna Integration 134 2.1 System Specification Requirements 134 2.2 Example of Antenna Integration for Communication System in Railways 135 3 Influence of Integration on Antenna Performances 138 3.1 Distortion of Radiation Pattern 138 3.2 Impedance Mismatch 138 3.3 Coupling Between Antenna and Platforms 138 3.4 Isolation Between Antennas in Multiple Antenna Systems 139 3.5 Increase in Antenna Quality Factor 139 4 State-of-the-Art and Novel Antenna Integration Methods and Concept 139 4.1 Existing Antenna Integration Schemes/Methods 140 4.2 New Antenna Integration Concept 141 5 Conclusion 142 References 142 5G for Remote Driving of Trains 145 1 Introduction 145 2 Wireless Communications for Railways 146 3 Preliminary Experiments on the Tracks 147 4 5G and LTE Comparison 147 4.1 Context 147 4.2 System Model 150 4.3 Sum Rate 151 4.4 Simulation Results 152 5 Conclusion and Perspectives 153 References 154 Sensing the Health of the Catenary-Pantograph Contact on Railway Vehicles with Radio Receivers: Early Results 156 1 Introduction 156 2 Environment 158 3 Measurement Setup 159 4 Results 161 4.1 Generation of EM Interference Related to Arcs and Sparks 161 4.2 Preliminary Frequency Bands 162 5 Conclusions 163 References 163 Freight Telematics Systems: An Intelligent Wagon 165 1 Introduction 165 2 Freight Telematics System 166 2.1 Communication Network Topologies 166 2.2 Communication Technologies 167 3 Use Cases Enabled by the Freight Telematics Systems 169 4 Wagon Monitoring System 171 5 Conclusions 172 References 172 NEWNECTAR: A New gEneration of Adaptable Wireless Sensor NEtwork for Way Side objeCTs in rAilway enviRonments 174 1 Introduction 175 2 WSNs for Railway Infrastructure Monitoring 176 3 NEWNECTAR Architecture 177 3.1 Universal Sink Node 178 3.2 Data Forwarding Control 179 4 Data Collection Using GPP-Based SDR Platform 180 4.1 Data Collection and Performance Analysis of SDR Platforms 180 4.2 Numerical Result and Discussion 182 5 Conclusions and Perspectives 184 References 185 Air 187 Allowing People to Communicate After a Disaster Using FANETs 188 1 Introduction 188 2 Related Works 189 3 Problem, Model and Algorithm 190 4 Simulations and Analysis 191 4.1 Without Mobility 192 4.2 With Mobility 193 4.3 Coverage 195 4.4 Connection Time 195 4.5 Delivered Messages and Delay 197 5 Conclusion and Perspectives 199 References 200 Remote ID and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications for Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management 201 1 Introduction and Concepts 201 1.1 V2V Communication Strategies 202 2 Challenges in Establishing Direct V2V Communications Between Aircraft Systems 202 2.1 Our Contributions 203 3 Direct V2V Communication System Design 204 3.1 Platform and Hardware 204 3.2 Software 205 3.3 Integration with Aircraft 206 3.4 Message Structure 207 4 Experiments and Results 207 5 Conclusions 209 References 209 A Unified Smart Mobility System Integrating Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Intelligent Vehicles 210 1 Introduction 211 2 Smart Mobility 212 3 C-V2X Enabling Smart Mobility 215 3.1 Terrestrial Domain 215 3.2 Aerial Domain 217 3.3 Marine Domain 217 4 Open Research Issues and Future Trends 217 5 Conclusion 218 References 219 Author Index 222 Front Matter ....Pages i-x Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Simulation of Cyberattacks in ITS-G5 Systems (Jean Cassou-Mounat, Houda Labiod, Rida Khatoun)....Pages 3-14 Towards an Extensible Security Monitoring Architecture for Vehicular Networks (Amir Teshome Wonjiga, Marc Lacoste)....Pages 15-24 Anomaly Detection on Roads Using C-ITS Messages (Juliet Chebet Moso, Ramzi Boutahala, Brice Leblanc, Hacène Fouchal, Cyril de Runz, Stephane Cormier et al.)....Pages 25-38 Leveraging GPS Data for Vehicle Maneuver Detection (Abdallah Aymen, Jemili Imen, Mabrouk Sabra, Mohamed Mosbah)....Pages 39-54 Analysis and Comparison of IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 802.11bd (Badreddine Yacine Yacheur, Toufik Ahmed, Mohamed Mosbah)....Pages 55-65 An Investigation of the Bits Corruption in the IEEE 802.11p (Sébastien Bindel, Dorine Tabary, Soumia Bourebia, Frédéric Drouhin, Benoît Hilt)....Pages 66-77 Measurements of Communication Channel in Different Scenarios with the Channel Characterization Tool System (Nerea Fernández-Berrueta, Iker Moya, Javier Añorga, Mario Monterde, Jaione Arrizabalaga, Jon Goya)....Pages 78-88 Survey on Decision-Making Algorithms for Network Selection in Heterogeneous Architectures (Ali Mamadou Mamadou, Mouna Karoui, Gerard Chalhoub, Antonio Freitas)....Pages 89-98 Radio Access Technologies Selection in Vehicular Networks: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives for Autonomous Connected Vehicles (Sidoine Juicielle Kambiré, Hasnaâ Aniss, Francine Krief, Sassi Maaloul, Marion Berbineau)....Pages 99-112 Toward the Integration of V2V Based Clusters in a Global Infrastructure Network for Vehicles (Sabrine Belmekki, Martine Wahl, Patrick Sondi, Dominique Gruyer, Charles Tatkeu)....Pages 113-122 Front Matter ....Pages 123-123 Integration of Antennas for Communication System on Complex Platforms (Naveen Kumar, Ozuem Chukwuka, Divitha Seetharamdoo)....Pages 125-136 5G for Remote Driving of Trains (Yamen Alsaba, Marion Berbineau, Iyad Dayoub, Emilie Masson, Gemma Morral Adell, Eric Robert)....Pages 137-147 Sensing the Health of the Catenary-Pantograph Contact on Railway Vehicles with Radio Receivers: Early Results (Juan Moreno, Julián Martín Jarillo, Sonsoles García-Albertos)....Pages 148-156 Freight Telematics Systems: An Intelligent Wagon (Roberto C. Ramirez, Iker Moya, Imanol Puy, Unai Alvarado, Iñigo Adin, Jaizki Mendizabal)....Pages 157-165 NEWNECTAR: A New gEneration of Adaptable Wireless Sensor NEtwork for Way Side objeCTs in rAilway enviRonments (Dereje Mechal Molla, Hakim Badis, Laurent George, Marion Berbineau)....Pages 166-178 Front Matter ....Pages 179-179 Allowing People to Communicate After a Disaster Using FANETs (Frédéric Guinand, François Guérin, Pawel Łubniewski)....Pages 181-193 Remote ID and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications for Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (Ethan Murrell, Zach Walker, Eric King, Kamesh Namuduri)....Pages 194-202 A Unified Smart Mobility System Integrating Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Intelligent Vehicles (Chahrazed Ksouri, Imen Jemili, Mohamed Mosbah, Abdelfettah Belghith)....Pages 203-214 Back Matter ....Pages 215-216 This book constitutes the joint refereed proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles/Trains, Nets4Cars 2013 and Nets4Trains 2013, held in Vilnius, Lithuania, in May 2013. The 12 full papers of the road track and 5 full papers of the rail track presented together with 3 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 24 submissions. They address topics such as intra-vehicle, inter-vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communications (protocols and standards), mobility and traffic models (models, methodologies, and techniques), testing, and applications.