Communication in the Age of Trump (Frontiers in Political Communication)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt used radio fireside chats to connect with millions of ordinary Americans. The highly articulate and telegenic John F. Kennedy was dubbed the first TV president. Ronald Reagan, the so-called Great Communicator, had a conversational way of speaking to the common man. Bill Clinton left his mark on media industries by championing and signing the landmark Telecommunications Act of 1996 into law. Barack Obama was the first social media presidential campaigner and president. And now there is President Donald J. Trump. Because so much of what has made Donald Trump’s candidacy and presidency unconventional has been about communication―how he has used Twitter to convey his political messages and how the news media and voters have interpreted and responded to his public words and persona―21 communication and media scholars examine the Trump phenomenon in Communication in the Age of Trump. This collection of essays and studies, suitable for communication and political science students and scholars, covers the 2016 presidential campaign and the first year of the Trump presidency. Cover Contents List of Figures List of Tables Introduction (Arthur S. Hayes) Conclusion References Part I: Blurred Lines: When Reality TV Becomes Political Reality 1. American Idol: Trump’s Administration and Reality TV (June Deery) Mediating Politics and the Participant-Viewer Trump as Former Reality TV Star Reality, the TV Show Staged Actuality Fact and Fake Selling Reality Self-Branding Trump: The Game The Amateur and the Extra-ordinary Conclusion Notes References 2. Young Viewers Turned Voters—How “Wishing to Be Trump” and Other Parasocial Effects From Watching The Apprentice Predict Likeability, Trust, and Support for a Celebrity President (Sara S. Hansen / Shu-Yueh Lee) Literature Review Media Visibility and Celebrity Politics Parasocial Interaction and Relationships Identification and Reality TV Wishful Identification Method Demographic and Independent Variables Dependent Measures Results Discussion Parasocial Relationships & Populist Support “Wishing to be Trump” Supports Attitudes and Behaviors Limitations and Future Study References Part II: Campaign and Presidential Rhetoric 3. Donald Trump “Tells You What He Thinks” (Mira Sotirovic / Christopher Benson) Conclusion Notes References 4. “Enemies of the people”: Elites, Attacks, and News Trust in the Era of Trump (Jason Turcotte) Elite Attacks Hostile Media Effects News Trust Method Sample Measures Findings News Trust Hostile Media Effects Discussion Notes References Appendix Part III: Assessing News Media Performance 5. American Media and the Rise of Trump (Victor Pickard) The Historical Roots of American Media Exceptionalism The New Deal’s Last Gasp The Postwar Settlement for American News Media The Rise of a Profit-Obsessed Media System Is There an Alternative? Note References 6. From Fox News to Fake News: An Anatomy of the Top 20 Fake News Stories on Facebook Before the 2016 Election (Mitchell T. Bard) Fake News Fake News or Something Else? The Themes of the Fake News Articles Fox News and the Fake News Themes Fake News, Fox News, and the 2016 Election Note References 7. We’ve Got Mail (But Probably Shouldn’t): The Press, WikiLeaks, and Democratic Disclosures in the 2016 Election (Laurel Leff) Notes References 8. The Media Was the Message: Gendered Coverage of Hillary Clinton’s Historic 2016 Campaign for U.S. President (Dianne Bystrom / Kimberly Nelson) Media Coverage of Women Political Candidates Method Results Discussion 9. Goodbye Neighbor: Mexican News Coverage of the Trump Wall and U.S. Immigration Proposals (Melissa A. Johnson / Héctor Rendón) Agenda Setting Theory and Research Intermedia Agenda Setting and Niche Agenda Setting First-Level and Second-Level Agenda Setting Agenda Setting Research in Latin America Immigration Research Mexican Media System Mexican Media Consumers First-Level Agenda Setting and Intermedia Agenda Setting Second-Level Agenda Setting and Niche Agenda Setting Methodology Sampling Design Measures—First-Level Agenda Setting and Thematic Analysis (Hand-Coding) Measures—Second-Level Agenda Setting, and Computer-Assisted Coding Border, Wall, and Immigration Dictionaries Results First-Level Agenda Setting Agenda Setting Topics and Subtopics Intermedia Agenda Setting Second-Level Agenda Setting Effects of Media Agenda on Public Opinion Discussion References 10. A “Political Novice” vs. the “Queen of War”: How State-Sponsored Media Framed the 2016 U.S. Presidential Campaign (Nataliya Roman / John H. Parmelee) Framing Coverage of Candidates Media Coverage of Elections International Broadcasters and Public Diplomacy Method Content Analysis Sampling Coding Procedures Frame Analysis Results Content Analysis Frame Analysis Sputnik’s Coverage: The “Populist” vs. the “Queen of War” VOA’s Coverage: A “Political Novice” vs. “Strong, Steady, and Tested” Discussion Limitations and Future Research Notes References 11. “Judicious Skepticism”: Fact-Checking Trump (Beth Knobel) Pre-Digital Fact-Checking Digital Fact-Checkers Extending the “Trump Bump” Legacy Media Leans Digital Added Accountability? References 12. Trump, the Press Critic: Unethical and Ineffective (Arthur S. Hayes) Trump’s Campaign Against the News Media: Nixonian and Machiavellian Theories of Press Criticism The First Amendment Concept of Democratic Discourse Press Criticism Theory Trump’s Coercive Speech How an Effective Press Critic Operates Trump’s Ineptitude Conclusion References Part IV: Why Twitter and Facebook May Never Be the Same 13. Tweeting the Election: Comparative Uses of Twitter by Trump and Clinton in the 2016 Election (Flora Khoo / William Brown) Literature Review Gender and Race in Election Campaigns Theoretical Framework Research Questions Methodology Population and Sampling Unit of Analysis Measurement of Tweet Frames Patriotism Frame Criticism Frame Endorsement Frame Voting Frame Policy Frame FBI & Security Frame Social Compassion Issues Frame Others Inter-Coder Reliability Results Endorsement and Voting Frames Discussion Implications for Theory and Research Limitations and Conclusion References 14. The Commander in Tweets: President Trump’s Use of Twitter to Defend (Jeffrey Delbert) Rhetorical Defense and Political Media Method Analysis Conclusion References 15. Are Algorithms Media Ethics Watchdogs? An Examination of Social Media Data for News (Tao Fu / William A. Babcock) Big Data, Algorithms, and Social Media Conceptual Foundation Prima Facie Duties Gatekeeping Theory Fake News, Biased News, and Social Media’s Duties Post-Truth, Fake News, and Non-Maleficence News Trending, Biased News, and Beneficence Facebook Users as Gatekeeper and Self-Improvement Conclusion Notes References 16. Emerging Free Speech and Social Media Law and Policy in the Age of Trump (Arthur S. Hayes) @RealDonaldTrump: Is There State Action? Blocked Tweets: Legal Precedents State Action or Under Color of Law Determine Whether the Defendant Opened a Forum for Speech on a Social Media Site Applying Davison to Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University v. Trump Presidential Records Act Honest Ads Act Conclusion Notes References Contributors Index American Idol : Trump's Administration And Reality Tv / June Deery -- Young Viewers Turned Voters : How Wishing To Be Trump And Other Parasocial Effects From Watching The Apprentice Predict Likeability, Trust, And Support For A Celebrity President / Sara S. Hansen And Shu-yueh Lee -- Donald Trump Tells You Want He Thinks / Mirjana Sotirovic And Christopher Benson -- Enemies Of The People : Elites, Attacks, And News Trust In The Era Of Trump / Jason Turcotte -- American Media And The Rise Of Trump / Victor Pickard -- A Textual Analysis Of Fake News / Mitchell Bard -- We've Got Mail (but Probably Shouldn't) : The Press, Wikileaks And Democratic Disclosures In The 2016 Election / Laurel Leff -- The Media Was The Message : Gendered Coverage Of Hillary Clinton's Historic 2016 Campaign For U.s. President / Dianne Bystrom And Kimberly Nelson -- Goodbye Neighbor : Mexican News Coverage Of The Wall And U.s. Immigration Proposals / Melissa A. Johnson And Héctor Rendón -- A Political Novice Vs. The Queen Of War : How State-sponsored Media Framed The 2016 U.s. Presidential Campaign / Nataliya Roman And John H. Parmelee -- Fact-checking Trump / Beth Knobel -- Trump, The Press Critic : Unethical And Ineffective / Arthur S. Hayes -- Tweeting The Election : Comparative Uses Of Twitter By Trump And Clinton In The 2016 Election / Flora Khoo And William Brown -- The Commander In Tweets : President Trump's Use Of Twitter To Defend / Jeffrey Delbert -- Are Algorithms Media Ethics Watchdogs? : An Examination Of Social Media Data For News / Tao Fu And William A. Babcock -- Emerging Free Speech And Social Media Law And Policy In The Age Of Trump / Arthur S. Hayes. Edited By Arthur S. Hayes. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Franklin Delano Roosevelt used radio fireside chats to connect with millions of ordinary Americans. The highly articulate and telegenic John F. Kennedy was dubbed the first TV president. Ronald Reagan, the so-called Great Communicator, had a conversational way of speaking to the common man. Bill Clinton left his mark on media industries by championing and signing the landmark Telecommunications Act of 1996 into law. Barack Obama was the first social media presidential campaigner and president. And now there is President Donald J. Trump.0Because so much of what has made Donald Trump's candidacy and presidency unconventional has been about communication-how he has used Twitter to convey his political messages and how the news media and voters have interpreted and responded to his public words and persona-21 communication and media scholars examine the Trump phenomenon in Communication in the Age of Trump. This collection of essays and studies, suitable for communication and political science students and scholars, covers the 2016 presidential campaign and the first year of the Trump presidency