Commercial Surfactants for Remediation : Mobilization of Trace Metals From Estuarine Sediment and Bioavailability

This book demonstrates the benefits of using commercially available surfactants, or surface-active agents, for remediation of metal-contaminated soil and sediment. First the book offers theoretical reviews of commercially available surfactants, then it proceeds to a study of various available surfactants for the mobilization of metals. Surfactants representative of amphiphiles discovered in the digestive environment of sediment-ingesting organisms are used to examine the extent and rate of metal (Al, Fe, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) mobilization from contaminated estuarine sediment. Metals can cause harmful effects to the environment and organisms. It is difficult to treat contaminants that are often tightly bound to the extremely small size of the estuarine sediments. The book also demonstrates the mechanisms of metal mobilization that appear to be related to complexation with monomers and adsorption to micelles of the anionic amphiphiles, and to the denudation of hydrophobic host phases or coatings on the sediment by micelles of both anionic and nonionic surfactants. Readers obtain a better understanding of current commercial surfactants, their impact on the environment, and possible remediation. This transdisciplinary book contributes toward Sustainable Development Goals numbers 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) and 13 (Climate Action) set by the United Nations and is useful for students and teachers of sediment studies, coastal studies, environmental sciences, hydrology, civil engineering, and policy sciences. Acknowledgements 7 Contents 8 About the Author 11 Abbreviations 12 List of Figures 14 List of Tables 16 1 Introduction 17 Abstract 17 1.1 Metals 17 1.2 Sediment 18 1.3 Sources of Sediment Contaminants 19 1.4 Sediment Contaminants 20 References 24 2 Bioavailability of Metals in Sediment 25 Abstract 25 2.1 Introduction-Bioavailability 25 References 27 3 Solubilization of Metals in Invertebrate Guts 28 Abstract 28 3.1 Introduction 28 References 30 4 Surfactants 32 Abstract 32 4.1 Introduction 32 4.2 Types of Surfactants 33 4.3 Properties of Surfactants 33 4.4 Surfactants as Remediating Agents 34 4.5 Methods of Heavy Metal Extraction from Solids by Surface Active Agents 35 References 37 5 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation-Introduction 39 Abstract 39 5.1 Introduction 39 5.2 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) 40 5.3 Hexadecyltrimethylammonium 41 5.4 Triton X-100 41 5.5 Sodium Taurocholate 41 References 43 6 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation-Methodology 45 Abstract 45 6.1 Sampling 45 6.2 Sample Processing 47 6.3 Sample Digestion 47 6.4 Reagents and Working Surfactants 48 6.5 Experiments 51 References 52 7 Metal Analysis 53 Abstract 53 7.1 Introduction 53 7.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 54 7.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) 54 7.4 Metal Analysis 54 7.5 CHN Analysis 56 7.6 Data Presentation 57 References 58 8 Metal Concentration 59 Abstract 59 8.1 Sample Composition 59 8.2 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen 60 Reference 60 9 Kinetics of Metal Release by Surfactants 61 Abstract 61 9.1 Introduction 61 9.2 Kinetics of Metal Release by HDTMA Surfactant 67 9.3 Kinetics of Metal Release by SDS Surfactant 68 9.4 Kinetics of Metal Release by Triton X 100 Surfactant 69 9.5 Kinetics of Metal Release by NaTC Surfactant 69 9.6 Kinetics of Metal Release by Synthesized Surfactant 70 References 71 10 Surfactant Availability of Metals 72 Abstract 72 10.1 Introduction 72 10.2 Surfactant Availability of Metals by HDTMA 74 10.3 Surfactant Availability of Metals by SDS 74 10.4 Surfactant Availability of Metals by Triton X 100 75 10.5 Surfactant Availability of Metals by NaTC 75 10.6 Relationship Between the Metals Available by Different Surfactants 75 10.7 Comparison Between SDS and NaTC 75 10.8 Mechanisms of Metal Release by Surfactants 77 10.9 Comparison Between the Metals Release by Proteinase K, BSA, NaTC and SDS 79 10.10 Relationship Between the Metals Available by BSA, SDS, and NaTC 80 References 81 11 Implication of Surfactants in Remediation 82 Abstract 82 11.1 Introduction 82 11.2 Implications for Metal Availability to Deposit-Feeders 83 References 84 12 General Discussion and Conclusions 85 Abstract 85 12.1 Introduction 85 References 86 13 Marine Conservation and Sustainable Development Goals 87 Abstract 87 13.1 Introduction 87 13.2 Marine and Estuarine Protection and Management Strategies 88 13.3 Other Suggestions 90 References 90 Appendix A Change of pH Reading 92 Appendix B Last Two Standard Readings 94 Appendix C Concentration of Metals 98 Appendix D Concentration of Metals—SDS 99 Appendix E Concentration of Metals—NaTC 101 Appendix F Concentration of Metals—Synthesized Surfactant 103 Appendix G Concentration of Metals—HDTMA 105 Bibliography 107 Front Matter ....Pages i-xix Introduction (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 1-8 Bioavailability of Metals in Sediment (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 9-11 Solubilization of Metals in Invertebrate Guts (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 13-16 Surfactants (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 17-23 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation-Introduction (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 25-30 Commercial Surfactants for Remediation-Methodology (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 31-38 Metal Analysis (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 39-44 Metal Concentration (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 45-46 Kinetics of Metal Release by Surfactants (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 47-57 Surfactant Availability of Metals (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 59-68 Implication of Surfactants in Remediation (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 69-71 General Discussion and Conclusions (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 73-74 Marine Conservation and Sustainable Development Goals (Anu Singh Bisht)....Pages 75-79 Back Matter ....Pages 81-100 The treatment of contaminated soil is a permanently relevant subject for ensuirng the quality of the environment. A wide variety of soils contaminated witht a broad range of harmful chemical compounds all around the the world, call for many different treatment strategies. Research activities focus on affordable methods offering the greatest possible effect, whilst limiting the potential side effects. This book sums up the research activities of Research Centre 188 which has cooperated with the Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, the University of Hamburg and GKSS in Geesthacht over the last 12 years, thus greatly advancing our knowledge in this field Newly developed and innovative methods are mentioned and outlined so that the book can be used as a source of information for scientists and professionals specialised in the treatment of soils as well as for students in courses of environmental studies. The book offers a short, compressed overview of the important features of this subject and can be used as a reference book of the state of the art. The appendix offers the interested reader a detailed survey of materials, test methods and apparatuses as well as a description of analytical directions and processes.