Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials : An Exploration of the Relationship Between Light, the Optical Properties of Materials and Colour

__Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials__ carefully introduces the science behind the subject, along with many modern and cutting-edge applications, chosen to appeal to today's students. For science students, it provides a broad introduction to the subject and the many applications of colour. To more applied students, such as engineering and arts students, it provides the essential scientific background to colour and the many applications. **New to this Edition:** * The chapter framework of the first edition will be retained, with each chapter being substantially rewritten and some material would be relocated. Some chapters will be rewritten in a clearer fashion, e.g. There have been no significant advances in the understanding of rainbows recently, but the text could be clarified and improved. * Colour has been an important attribute of many nano-particle containing systems, such as quantum dots. This aspect will be included, e.g. the colour of gold ruby glass, described in Chapter 5 as part of scattering phenomena now is better treated in terms of gold nanoparticles and surface plasmons. This would probably be transferred to Chapter 10 and considered in tandem with the colour of metals such as copper, silver and gold. A similar state of affairs applies to silver nanoparticles and polychromic glass. * Some chapters will include extensive new material, e.g. Chapter 8, colours due to molecular processes [organic LEDs etc], and Chapter 12, Displays, [touch screen technologies]. * For all chapters it would be intended to take into account the current scientific literature up to the time of submission – say up to the end of 2009. The end of chapter Further Reading sections would reflect this up-to-date overview. * The end of chapter problems will be strengthened and expanded. Content: Chapter 1 Light and Colour (pages 1–48): Chapter 2 Colours due to Refraction and Dispersion (pages 49–90): Chapter 3 The Production of Colour by Reflection (pages 91–128): Chapter 4 Polarisation and Crystals (pages 129–174): Chapter 5 Colour due to Scattering (pages 175–196): Chapter 6 Colour due to Diffraction (pages 197–245): Chapter 7 Colour from Atoms and Ions (pages 247–308): Chapter 8 Colour from Molecules (pages 309–362): Chapter 9 Luminescence (pages 363–418): Chapter 10 Colour in Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators (pages 419–489): Machine Generated Contents Note: 1. Light And Colour -- 1.1. Colour And Light -- 1.2. Colour And Energy -- 1.3. Light Waves -- 1.4. Interference -- 1.5. Light Waves And Colour -- 1.6. Black-body Radiation And Incandescence -- 1.7. The Colour Of Incandescent Objects -- 1.8. Photons -- 1.9. Lamps And Lasers -- 1.9.1. Lamps -- 1.9.2. Emission And Absorption Of Radiation -- 1.9.3. Energy-level Populations -- 1.9.4. Rates Of Absorption And Emission -- 1.9.5. Cavity Modes -- 1.10. Vision -- 1.11. Colour Perception -- 1.12. Additive Coloration -- 1.13. The Interaction Of Light With A Material -- 1.14. Subtractive Coloration -- 1.15. Electronic Paper -- 1.16. Appearance And Transparency -- Appendix A1.1 Definitions, Units And Conversion Factors -- A1.1.1. Constants, Conversion Factors And Energy -- A1.1.2. Waves -- A1.1.3. Si Units Associated With Radiation And Light Further Reading -- 2. Colours Due To Refraction And Dispersion -- 2.1. Refraction And The Refractive Index Of A Material. 2.2. Total Internal Reflection -- 2.2.1. Total Internal Reflection -- 2.2.2. Evanescent Waves -- 2.3. Refractive Index And Polarisability -- 2.4. Refractive Index And Density -- 2.5. Invisible Animals, Grins And Mirages -- 2.6. Dispersion And Colours Produced By Dispersion -- 2.7. Rainbows -- 2.8. Halos -- 2.9. Fibre Optics -- 2.9.1. Optical Communications -- 2.9.2. Optical Fibres -- 2.9.3. Attenuation In Glass Fibres -- 2.9.4. Chemical Impurities -- 2.9.5. Dispersion And Optical-fibre Design -- 2.10. Negative Refractive Index Materials -- 2.10.1. Metamaterials -- 2.10.2. Superlenses -- Further Reading -- 3. The Production Of Colour By Reflection -- 3.1. Reflection From A Single Surface -- 3.1.1. Reflection From A Transparent Plate -- 3.1.2. Data Storage Using Reflection -- 3.2. Interference At A Single Thin Film In Air -- 3.2.1. Reflection Perpendicular To The Film -- 3.2.2. Variation With Viewing Angle -- 3.2.3. Transmitted Beams -- 3.3. The Colour Of A Single Thin Film In Air -- 3.4. The Reflectivity Of A Single Thin Film In Air. 4.5.1. Double Refraction -- 4.5.2. Refractive Index And Crystal Structure -- 4.6. The Description Of Double Refraction Effects -- 4.6.1. Uniaxial Crystals -- 4.6.2. Biaxial Crystals -- 4.7. Colour Produced By Polarisation And Birefringence -- 4.8. Dichroism And Pleochroism -- 4.9. Nonlinear Effects -- 4.9.1. Nonlinear Crystals -- 4.9.2. Second-and Third-harmonic Generation -- 4.9.3. Frequency Mixing -- 4.9.4. Optical Parametric Amplifiers And Oscillators -- 4.10. Frequency Matching And Phase Matching -- 4.11. More On Second-harmonic Generation -- 4.11.1. Polycrystalline Solids And Powders -- 4.11.2. Second-harmonic Generation In Glass -- 4.11.3. Second-harmonic And Sum-frequency-generation By Organic Materials -- 4.11.4. Second-harmonic Generation At Interfaces -- 4.11.5. Second-harmonic Microscopy -- 4.12. Optical Activity -- 4.12.1. The Rotation Of Polarised Light -- 4.12.2. Circular Birefringence And Dichroism -- 4.13. Liquid Crystals -- 4.13.1. Liquid-crystal Mesophases -- 4.13.2. Liquid-crystal Displays -- Further Reading -- 5. Colour Due To Scattering. 5.1. Scattering And Extinction -- 5.2. Tyndall Blue And Rayleigh Scattering -- 5.3. Blue Skies, Red Sunsets -- 5.4. Scattering And Polarisation -- 5.5. Mie Scattering -- 5.6. Blue Eyes, Blue Feathers And Blue Moons -- 5.7. Paints, Sunscreens And Related Matters -- 5.8. Multiple Scattering -- 5.9. Gold Sols And Ruby Glass -- 5.10. The Lycurgus Cup And Other Stained Glass -- Further Reading -- 6. Colour Due To Diffraction -- 6.1. Diffraction And Colour Production By A Slit -- 6.2. Diffraction And Colour Production By A Rectangular Aperture -- 6.3. Diffraction And Colour Production By A Circular Aperture -- 6.4. The Diffraction Limit Of Optical Instruments -- 6.5. Colour Production By Linear Diffraction Gratings -- 6.6. Two-dimensional Gratings -- 6.7. Estimation Of The Wavelength Of Light By Diffraction -- 6.8. Diffraction By Crystals And Crystal-like Structures -- 6.8.1. Bragg's Law -- 6.8.2. Opals -- 6.8.3. Artificial And Inverse Opals -- 6.8.4. The Effective Refractive Index Of Inverse Opals -- 6.8.5. Photonic Crystals And Photonic Band Gaps. 6.8.6. Dynamical Form Of Bragg's Law -- 6.9. Diffraction From Disordered Gratings -- 6.9.1. Random Specks And Droplets -- 6.9.2. Colour From Cholesteric Liquid Crystals -- 6.9.3. Disordered Two-and Three-dimensional Gratings -- 6.10. Diffraction By Sub-wavelength Structures -- 6.10.1. Diffraction By Moth-eye Antireflection Structures -- 6.10.2. The Cornea Of The Eye -- 6.10.3. Some Blue Feathers -- 6.11. Holograms -- 6.11.1. Holograms And Interference Patterns -- 6.11.2. Transmission Holograms -- 6.11.3. Reflection Holograms -- 6.11.4. Rainbow Holograms -- 6.11.5. Hologram Recording Media -- 6.11.6. Embossed Holograms -- Further Reading -- 7. Colour From Atoms And Ions -- 7.1. The Spectra Of Atoms And Ions -- 7.2. Terms And Levels -- 7.3. Atomic Spectra And Chemical Analysis -- 7.4. Fraunhofer Lines And Stellar Spectra -- 7.5. Neon Signs And Early Plasma Displays -- 7.6. The Helium -- Neon Laser -- 7.7. Sodium And Mercury Street Lights -- 7.8. Transition Metals And Crystal-field Colours -- 7.9. Crystal Field Splitting, Energy Levels And Terms. 7.9.1. Configurations And Strong Field Energy Levels -- 7.9.2. Weak Fields And Term Splitting -- 7.9.3. Intermediate Fields -- 7.10. The Colour Of Ruby -- 7.11. Transition-metal-ion Lasers -- 7.11.1. The Ruby Laser: A Three-level Laser -- 7.11.2. The Titanium -- Sapphire Laser -- 7.12. Emerald, Alexandrite And Crystal-field Strength -- 7.13. Crystal-field Colours In Minerals And Gemstones -- 7.14. Colour As A Structural Probe -- 7.15. Colours From Lanthanoid Ions -- 7.16. The Neodymium (nd3+) Solid-state Laser: A Four-level Laser -- 7.17. Amplification Of Optical-fibre Signals -- 7.18. Transition Metal, Lanthanoid And Actinoid Pigments -- 7.19. Spectral-hole Formation -- Appendix A7.1 Electron Configurations -- A7.1.1. Electron Configurations Of The Lighter Atoms -- A7.1.2. The 3d Transition Metals -- A7.1.3. The Lanthanoid (rare Earth) Elements -- Appendix A7.2 Terms And Levels -- A7.2.1. The Vector Model Of The Atom -- A7.2.2. Energy Levels And Terms Of Many-electron Atoms -- A7.2.3. The Ground-state Term Of An Atom -- A7.2.4. Energy Levels Of Many-electron Atoms -- Further Reading. 8. Colour From Molecules -- 8.1. The Energy Levels Of Molecules -- 8.2. The Colours Arising In Some Simple Inorganic Molecules -- 8.3. The Colour Of Water -- 8.4. Chromophores, Chromogens And Auxochromes -- 8.5. Conjugated Bonds In Organic Molecules: The Carotenoids -- 8.6. Conjugated Bonds Circling Metal Atoms: Porphyrins And Phthalocyanines -- 8.7. Naturally Occurring Colorants: Flavonoid Pigments -- 8.7.1. Flavone-related Colours: Yellows -- 8.7.2. Anthocyanin-related Colours: Reds And Blues -- 8.7.3. The Colour Of Red Wine -- 8.8. Autumn Leaves -- 8.9. Some Dyes And Pigments -- 8.9.1. Indigo, Tyrian Purple And Mauve -- 8.9.2. Tannins -- 8.9.3. Melanins -- 8.10. Charge-transfer Colours -- 8.10.1. Charge-transfer Processes -- 8.10.2. Cation-to-cation (intervalence) Charge Transfer -- 8.10.3. Anion-to-cation Charge Transfer -- 8.10.4. Iron-containing Minerals -- 8.10.5. Intra-anion Charge Transfer -- 8.11. Colour-change Sensors -- 8.11.1. The Detection Of Metal Ions -- 8.11.2. Indicators -- 8.11.3. Colorimetric Sensor Films And Arrays -- 8.11.4. Markers -- 8.12. Dye Lasers. 8.13. Photochromic Organic Molecules -- Further Reading -- 9. Luminescence -- 9.1. Luminescence -- 9.2. Activators, Sensitisers And Fluorophores -- 9.3. Atomic Processes In Photoluminescence -- 9.3.1. Energy Absorption And Emission -- 9.3.2. Kinetic Factors -- 9.3.3. Quantum Yield And Reaction Rates -- 9.3.4. Structural Interactions -- 9.3.5. Quenching -- 9.4. Fluorescent Lamps -- 9.4.1. Fluorescent Lamps -- 9.4.2. Trichromatic Lamps -- 9.4.3. Other Fluorescent Lamps -- 9.5. Plasma Displays -- 9.6. Cathodoluminescence And Cathode Ray Tubes -- 9.6.1. Cathode Rays -- 9.6.2. Television Tubes -- 9.6.3. Other Applications Of Cathodoluminescence -- 9.7. Field-emission Displays -- 9.8. Phosphor Electroluminescent Displays -- 9.9. Up-conversion. Note Continued: 9.9.1. Ground-state Absorption And Excited-state Absorption -- 9.9.2. Energy Transfer -- 9.9.3. Other Up-conversion Processes -- 9.10. Quantum Cutting -- 9.11. Fluorescent Molecules -- 9.11.1. Molecular Fluorescence -- 9.11.2. Fluorescent Proteins -- 9.11.3. Fluorescence Microscopy -- 9.11.4. Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy -- 9.12. Fluorescent Nanoparticles -- 9.13. Fluorescent Markers And Sensors -- 9.14. Chemiluminescence And Bioluminescence -- 9.15. Triboluminescence -- 9.16. Scintillators -- Further Reading -- 10. Colour In Metals, Semiconductors And Insulators -- 10.1. The Colours Of Insulators -- 10.2. Excitons -- 10.3. Impurity Colours In Insulators -- 10.4. Impurity Colours In Diamond -- 10.5. Colour Centres -- 10.5.1. The F Centre. 10.5.2. Electron And Hole Centres -- 10.5.3. Surface Colour Centres -- 10.5.4. Complex Colour Centres: Laser Action -- 10.5.5. Photostimulable Phosphors -- 10.6. The Colours Of Inorganic Semiconductors -- 10.6.1. Coloured Semiconductors -- 10.6.2. Transparent Conducting Oxides -- 10.7. The Colours Of Semiconductor Alloys -- 10.8. Light Emitting Diodes -- 10.8.1. Direct And Indirect Band Gaps -- 10.8.2. Idealised Diode Structure -- 10.8.3. High-brightness Leds -- 10.8.4. Impurity Doping In Leds -- 10.8.5. Led Displays And White Light Generation -- 10.9. Semiconductor Diode Lasers -- 10.10. Semiconductor Nanostructures -- 10.10.1. Nanostructures -- 10.10.2. Quantum Wells -- 10.10.3. Quantum Wires And Quantum Dots -- 10.11. Organic Semiconductors And Electroluminescence -- 10.11.1. Molecular Electroluminescence -- 10.11.2. Organic Light Emitting Diodes. 10.12. Electrochromic Films -- 10.12.1. Tungsten Trioxide Electrochromic Films -- 10.12.2. Inorganic Electrochromic Materials -- 10.12.3. Electrochromic Molecules -- 10.12.4. Electrochromic Polymers -- 10.13. Photovoltaics -- 10.13.1. Photoconductivity And Photovoltaic Solar Cells -- 10.13.2. Dye-sensitised Solar Cells -- 10.14. Digital Photography -- 10.14.1. Charge Coupled Devices -- 10.14.2. Ccd Photography -- 10.15. The Colours Of Metals -- 10.16. The Colours Of Metal Nanoparticles -- 10.16.1. Plasmons -- 10.16.2. Surface Plasmons And Polaritons -- 10.16.3. Polychromic Glass -- 10.16.4. Photochromic Glass -- 10.16.5. Photographic Film -- 10.16.6. Metal Nanoparticle Sensors And Sers -- 10.17. Extraordinary Light Transmission And Plasmonic Crystals -- Further Reading. Richard J.d. Tilley. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. 'Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials' carefully introduces the science behind the subject, along with many modern and cutting-edge applications, chosen to appeal to today's students. Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials carefully introduces the science behind the subject, along with many modern and cutting-edge applications, chosen to appeal to today's students. For science students, it provides a broad introduction to the subject and the many applications of colour. To more applied students, such as engineering and arts students, it provides the essential scientific background to colour and the many applications. New to this Edition: The chapter framework of the first edition will be retained, with each chapter being substantially rewritten and some material would be relocated. Some chapters will be rewritten in a clearer fashion, e.g. There have been no significant advances in the understanding of rainbows recently, but the text could be clarified and improved. Colour has been an important attribute of many nano-particle containing systems, such as quantum dots. This aspect will be included, e.g. the colour of gold ruby glass, described in Chapter 5 as part of scattering phenomena now is better treated in terms of gold nanoparticles and surface plasmons. This would probably be transferred to Chapter 10 and considered in tandem with the colour of metals such as copper, silver and gold. A similar state of affairs applies to silver nanoparticles and polychromic glass. Some chapters will include extensive new material, e.g. Chapter 8, colours due to molecular processes [organic LEDs etc], and Chapter 12, Displays, [touch screen technologies]. For all chapters it would be intended to take into account the current scientific literature up to the time of submission - say up to the end of 2009. The end of chapter Further Reading sections would reflect this up-to-date overview. The end of chapter problems will be strengthened and expanded. Our day-to-day world is ablaze with colour. Information we seek is presented in bright colours, via displays ranging in size from small touch screen mobile phones to large screen plasma televisions. An understanding of the scientific principles underlying the generation of colour is increasingly important to a wide range of academic disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and engineering. Now in its second edition, Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials provides a thorough scientific overview of all aspects of colour and its relationship to the chemical and physical properties of materials. Primarily aimed at undergraduate students but of interest to anyone seeking an understanding of colour in its many manifestations, the book focuses attention on the ways that colour is produced and how these govern device applications. Features: Richly illustrated in full colour throughout. Introduces the science behind the subject whilst closely connecting it to relevant examples of colour in everyday life, such as iridescent butterflies, electronic paper and brightly coloured holographic security markers. Each chapter has been totally rewritten and each diagram redrawn to include extensive new material, including quantum dot nanoparticle colours, OLEDs, photonic crystals and plasmonic crystals and sensors. Includes extensive suggestions for further reading, allowing all topics to be explored in greater depth "This book gives a perfect insight into light and colour and I can strongly recommend it to any scientist." ( Chemistry in Britain , 2000) "...A clear text which I can recommend to anyone who is scientifically aware...[and] also as a good course text for an introductory course on colour...." ( Glass Technology , 2000) "Richard Tilley has done an excellent job in providing an overview of the ways in which colour can be produced and used." ( Chemistry & Industry , 2000) "A worthy tome for both library and personal bookshelves." ( Contemporary Physics , 2002)