Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications (The Wiley-IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology)

Colorimetry, the science of quantitvely describing color, is essential for color reproduction technology. This is because it creates standards by which to measure color, using mathematical techniques and software to ensure fidelity across media, allow accurate color mixing, and to develop color optimization. This book is a comprehensive and thorough introduction to colorimetry, taking the reader from basic concepts through to a variety of industrial applications. Set out in clear, easy-to-follow terminology, Ohta and Robertson explain fundamental principles such as color specification, the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) system, and color vision and appearance models. They also cover the following topics: the optimization of color reproduction; uniform color spaces and color difference formulae, including the CIEDE 2000 formula; applications of metamerism, chromatic adaptation, color appearance and color rendering; mathematical formulae for calculating color mixing, maximising luminous efficacy, and designing illuminants with specific properties. Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications is an ideal reference for practising color engineers, color scientists and imaging professionals working on color systems. It is also a practical guide for senior undergraduate and graduate students who want to acquire knowledge in the field. Colorimetry......Page 3 Wiley–IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology......Page 4 Contents......Page 7 About the Authors......Page 11 Series Preface......Page 13 Preface......Page 15 Introduction......Page 17 1.1 Light......Page 19 1.2 Mechanism of the Human Eye......Page 22 1.3 Adaptation and Responsivity of the Human Eye......Page 25 1.4 Spectral Responsivity and the Standard Photometric Observer......Page 27 1.5 Definition of Photometric Quantities......Page 35 1.6 Photometric Units......Page 39 1.7 Calculation and Measurement of Photometric Quantities......Page 44 1.8 Relations Between Photometric Quantities......Page 49 Note 1.1 Luminous Exitance, Illuminance, and Luminance of a Perfect Diffusing Plane Light Source......Page 52 Note 1.2 Luminance and Brightness......Page 54 2.1 Mechanism of Color Vision......Page 57 2.2 Chemistry of Color Vision......Page 64 2.3 Color Specification and Terminology......Page 66 2.4 Munsell Color System......Page 70 2.5 Color System Using Additive Color Mixing......Page 75 Note 2.1 Colorfulness, Chroma and Saturation......Page 79 3.1 RGB Color Specification System......Page 81 3.2 Conversion into XYZ Color Specification System......Page 86 3.3 X(10)Y(10)Z(10) Color Specification System......Page 89 3.4 Tristimulus Values and Chromaticity Coordinates......Page 92 3.5 Metamerism......Page 94 3.6 Dominant Wavelength and Purity......Page 96 3.7 Color Temperature and Correlated Color Temperature......Page 100 3.8 Illuminants and Light Sources......Page 103 3.9 Standard and Supplementary Illuminants......Page 110 Note 3.1 Derivation of Color Matching Functions from Guild and Wright’s Results......Page 114 Note 3.2 Conversion between Color Specification Systems......Page 117 Note 3.3 Conversion into XYZ Color Specification System......Page 119 Note 3.4 Imaginary Colors [X] and [Z]......Page 123 Note 3.5 Photometric Quantities in the X(10)Y(10)Z(10) Color System......Page 126 Note 3.6 Origin of the Term ‘Metamerism’......Page 127 Note 3.7 Simple Methods for Obtaining Correlated Color Temperature......Page 128 Note 3.8 Color Temperature Conversion Filter......Page 129 Note 3.9 Spectral Distribution of Black-body Radiation......Page 131 4.1 Uniform Chromaticity Diagrams......Page 133 4.2 Uniform Lightness Scales (ULS)......Page 140 4.3 CIE Uniform Color Spaces......Page 145 4.4 Correlates of Perceived Attributes......Page 150 4.5 Comparing CIELAB and CIELUV Color Spaces......Page 152 4.6 Conversion of Color Difference......Page 158 4.7 Color Difference Equations Based on CIELAB......Page 161 Note 4.1 Calculation of Munsell Value V from Luminous Reflectance Y......Page 162 Note 4.2 Modified CIELAB and CIELUV Equations for Dark Colors......Page 164 Note 4.3 Other Color Difference Formulas......Page 165 Note 4.4 Direct Calculation of Hue Difference DH*......Page 168 5.1 Direct Measurement of Tristimulus Values......Page 171 5.2 Spectral Colorimetry......Page 174 5.3 Geometrical Conditions for Measurement......Page 176 5.4 Calculation of Colorimetric Values......Page 179 5.5 Colorimetric Values in CIELAB and CIELUV Uniform Color Spaces......Page 185 Note 5.1 Spectral Colorimetry of Fluorescent Materials......Page 190 Note 5.2 Reference Standard for Reflection Measurements......Page 191 6 Evolution of CIE Standard Colorimetric System......Page 193 6.1 Additive Mixing......Page 194 6.2 Subtractive Mixing......Page 198 6.3 Maximum Value of Luminous Efficacy and Optimal Colors......Page 202 6.4 Chromatic Adaptation Process......Page 206 6.5 von Kries’ Predictive Equation for Chromatic Adaptation......Page 209 6.6 CIE Predictive Equations for Chromatic Adaptation......Page 212 6.7 Color Vision Models......Page 215 6.8 Color Appearance Models......Page 216 6.9 Analysis of Metamerism......Page 222 Note 6.1 Color Mixing Rule......Page 229 Note 6.2 Lambert–Beer Law......Page 231 Note 6.3 Method for Calculating the Maximum Value of the Luminous Efficacy of Radiation......Page 232 Note 6.4 Method for Calculating Optimal Colors......Page 233 Note 6.5 Method for Obtaining Fundamental Spectral Responsivities......Page 234 Note 6.6 Deducing von Kries’ Predictive Equation for Chromatic Adaptation......Page 239 Note 6.7 Application of von Kries’ Equation for Chromatic Adaptation......Page 241 Note 6.8 Application of CIE 1994 Chromatic Adaptation Transform......Page 243 Note 6.9 Theoretical Limits for Deviation from Metamerism......Page 244 7.1 Evaluation of the Color Rendering Properties of Light Sources......Page 247 7.2 Evaluation of the Spectral Distribution of Daylight Simulators......Page 255 7.3 Evaluation of Whiteness......Page 260 7.4 Evaluation of Degree of Metamerism for Change of Illuminant......Page 262 7.5 Evaluation of Degree of Metamerism for Change of Observer......Page 267 7.6 Designing Spectral Distributions of Illuminants......Page 273 7.7 Computer Color Matching......Page 279 Note 7.1 Computation Method for Prescribed Spectral Distributions......Page 286 AI.1 SI Units......Page 289 AI.4 Greek Letters......Page 290 Appendix II Matrix Algebra......Page 293 AII.1 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices......Page 294 AII.3 Inverse Matrix......Page 295 AII.4 Transpose Matrix......Page 296 Appendix III Partial Derivatives......Page 299 Appendix IV Tables......Page 303 References......Page 339 Bibliography......Page 345 Index......Page 347 COLOUR PLATE SECTION......Page 353

Colorimetry, the science of quantitvely describing color, is essential for color reproduction technology. This is because it creates standards by which to measure color, using mathematical techniques and software to ensure fidelity across media, allow accurate color mixing, and to develop color optimization.

This book is a comprehensive and thorough introduction to colorimetry, taking the reader from basic concepts through to a variety of industrial applications. Set out in clear, easy-to-follow terminology, Ohta and Robertson explain fundamental principles such as color specification, the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) system, and color vision and appearance models. They also cover the following topics:

• the optimization of color reproduction;
• uniform color spaces and color difference formulae, including the CIEDE 2000 formula;
• applications of metamerism, chromatic adaptation, color appearance and color rendering;
• mathematical formulae for calculating color mixing, maximising luminous efficacy, and designing illuminants with specific properties.

Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications is an ideal reference for practising color engineers, color scientists and imaging professionals working on color systems. It is also a practical guide for senior undergraduate and graduate students who want to acquire knowledge in the field.

This Book Is A Comprehensive And Thorough Introduction To Colorimetry, Taking The Reader From Basic Concepts Through To A Variety Of Industrial Applications. Set Out In Clear, Easy-to-follow Terminology, Noburu Ohta And Alan R. Robertson Explain Fundamental Principles Such As Color Specification, The Cie (international Commission On Illumination) System, And Color Vision And Appearance Models.--jacket. 1 Light, Vision And Photometry -- 2 Color Vision And Color Specification Systems -- 3 Cie Standard Colorimetric System -- 4 Uniform Color Spaces -- 5 Measurement And Calculation Of Colorimetric Values -- 6 Evolution Of Cie Standard Colorimetric System -- 7 Application Of Cie Standard Colorimetric System -- App. I Basic Units And Terms -- App. Ii Matrix Algebra -- App. Iii Partial Derivatives -- App. Iv Tables. Noboru Ohta, Alan R. Robertson. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [321]-328) And Index.