Color Appearance Models (The Wiley-IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology)

There is an ever-increasing demand for a standard way to transport colours among devices on the Internet, and for achieving colour fidelity across digital media. The rapid growth in colour imaging technology has led to the emergence of colour management systems. These systems require colour appearance models so that images produced in one medium and viewed in a particular environment, may be reproduced in a second medium and viewed under different conditions. The eagerly anticipated second edition of Colour Appearance Models brings the fundamental issues and current solutions in the area of colour appearance modelling together in a single place for those needing to solve practical problems or looking for background for ongoing research projects. This book provides the relevant information for an updated review of colour appearance and provide details of many of the most widely used models to date, for example, Nayatani et al., Hunt, and RLAB and the ATD and LLAB appearance models that are of increasing interest for some applications. It also includes the recently formulated CIECAM02 model that represents a significant improvement of CIECAM97S and is the best possible model based on current knowledge. Fairchild presents an updated overview of device-independent colour imaging and finally introduces the concept of image appearance modelling as a potential future direction for colour appearance modelling research. A website accompanies this text that lists developments, publications and calculations related to the material in this book. Color Appearance Models......Page 3 Contents......Page 9 Series Preface......Page 15 Preface......Page 17 Introduction......Page 21 1.1 Optics of the Eye......Page 25 1.2 The Retina......Page 30 1.3 Visual Signal Processing......Page 36 1.4 Mechanisms of Color Vision......Page 41 1.5 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Color Vision......Page 50 1.6 Color Vision Deficiencies......Page 54 1.7 Key Features for Color Appearance Modeling......Page 58 2 Psychophysics......Page 59 2.1 Psychophysics Defined......Page 60 2.2 Historical Context......Page 61 2.3 Hierarchy of Scales......Page 64 2.4 Threshold Techniques......Page 66 2.5 Matching Techniques......Page 69 2.6 One-Dimensional Scaling......Page 70 2.7 Multidimensional Scaling......Page 73 2.8 Design of Psychophysical Experiments......Page 74 2.9 Importance in Color Appearance Modeling......Page 76 3.1 Basic and Advanced Colorimetry......Page 77 3.2 Why is Color?......Page 78 3.3 Light Sources and Illuminants......Page 79 3.4 Colored Materials......Page 83 3.5 The Human Visual Response......Page 90 3.6 Tristimulus Values and Color Matching Functions......Page 94 3.7 Chromaticity Diagrams......Page 101 3.8 CIE Color Spaces......Page 102 3.9 Color Difference Specification......Page 104 3.10 The Next Step......Page 106 4.1 Importance of Definitions......Page 107 4.2 Color......Page 108 4.3 Hue......Page 109 4.4 Brightness and Lightness......Page 110 4.5 Colorfulness and Chroma......Page 111 4.7 Unrelated and Related Colors......Page 112 4.8 Definitions in Equations......Page 114 4.9 Brightness–Colorfulness vs Lightness–Chroma......Page 115 5.1 Overview and Requirements......Page 118 5.2 The Munsell Book of Color......Page 120 5.3 The Swedish Natural Color System (NCS)......Page 123 5.4 The Colorcurve System......Page 126 5.5 Other Color Order Systems......Page 127 5.6 Uses of Color Order Systems......Page 130 5.7 Color Naming Systems......Page 133 6.1 What Are Color Appearance Phenomena?......Page 135 6.2 Simultaneous Contrast, Crispening, and Spreading......Page 137 6.3 Bezold–Brücke Hue Shift (Hue Changes with Luminance)......Page 140 6.4 Abney Effect (Hue Changes with Colorimetric Purity)......Page 141 6.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect (Brightness Depends on Luminance and Chromaticity)......Page 143 6.6 Hunt Effect (Colorfulness Increases with Luminance)......Page 144 6.8 Helson–Judd Effect (Hue of Nonselective Samples)......Page 146 6.9 Bartleson–Breneman Equations (Image Contrast Changes with Surround)......Page 149 6.11 Other Context and Structural Effects......Page 151 6.12 Color Constancy?......Page 156 7.1 Configuration of the Viewing Field......Page 158 7.2 Colorimetric Specification of the Viewing Field......Page 162 7.3 Modes of Viewing......Page 165 7.4 Unrelated and Related Colors Revisited......Page 168 8 Chromatic Adaptation......Page 170 8.1 Light, Dark, and Chromatic Adaptation......Page 171 8.2 Physiology......Page 173 8.3 Sensory and Cognitive Mechanisms......Page 181 8.4 Corresponding-colors Data......Page 183 8.5 Models......Page 186 8.6 Computational Color Constancy......Page 188 9 Chromatic Adaptation Models......Page 190 9.1 von Kries Model......Page 192 9.2 Retinex Theory......Page 195 9.3 Nayatani et al. Model......Page 196 9.4 Guth’s Model......Page 198 9.5 Fairchild’s Model......Page 201 9.6 Herding CATs......Page 203 9.7 CAT02......Page 205 10.1 Definition of Color Appearance Models......Page 207 10.2 Construction of Color Appearance Models......Page 208 10.3 CIELAB......Page 209 10.4 Why Not Use Just CIELAB?......Page 217 10.5 What About CIELUV?......Page 218 11.1 Objectives and Approach......Page 220 11.2 Input Data......Page 221 11.3 Adaptation Model......Page 222 11.4 Opponent Color Dimensions......Page 224 11.5 Brightness......Page 225 11.7 Hue......Page 226 11.9 Chroma......Page 227 11.11 Inverse Model......Page 228 11.13 Why Not Use Just the Nayatani et al. Model?......Page 229 12.1 Objectives and Approach......Page 232 12.2 Input Data......Page 233 12.3 Adaptation Model......Page 235 12.4 Opponent Color Dimensions......Page 239 12.5 Hue......Page 240 12.6 Saturation......Page 241 12.7 Brightness......Page 242 12.10 Colorfulness......Page 244 12.11 Inverse Model......Page 245 12.12 Phenomena Predicted......Page 246 12.13 Why Not Use Just the Hunt Model?......Page 248 13.1 Objectives and Approach......Page 249 13.2 Input Data......Page 251 13.3 Adaptation Model......Page 252 13.4 Opponent Color Dimensions......Page 254 13.6 Hue......Page 256 13.9 Inverse Model......Page 258 13.11 Why Not Use Just the RLAB Model?......Page 260 14.1 Overview......Page 262 14.2 ATD Model......Page 263 14.3 LLAB Model......Page 269 15.1 Historical Development, Objectives, and Approach......Page 276 15.3 Adaptation Model......Page 279 15.4 Appearance Correlates......Page 281 15.6 Phenomena Predicted......Page 283 15.7 The ZLAB Color Appearance Model......Page 284 15.8 Why Not Use Just CIECAM97s?......Page 288 16.1 Objectives and Approach......Page 289 16.2 Input Data......Page 290 16.3 Adaptation Model......Page 291 16.5 Hue......Page 295 16.7 Brightness......Page 296 16.11 Cartesian Coordinates......Page 297 16.13 Implementation Guidelines......Page 298 16.15 Why Not Use Just CIECAM02?......Page 299 16.16 Outlook......Page 301 17.1 Overview......Page 302 17.2 Qualitative Tests......Page 303 17.3 Corresponding Colors Data......Page 307 17.4 Magnitude Estimation Experiments......Page 309 17.5 Direct Model Tests......Page 311 17.6 CIE Activities......Page 315 17.7 A Pictorial Review of Color Appearance Models......Page 319 18.1 Color Rendering......Page 323 18.2 Color Differences......Page 325 18.3 Indices of Metamerism......Page 328 18.4 A General System of Colorimetry?......Page 330 19 Device-independent Color Imaging......Page 332 19.1 The Problem......Page 333 19.2 Levels of Color Reproduction......Page 334 19.3 A Revised Set of Objectives......Page 336 19.4 General Solution......Page 339 19.5 Device Calibration and Characterization......Page 340 19.7 Definition of Viewing Conditions......Page 345 19.8 Viewing-conditions-independent Color Space......Page 347 19.9 Gamut Mapping......Page 348 19.10 Color Preferences......Page 351 19.12 Example System......Page 352 19.13 ICC Implementation......Page 354 20 Image Appearance Modeling and The Future......Page 358 20.1 From Color Appearance to Image Appearance......Page 359 20.2 The iCAM Framework......Page 364 20.3 A Modular Image-difference Model......Page 370 20.4 Image Appearance and Rendering Applications......Page 374 20.5 Image Difference and Quality Applications......Page 379 20.6 Future Directions......Page 381 References......Page 385 Index......Page 402 "Mark D. Fairchild's popular text, Color Appearance Models, has been fully revised and updated for a second edition, providing a comprehensive coverage of the fast-growing field of color management and appearance. An easy-to-follow resource for both students and practicing engineers using color images, the book now includes the most recent developments in the CIE model (now CIECAM02) and in chromatic adaptation transforms. There is also a new introduction to image appearance modeling, a developing area of research for color appearance application." "Color Appearance Models is a valuable reference for a range of advanced students in technology programs and color engineers, color scientists and imaging professionals working on engineering color systems."--Jacket