Colonization and Development in New Zealand between 1769 and 1900: The Seeds of Rangiatea (Demographic Transformation and Socio-Economic Development Book 3)

This book details the interactions between the Seeds of Rangiatea, New Zealand’s Maori people of Polynesian origin, and Europe from 1769 to 1900. It provides a case-study of the way Imperial era contact and colonization negatively affected naturally evolving demographic/epidemiologic transitions and imposed economic conditions that thwarted development by precursor peoples, wherever European expansion occurred. In doing so, it questions the applicability of conventional models for analyses of colonial histories of population/health and of development. The book focuses on, and synthesizes, the most critical parts of the story, the health and population trends, and the economic and social development of Maori. It adopts demographic methodologies, most typically used in developing countries, which allow the mapping of broad changes in Maori society, particularly their survival as a people. The book raises general theoretical questions about how populations react to the introduction of diseases to which they have no natural immunity. Another more general theoretical issue is what happens when one society’s development processes are superseded by those of some more powerful force, whether an imperial power or a modern-day agency, which has ingrained ideas about objectives and strategies for development. Finally, it explores how health and development interact. The Maori experience of contact and colonization, lasting from 1769 to circa 1900, narrated here, is an all too familiar story for many other territories and populations, Natives and former colonists. This book provides a case-study with wider ramifications for theory in colonial history, development studies, demography, anthropology and other fields. Preface 8 Acknowledgements 14 Contents 16 Abbreviations 22 List of Figures 24 List of Maps 26 List of Tables 28 Part I: The Seeds of Rangiatea: Population and Development 30 Prologue Maori 1769–1900: A Case Study of Contactand Colonization 31 References 38 Chapter 1: A History of Survival and Resilience 39 Maori, ‘The Seeds of Rangiatea’ 39 Maori 1769–1900, A Case-Study of Contact and Colonisation: Issues 42 Maori Population and Development, and the Impacts of Colonisation 42 The Pakeha Settlers and National Development 45 Demonization of the Natives 46 Demonisation of the Colonists 49 Maori 1769–1900, A Case-Study of Contact and Colonization: Themes 51 An Under-Development Trap 51 Linking the Pre-colonial (1769–1839) and Colonial (1840–1907) Periods 55 Poor Health and Deprivation 56 Historical Research on Population and Development 58 References 60 Chapter 2: Maori Resource Loss & Development 63 The Maori People by 1900 63 Maori and Pakeha, 1769–1900 65 Mapping Resource Loss and Maori Development 67 The Native Land Court, 1860s to 1900s 69 The Evidence-Base for Addressing the Loss of Maori Capital Assets 71 The Significance of Resource Loss 74 References 75 Chapter 3: Colonization and Maori 77 Colonization: The ‘Back-Story’ 77 Enumerating Natives and Colonists 78 Joining Empire 81 Ethnic Relations in Aotearoa/New Zealand: The Broader Situation 82 Ethnic Relations in Aotearoa/New Zealand: The Inter-­personal Situation 87 Contact and Colonization: Its Pluses and Minuses 89 ‘Realpolitik’: The Nineteenth Century Imperialist Era 91 Appendix 93 References 93 Chapter 4: Populations and Their Wellbeing 96 Studying Maori Population and Development 96 ‘Demographic Transition’, Development & Wellbeing 98 The Roles of Financial and Human Capital in a Population’s Development 100 Searching for a Solution 102 Demographic Dividends 104 Population and Development: Its Wider Context 107 References 108 Chapter 5: The Wider Historical Context 110 Major Contemporaneous Events 110 The Pre-colonial Period 111 From the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) Until circa 1900 113 The Historiography of Interactions with Pakeha 115 The Roles of Public Policy and Markets 116 Recording Demographic History 117 Background to the Empirical Analyses: Concluding Remarks 118 References 119 Part II: The Seeds of Rangiatea: Contact and the March Towards Colonization, 1769–1840 121 Chapter 6: Contact, Interaction & Their Impacts 122 ‘Fatal Impact’ or Maori ‘Agency’? 122 Victorian Myth-Building About Pre-contact and Pre-colonial Maori 125 New Zealand’s Tabloid Histories: Modern Era Revisionism and Sensationalism 128 Population and Development Pre-1840: The Issues 131 ‘Fatal Impact’, and the Realities of Population and Development 132 References 133 Chapter 7: Demographic Ephemera, 1769–1840 135 Occurrence vs Incidence or Prevalence 135 Suicide, Drunkenness and Sex 136 Conflating Abortion and Infanticide, and Other Aspects of Maori Reproduction 139 Infanticide, Particularly of Girls 141 Gender Biases in Resource-Allocation 143 Cannibalism 146 Maori ‘Savagery’ in a Comparative Context 148 References 149 Chapter 8: Significant Determinants of Population Change: Disease & the ‘Musket Wars’ 152 The Virulence of Disease; The Lethality and Displacement Effects of War 152 Disease: The Pathogen Invasions, 1769–1840 154 Disease: Evaluating Their Impacts 1769–1840 158 The ‘Musket Wars’: Their Historiography and Chronology 160 ‘Musket Wars’: Impacts 163 ‘Musket Wars’: Temporal and Geographic Spread, 1817–1836 166 Disease and the ‘Musket Wars’ 171 References 172 Chapter 9: Maori Demography and the Economy to 1840 174 Population and the Factors of Development to 1840 174 A Brief Retrospective: The Maori Population Until 1769 176 Post-contact Population Trends, 1769–1840 180 The Pre-contact ‘Core Economy’, and the Introduction of New Technologies and Foods 182 Factors of the Core Economy, Pre- and Post-contact 185 Factors Facilitating Adoption and Adaptation of Technologies and Foods 187 ‘Clip-ons’ to the Core Economy: Productive Industries 189 ‘Clip-ons’ to the Core Economy: Paleo-Globalization 192 Towards a Synthesis: The 70-Year Gestational Period 1769–1840 194 Appendices 197 References 198 Part III: The Seeds of Rangiatea: Colonization & ‘Swamping’, 1840–Circa 1900 200 Chapter 10: Maori Resource Loss, Pakeha ‘Swamping’ 202 ‘Make or Break’: Demographic Survival and Development 202 Escaping Bare Survival: Development and Wellbeing 204 The Victorian Era, 1840-Circa 1900, Maoridom’s Worst Hour 205 The Beginning and Ending of the Colonial Era 207 Studying the ‘Worst Hour’: Data and Methodologies 210 How Major Capital Assets Were Transferred from Maori to Pakeha 214 Resource Alienation: The Emergent ‘Economic Options’ 218 Land Loss, Population Decline, Deprivation 221 References 222 Chapter 11: Maori: The ‘Dying Race’; Pakeha: Surgent 225 Population Numbers, Maori and Pakeha 225 ‘Swamping’ Mechanisms: Large Inflows, Plus Pakeha ‘Hyper-Reproduction’ 228 Demographic Polarisation Between Maori and Pakeha 230 Pakeha Inflows and Exposure of Maori to Pathogens 234 The ‘Health System’ and Maori Survival 235 The Loss of Resources and Maori Population Distribution 238 References 241 Chapter 12: Factors Affecting Maori Survival, 1840–1901 243 Impacts of Empire: Disease, War, ‘Swamping’ 243 Pakeha Penetration and Maori: 1840–57/58 244 Pakeha Intervention 244 The Impacts on Maori Numbers and Health 247 Disease Mechanisms 250 1857/58–1874, Gold, War and Vogel: Impacts on the Maori Population 253 Wave 1: Gold-Rush Inflows 253 Wave 2: Inflows Related to the 1860s New Zealand Wars, and the Impacts of These Wars 254 Wave 3: The Vogel Schemes, Planned and Assisted Immigration 257 Maori Health Trends, 1857/58–1874 258 The Native Land Court (NLC) and Maori Health, 1874-Circa 1900 261 The Patterns of Disease: An Overview 261 The Role of the Native Land Court (NLC) 262 Regional Differences in Child-Woman Ratios 266 Inroads of Disease, British Military Incursions: Maori Colonial Era Health 270 Appendix 1 271 Central Hawkes Bay 1857–1881 271 References 272 Chapter 13: The Dismembering of the Maori Economy 274 Colonization and the Pro-active ‘Under-Developing’ of Maori 274 Shifts in the Hybrid Economy, and Maori Adaptation 277 Impacts of Monetization on the Maori Economy 279 Patterns of Industrialization: Maori and Pakeha 281 The Maori Economy: Early Colonial Period (to Circa 1860) 282 The ‘Flourishing’ of the Maori Economy 282 The Downturn of Maori Business 286 The Maori Economy: The Latter Part of the Victorian Period 288 Into an ‘Under-Development Trap’ 288 The Emergence of a New Form of Hybrid Economy 292 Maori and Ovine Pastoralism: Hawke’s Bay, a Case-Study 295 The Maori Economy in the Latter Part of the Victorian Era: A Summary 297 Where Were Maori at in 1840? Where Were They at Victoria’s Jubilee in 1897? 298 Maori Deprivation 301 References 303 Chapter 14: Health & Wealth, Population & Development 305 The Fight for Survival, Driver of all Development 305 Health and Wealth: Health as a Factor of Economic Development 306 Theoretical Considerations 306 Maori Health and Development 308 What do Health and Land-Use tell us? 309 Masculinity Ratios and Health Development 311 Victorian Era Maori Census Sex Ratios: Data and Their Explanation 313 Health and Development 321 References 322 Part IV: The Seeds of Rangiatea, 1769–Circa 1900 325 Chapter 15: Just Surviving – Not Thriving 326 The Impacts of Contact and Colonization on ‘Precursor’ Peoples 326 The Role of Displacement in Colonization 327 Mechanisms for, and Impacts of, the Displacement of ‘Precursor’ Peoples 329 Meta-issues of Wider Theoretical Significance 331 Thwarted Transitions 331 Other Meta-issues 333 Pre-colonial Aotearoa, Colonial New Zealand, the Metropole 334 Tangible Material Losses – Intangible Long-Term Impacts 338 References 340 Glossary: Maori Words Used Frequently in the Text 341 Index 343 Front Matter....Pages i-xxviii Front Matter....Pages 1-10 A History of Survival and Resilience....Pages 11-34 Maori Resource Loss & Development....Pages 35-48 Colonization and Maori....Pages 49-67 Populations and Their Wellbeing....Pages 69-82 The Wider Historical Context....Pages 83-93 Front Matter....Pages 95-95 Contact, Interaction & Their Impacts....Pages 97-109 Demographic Ephemera, 1769–1840....Pages 111-127 Significant Determinants of Population Change: Disease & the ‘Musket Wars’....Pages 129-150 Maori Demography and the Economy to 1840....Pages 151-176 Front Matter....Pages 177-178 Maori Resource Loss, Pakeha ‘Swamping’....Pages 179-201 Maori: The ‘Dying Race’; Pakeha: Surgent....Pages 203-220 Factors Affecting Maori Survival, 1840–1901....Pages 221-251 The Dismembering of the Maori Economy....Pages 253-283 Health & Wealth, Population & Development....Pages 285-304 Front Matter....Pages 305-305 Just Surviving – Not Thriving....Pages 307-321 Back Matter....Pages 323-335