Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East : Social and Cultural Origins of Egypt's 'Urabi Movement

In this book Juan R. I. Cole challenges traditional elite-centered conceptions of the conflict that led to the British occupation of Egypt in September 1882. For a year before the British intervened, Egypt's viceregal government and the country's influential European community had been locked in a struggle with the nationalist supporters of General Ahmad al-`Urabi. Although most Western observers still see the `Urabi movement as a "revolt" of junior military officers with only limited support among the Egyptian people, Cole maintains that it was a broadly based social revolution hardly underway when it was cut off by the British. While arguing this fresh point of view, he also proposes a theory of revolutions against informal or neocolonial empires, drawing parallels between Egypt in 1882, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in modern Iran. In a thorough examination of the changing Egyptian political culture from 1858 through the `Urabi episode, Cole shows how various social strata--urban guilds, the intelligentsia, and village notables--became "revolutionary." Addressing issues raised by such scholars as Barrington Moore and Theda Skocpol, his book combines four complementary approaches: social structure and its socioeconomic context, organization, ideology, and the ways in which unexpected conjunctures of events help drive a revolution. In This Book Juan R.i. Cole Challenges Traditional Elite-centered Conceptions Of The Conflict That Led To The British Occupation Of Egypt In September 1882. For A Year Before The British Intervened, Egypt's Viceregal Government And The Country's Influential European Community Had Been Locked In A Struggle With The Nationalist Supporters Of General Ahmad Al-'urabi. Although Most Western Observers Still See The 'urabi Movement As A Revolt Of Junior Military Officers. With Only Limited Support Among The Egyptian People, Cole Maintains That It Was A Broadly Based Social Revolution Hardly Underway When It Was Cut Off By The British. While Arguing This Fresh Point Of View, He Also Proposes A Theory Of Revolutions Against Informal Or Neocolonial Empires, Drawing Parallels Between Egypt In 1882, The Boxer Rebellion In China, And The Islamic Revolution In Modern Iran. In A Thorough Examination Of The Changing Egyptian Political Culture From. 1858 Through The 'urabi Episode, Cole Shows How Various Social Strata - Urban Guilds, The Intelligentsia, And Village Notables - Became Revolutionary. Addressing Issues Raised By Such Scholars As Barrington Moore And Theda Skocpol, His Book Combines Four Complementary Approaches: Social Structure And Its Socioeconomic Context, Organization, Ideology, And The Ways In Which Unexpected Conjunctures Of Events Help Drive A Revolution. 1. Material And Cultural Foundations Of The Old Regime -- 2. Economic Change And Social Interests -- 3. Body And Bureaucracy -- 4. The Long Revolution In Egypt -- 5. Political Clubs And The Ideology Of Dissent -- 6. Guild Organization And Popular Ideology -- 7. Of Crowds And Empires: Euro-egyptian Conflict -- 8. Repression And Censorship -- 9. Social And Cultural Origins Of The Revolution -- Unpublished Sources -- Published Sources. Juan R.i. Cole. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [321]-334) And Index. In this stimulating study, Cole challenges traditional elite-centered conceptions of the conflict that led to the British occupation of Egypt in 1882. For a year before the British intervened, Egypt's government and the country's influential European community had been locked in a struggle with the nationalist supporters of General Ahmad 'Urabi. Although most Western observers till see the 'Urabi movement as a 'revolt' of junior military officers with only limited support among the Egyptian people, Cole maintains hat it was a broadly based social revolution hardly underway when it was cutt off by the British. While arguing this fresh point of view, he also proposes a theory of revolutions against informal or neo-colonial empires, drawing parallels between Egypt in 1882, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in modern Iran. IN SEEKING TO UNDERSTAND the dissident and subaltern political currents that emerged in the late 1870s and during the Egyptian revolution of 1881-82, we must begin by considering what they were dissenting from.