Cognitive robotics

The kimono-clad android robot that recently made its debut as the new greeter at the entrance of Tokyos Mitsukoshi department store is just one example of the rapid advancements being made in the field of robotics. Cognitive robotics is an approach to creating artificial intelligence in robots by enabling them to learn from and respond to real-world situations, as opposed to pre-programming the robot with specific responses to every conceivable stimulus. Presenting the contributions of international experts from various disciplines within the field, Cognitive Robotics provides novel material and discusses advanced approaches in the field of intelligent robotics. It explains the various aspects of the topic to provide readers with a solid foundation on the subject. This edited collection presents theoretical research in cognitive robotics. It takes a multidisciplinary approach that considers the artificial intelligence, physical, chemical, philosophical, psychological, social, cultural, and ethical aspects of this rapidly emerging field. The editor is a prominent researcher whose Lovotics research into emotional bonds with robots is widely recognized. Supplying an accessible introduction to cognitive robotics, the book considers computational intelligence for cognitive robotics based on informationally structured space. It examines how people respond to robots and what makes robots psychologically appealing to humans. The book contextualizes concepts in the history of studies on intelligence theories and includes case studies of different types of robots in action. Although ideal for robotics researchers and professionals, this book is also suitable for use as a supporting textbook in advanced robotics courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Cognitive Robotics 3 Contents 5 Contributors 11 Cognitive Robotics 13 Section I: Ethical Aspect of Cognitive Robotics 13 Cognitive Robotics 15 Chapter 1: When Robots Do Wrong 15 CONTENTS 15 1.1 INTRODUCTION 16 1.2 BLAME THE ROBOT? 17 1.2.1 The Robot as a Quasi-Person 17 1.2.2 The Robot as a Quasi-Animal 17 1.2.3 The Robot as a Manmade Object 18 1.2.4 Punishing the Robot 18 1.2.5 Blaming the Robot — Summary 21 1.3 BLAMING HOMO SAPIENS 21 1.3.1 A Question of Trust 21 1.4 NEGLIGENCE AND PRODUCT LIABILITY LAWS 23 1.4.1 The First Robot Fatality 23 1.4.2 Robots and the Laws of Negligence 25 1.4.3 Robots and the Laws of Product Liability 26 1.4.4 When Robots Are Modified or Misused 27 1.4.5 Other Considerations of Legal Responsibility 27 1.4.6 Summary of Legal Considerations 27 1.5 ROBOT CARS 28 1.6 INSURANCE 29 1.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 32 1.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 33 Cognitive Robotics 35 Section II: Philosophical Aspect of Cognitive Robotics 35 Cognitive Robotics 37 Chapter 2: Designing Modular AI Robots Inspired by Amerindian Material Culture 37 CONTENTS 37 2.1 INTRODUCTION 38 2.2 EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY AND IDEAS 41 2.3 THE AMERINDIAN WORLD AND THE TECHNO–ANIMISTIC PARADIGM SHIFT 42 2.4 ANIMISM: MATERIAL AND METAMOPRHOSIS 44 2.5 EGALITARIAN SOCIETIES 48 2.6 FORMATION OF A ROBOTIC COMMUNITY 50 2.7 CONCLUSION 52 2.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY 53 Cognitive Robotics 57 Section III: Chemical Aspect of Cognitive Robotics 57 Cognitive Robotics 59 Chapter 3: A learning planet 59 CONTENTS 59 3.1 INTRODUCTION 59 3.2 PERSPECTIVE 61 3.3 THE SECOND LAW 62 3.4 CONTROL OF FIRE 65 3.5 EMERGENCE OF LEARNING 67 3.6 OF MEN AND CENTAURS 71 3.7 GREAT ESCAPE 76 3.8 Bibliography 78 Cognitive Robotics 81 Section IV: Physical Aspect of Cognitive Robotics 81 Cognitive Robotics 83 Chapter 4: Embodiment in Cognitive Robotics: An Update 83 CONTENTS 83 4.1 INTRODUCTION 83 4.2 TALKING CHINESE, MEANING AND RECENT THEORETICAL DEBATE 85 4.3 RECENT PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THE EMBODIMENT OF EMOTIONS, MOTIVATIONS AND INTENTIONAL STATES 88 4.4 CONCLUSIONS 96 4.5 Bibliography 97 Cognitive Robotics 101 Chapter 5: Imagined Physics: Exploring Examples of Shape-Changing Interfaces 101 CONTENTS 101 5.1 INTRODUCTION 102 5.2 SHAPE-CHANGING INTERFACES 103 5.3 EXAMPLES FROM OUR COURSES 103 5.3.1 Shape-Changing Tumbling Objects: bObles 104 5.3.2 Shape-Changing with Light 106 5.3.3 Shape-Changing Surfaces 109 5.4 IMAGINED PHYSICS 111 5.5 MOVEMENT AND INCIDENTAL EFFECTS OF ACTUATORS 115 5.6 FUTURE WORK 118 5.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 118 5.8 Bibliography 119 Cognitive Robotics 125 Section V: Cultural & Social Aspects of Cognitive Robotics 125 Cognitive Robotics 127 Chapter 6: Effects of Cultural Context and Social Role on Human–Robot Interaction 127 CONTENTS 127 6.1 INTRODUCTION 128 6.2 EFFECTS OF CULTURAL CONTEXT 128 6.2.1 Factors Influencing Human–Robot Interaction 128 6.2.2 Effects of Cultural Context on Decision Making 129 6.3 EFFECTS OF ROBOTS’ SOCIAL ROLE: AUTONOMY LEVEL AND GROUP ORIENTATION 131 6.3.1 Social Robots 131 6.3.2 Autonomy Level of Robots 131 6.3.3 Group Orientation 132 6.3.4 Effects of Robots’ Social Role on Decision Making 133 6.4 FUTURE WORK 135 6.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 136 Cognitive Robotics 139 Chapter 7: A Cognitive Model for Human Willingness to Collaborate with Robots: The Emergence of Cultural Robotics 139 CONTENTS 139 7.1 INTRODUCTION 140 7.2 A COGNITIVE MODEL FOR DETERMINING HUMAN WILLINGNESS TO ENGAGE WITH COLLABORATIVE ROBOTS 141 7.2.1 Determinants 144 7.2.1.1 Control Beliefs 144 7.2.1.2 Behavioral Beliefs 145 7.2.1.3 Normative Beliefs 145 7.3 CULTURAL ROBOTICS 146 7.4 FUTURE RESEARCH 148 7.5 CONCLUSION 149 7.6 Bibliography 149 Cognitive Robotics 155 Chapter 8: Social Cognition of Robots during Interacting with Humans 155 CONTENTS 155 8.1 INTRODUCTION 156 8.2 SPEECH ACTS AND DIALOGUE CONTEXT 159 8.3 MODEL SPEECH ACTS AS DIALOGUE CONTEXT CHANGE 161 8.4 MULTIPLE DIALOGUE CONTEXTS 162 8.4.1 Physical Context 163 8.4.2 Emotion Model 163 8.4.3 Social Relation 163 8.4.4 Social Role 164 8.4.5 Personality 164 8.4.6 Preference 164 8.5 SPEECH ACT MODEL WITH MULTIPLE CONTEXTS 164 8.6 CONTEXT AWARENESS IN DIALOGUE 165 8.7 COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF CONTEXT AWARENESS REASONING USING DBN 166 8.7.1 Noisy-OR Model 168 8.7.2 Isolated Contexts 168 8.8 EXPERIMENT 169 8.8.1 A Speech Act Model with Multiple Contexts 169 8.8.2 Infer Social Context from Dialogue 170 8.8.3 Noise in Dialogue Context Awareness 173 8.8.4 Pragmatic Prediction with Dialogue Contexts 176 8.8.5 The Most Likely Pragmatic Speech Acts Sequence 177 8.9 CONCLUSION 178 8.10 Bibliography 179 Cognitive Robotics 181 Section VI: Psychological Aspect of Cognitive Robotics 181 Cognitive Robotics 183 Chapter 9: Robotic Action Control: On the Crossroads of Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Robotics 183 CONTENTS 183 9.1 EARLY HISTORY OF THE FIELDS 184 9.1.1 History of Cognitive Psychology 184 9.1.2 The Computer Analogy 185 9.1.3 Early Cognitive Robots 186 9.2 ACTION CONTROL 187 9.2.1 Introduction 187 9.2.2 Feedforward and Feedback Control in Humans 187 9.2.3 Feedforward and Feedback Control in Robots 188 9.2.4 Robotic Action Planning 189 9.3 ACQUISITION OF ACTION CONTROL 190 9.3.1 Introduction 190 9.3.2 Human Action–Effect Learning 191 9.3.2.1 Traditional Action–Effect Learning Research 191 9.3.2.2 Motor Babbling 191 9.3.3 Robotic Action–Effect Learning 192 9.4 DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE 193 9.4.1 Introduction 193 9.4.2 Affordance Learning 193 9.4.3 Everyday Action Planning 194 9.5 CONCLUSION 195 9.6 Bibliography 195 Cognitive Robotics 201 Section VII: Artificial Intelligence Aspect of Cognitive Robotics 201 Cognitive Robotics 203 Chapter 10: A Bottom-Up Integration of Vision and Actions To Create Cognitive Humanoids 203 CONTENTS 203 10.1 INTRODUCTION 204 10.2 A COGNITIVE ROBOTICS APPROACH 208 10.3 PERCEIVING THE ENVIRONMENT 211 10.3.1 Object Detection: icVision & CGP-IP 212 10.4 INTERACTING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT 213 10.4.1 Collision Avoidance and World Model: MoBeE 215 10.4.2 Action Repertoire: TRM & LEOGrasper 216 10.5 INTEGRATION 218 10.5.1 Closing the Action-Perception Loop 218 10.6 RESULTS 219 10.6.1 Avoiding a Moving Obstacle 219 10.6.2 Reaching and Grasping Objects 220 10.7 CONCLUSIONS 221 10.8 Bibliography 221 Cognitive Robotics 227 Index 227 Content: SECTION I: ETHICAL ASPECT OF COGNITIVE ROBOTICS When Robots Do Wrong David Levy Introduction Blame the Robot? The Robot as a Quasi-Person The Robot as a Quasi-Animal The Robot as a Man-Made Object Punishing the Robot Blaming the Robot - Summary Blaming Homo Sapiens A Question of Trust Negligence and Product Liability Laws The First Robot Fatality Robots and the Laws of Negligence Robots and the Laws of Product Liability When Robots are Modified or Misused Other Considerations of Legal Responsibility Summary of Legal Considerations Robot Cars Insurance Summary and Conclusions Bibliography SECTION II: PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT OF COGNITIVE ROBOTICS Designing Modular AI Robots Inspired by Amerindian Material Culture Introduction Evolution of Technology and Ideas The Amerindian World and the Techno- Animistic Paradigm Shift Animism: Material & Metamorphosis Egalitarian Societies Formation of a Robotic Community Conclusion Bibliography SECTION III: CHEMICAL ASPECT OF COGNITIVE ROBOTICS A Learning Planet Hans Sprong Introduction Perspective The Second Law The Control of Fire Emergence of Learning Of Men and Centaurs The Great Escape Bibliography SECTION IV: PHYSICAL ASPECT OF COGNITIVE ROBOTICS Embodiment in Cognitive Robotics: An Update Paolo Barattini Introduction Talking Chinese, Meaning and Recent Theoretical Debate Recent Practical Implementations of the Embodiment of Emotions, Motivations and Intentional States Conclusions Bibliography Imagined Physics: Exploring Examples of Shape-changing Interfaces Tim R. Merritt, Mie Norgaard, Christian O. Laursen, Majken K. Rasmussen , and Marianne G. Petersen Introduction Shape-Changing Interfaces Examples from Our Courses Shape-Changing Tumbling Objects: bObles Shape-Changing with Light Shape-Changing Surfaces Imagined Physics Movement and Incidental Effects of Actuators Future Work Acknowledgements Bibliography SECTION V: CULTURAL & SOCIAL ASPECTS OF COGNITIVE ROBOTICS Effects of Cultural Context and Social Role on Human - Robot Interaction Pei-Luen Patrick Rau and Na Chen Introduction Effects of Cultural Context Factors Influencing Human - Robot Interaction Effects of Cultural Context on Decision Making Effects of Robots' Social Role: Autonomy Level and Group Orientation Social Robots Autonomy level of robots Group orientation Effects of robots' social role on decision making Future Work Bibliography A Cognitive Model for Human Willingness to Collaborate with Robots Introduction A Cognitive Model for Determining Human Willingness to Engage with Collaborative Robots Determinants Control Beliefs Behavioral Beliefs Normative Beliefs Cultural Robotics Future Research Conclusion Bibliography Social Cognition of Robots during Interacting with Humans Alex Yu-Hung Chien and Von-Wun Soo Introduction Speech Acts and Dialogue Context Model Speech Acts As Dialogue Context Change Multiple Dialogue Contexts Physical Context Emotion model Social Relation Social Role Personality Preference Speech Act Model with Multiple Contexts Context Awareness in Dialogue Computational Model of Context Awareness Reasoning Using DBN Noisy-OR Model Isolated Contexts Experiment A Speech Act Model with Multiple Contexts Infer Social Context from Dialogue Noise in Dialogue Context Awareness Pragmatic Prediction with Dialogue Contexts The Most Likely Pragmatic Speech Acts Sequence Conclusion Bibliography SECTION VI: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT OF COGNITIVE ROBOTICS On the Crossroads of Cognitive Psychologyand Cognitive Robotics Roy de Kleijn, George Kachergis , and Bernhard Hommel Early History of the Fields History of Cognitive Psychology The Computer Analogy Early Cognitive Robots Action Control Introduction Feedforward and Feedback Control in Humans Feedforward and Feedback Control in Robots Robotic Action Planning Acquisition of Action Control Introduction Human Action-Effect Learning Traditional Action-Effect Learning Research Motor Babbling Robotic Action-Effect Learning Directions for The Future Introduction Affordance Learning Everyday Action Planning Conclusion Bibliography SECTION VII: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ASPECT OF COGNITIVE ROBOTICS A Bottom-Up Integration of Vision and Actions To Create Cognitive Humanoids Jurgen Leitner Introduction A Cognitive Robotics Approach Perceiving the Environment Object Detection: icVision & CGP-IP Interacting with the Environment Collision Avoidance andWorld Model: MoBeE Action Repertoire: TRM & LEOGrasper Integration Closing the Action-Perception Loop Results Avoiding a Moving Obstacle Reaching and Grasping Objects Conclusions Bibliography "This edited collection presents theoretical research in cognitive robotics. It takes a multidisciplinary approach that considers the artificial intelligence, physical, chemical, philosophical, social, cultural, and ethical aspects of this rapidly emerging field. The editor is a prominent researcher whose lovotics research into emotional bonds with robots is widely recognized. Supplying an accessible introduction to cognitive robotics, the book considers computational intelligence for cognitive robotics based on informationally structured space. It examines how people respond to robots and what makes robots psychologically appealing to humans. The book contextualizes concepts in the history of studies on intelligence theories and includes case studies of different types of robots in action. Although ideal for robotics researchers and professionals, this book is also suitable for use as a supporting textbook in advanced robotics courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels"--Back cover "This edited collection presents theoretical research in cognitive robotics. It takes a multidisciplinary approach that considers the artificial intelligence, physical, chemical, philosophical, social, cultural, and ethical aspects of this rapidly emerging field. The editor is a prominent researcher whose lovotics research into emotional bonds with robots is widely recognized. Supplying an accessible introduction to cognitive robotics, the book considers computational intelligence for cognitive robotics based on informationally structured space. It examines how people respond to robots and what makes robots psychologically appealing to humans. The book contextualizes concepts in the history of studies on intelligence theories and includes case studies of different types of robots in action. Although ideal for robotics researchers and professionals, this book is also suitable for use as a supporting textbook in advanced robotics courses at both the undergraduate and graduate levels"--> na hrbtu