Cognitive Lexicography: A New Approach to Lexicography Making Use of Cognitive Semantics (Lexicographica. Series Maior Book 149)

English lexicography and linguistics have always shared close ties, yet the potential of cognitive linguistics for lexicography has only been hesitantly acknowledged in the literature. This is what cognitive lexicography attempts to change by using insights gained in cognitive semantic research for the development of new dictionary features. After a short survey of the history and practice of English monolingual learner lexicography, as well as an outline of the relationship between linguistics and lexicography, three new dictionary features are developed. They cover three different cognitive semantic theories as well as three different parts of the monolingual dictionary entry, each time for a new set of lexemes. Frame semantics, conceptual metaphor theory, as well as cognitive conceptions of polysemy, are used to create a new example section for agentive nouns, a new defining structure for emotion terms and a new microstructural arrangement for particle entries. Dictionary analyses on all, as well as user studies on two of the features, complement these suggestions. The monograph thus presents a new approach to lexicography that incorporates into its description of lexical items how humans perceive and conceptualise language. Preface Contents 1 A new approach to lexicography 2 A history of learner lexicography 2.1 English lexicography up to the 20th century 2.1.1 The beginnings: glosses and hard words 2.1.2 Johnson, Murray and Webster 2.2 Genesis of learner’s dictionaries 2.2.1 Influential figures for EFL-lexicography 2.2.2 Linguistic research 2.3 Generations of learner’s dictionaries 2.3.1 Survey of publications and editions 2.3.2 Different features and approaches 3 Principles of learner lexicography 3.1 The form of the dictionary 3.1.1 The genre of monolingual learner’s dictionaries 3.1.2 Macrostructure and microstructure 3.1.3 Multiple forms and meanings 3.2 Defining practice 3.2.1 Defining formats 3.2.2 Defining principles and defining vocabularies 3.3 Further means of meaning explanation 3.3.1 Example sentences 3.3.2 Illustrations and other features 3.4 On lexicography as a science 4 Cognitive linguistics and lexicography 4.1 Combining two disciplines 4.1.1 The relationship of the disciplines 4.1.2 Cognitive linguistics as a new input 4.2 Categorisation in dictionaries 4.2.1 Human categorisation 4.2.1.1 The horizontal level 4.2.1.2 The vertical level 4.2.2 Categorisation in definitions and illustrations 4.2.2.1 Lexicography on categorisation 4.2.2.2 Birds in the dictionary 4.3 Cognitive Lexicography 5 Person-denoting nouns 5.1 Frame semantics 5.1.1 Frames and scripts in cognitive linguistics 5.1.2 Frame semantics applied to lexicography 5.1.2.1 Risk, FrameNet and other approaches 5.1.2.2 Frame-based dictionaries and example sentences 5.2 Cognitive frame example sections 5.2.1 Person-denoting nouns and their frames 5.2.2 Cognitive frame-example structure 5.2.3 Frame example sections 5.2.4 A cognitive macrostructure 5.3 Analysis of dictionary examples 5.3.1 “The Big Five” 5.3.2 OALD1-OALD8 5.4 User-studies of cognitive frame examples 5.4.1 Dictionaries and vocabulary learning 5.4.2 Testing productive use: gap-fill task 5.4.2.1 Methodology 5.4.2.2 Design of materials 5.4.2.3 Results and discussion 5.4.3 A further step: vocabulary task 5.4.3.1 Methodology 5.4.3.2 Design of materials 5.4.3.3 Results and discussion 5.4.4 General discussion of results 6 Abstract nouns: emotion terms 6.1 Cognitive approaches to emotion terms 6.1.1 Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy Theory 6.1.2 Metaphor and metonymy and emotion terms 6.1.3 Further research on emotion terms 6.1.3.1 Research in psychology 6.1.3.2 Semantic primitives 6.2 Cognitive definitions of emotion terms 6.2.1 The set of emotion terms 6.2.2 Cognitive defining format 6.2.3 Definitions of basic emotion terms 6.2.4 Definitions of complex emotion terms 6.3 Analysis of dictionary definitions 6.3.1 Basic emotion terms 6.3.1.1 “The Big Five” 6.3.1.2 OALD1-OALD8 6.3.2 Complex emotion terms 6.3.2.1 “The Big Five” 6.3.2.2 OALD1-OALD8 6.4 User-studies of cognitive definitions 6.4.1 Study of basic emotions: emotion-naming task 6.4.1.1 Methodology 6.4.1.2 Design of materials 6.4.1.3 Results and discussion 6.4.2 Study of complex emotions: emotion-naming task 6.4.2.1 Methodology 6.4.2.2 Design of materials 6.4.2.3 Results and discussion 6.4.3 General discussion of results 7 Particles 7.1 Cognitive approaches to particles 7.1.1 The word class ‘particles’ 7.1.2 Particles and cognitive polysemy 7.1.3 The Principled Polysemy Approach 7.1.3.1 The idea of Principled Polysemy 7.1.3.2 The senses of the vertical cluster 7.2 Cognitive microstructures for particles 7.2.1 Particle entries: set-up 7.2.2 Particle entries: the vertical cluster 7.2.2.1 above and below 7.2.2.2 over and under 7.3 Analysis of dictionary entries 7.3.1 “The Big Five” 7.3.2 OALD1-OALD8 7.4 Particle entries in use 8 Synopsis: cognitive lexicography 9 Lexicography in the future References 10 Appendix 10.1 Dictionary analyses 10.1.1 Concrete nouns: birds 10.1.2 Person-denoting nouns 10.1.3 Emotion terms 10.1.4 Particles 10.2 Cognitive dictionary materials 10.2.1 Cognitive example section: person-denoting nouns 10.2.1.1 Overview of frame example sections 10.2.1.2 Annotated frame example sections 10.2.2 Cognitive defining structure: basic emotion terms 10.2.2.1 Overview of definitions of basic emotion terms 10.2.2.2 Annotated definitions of basic emotion terms 10.2.3 Cognitive defining structure: complex emotion terms 10.2.3.1 Overview of definitions of complex emotion terms 10.2.3.2 Annotated definitions of complex emotion terms 10.2.4 Cognitive entry structure: particles 10.2.4.1 Particle entries: overview 10.2.4.2 Particle entries: annotations I: above 10.2.4.3 Particle entries: annotations II: below 10.2.4.4 Particle entries: annotations III: over 10.2.4.5 Particle entries: annotations IV: under 10.3 Materials from user-studies 10.3.1 Production tasks: person-denoting nouns 10.3.1.1 Gap-fill task: test items 10.3.1.2 Gap-fill task: testing material 10.3.1.3 Gap-fill task: results 10.3.1.4 Vocabulary task: test items 10.3.1.5 Vocabulary task: testing material 10.3.1.6 Vocabulary task: results 10.3.2 Naming tasks: emotion terms 10.3.2.1 Basic emotion terms: test items 10.3.2.2 Basic emotion terms: testing material 10.3.2.3 Basic emotion terms: results 10.3.2.4 Complex emotion terms: test items 10.3.2.5 Complex emotion terms: testing material 10.3.2.6 Complex emotion terms: results Supplement: new cognitive dictionary

In der Reihe Lexicographica. Series Maior erscheinen schwerpunktmäßig Monographien und Sammelbände zur Lexikographie und Metalexikographie. Darüber hinaus werden Arbeiten aus dem weiteren Bereich der Lexikologie aufgenommen, sofern sie Ansätze bieten, die einen Beitrag zum Ausbau der theoretischen, methodischen und empirischen Grundlagen von Lexikographie und Metalexikographie leisten. In den seit 1984 erschienenen knapp 150 Bänden spiegeln sich anschaulich die Schwerpunkte und Entwicklungstendenzen der einschlägigen Forschung. Das Spektrum der behandelten Themen reicht von Problemen der Mikro- und Makrostruktur über typologische und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Aspekte bis hin zur anwendungsorientierten lexikographischen Dokumentation.

In der Reihe erscheinen Monographien und Sammelbände zur Lexikographie und Metalexikographie. Außerdem werden Arbeiten aus dem weiteren Bereich der Lexikologie aufgenommen, wenn sie zum Ausbau der theoretischen, methodischen und empirischen Grundlagen von Lexikographie und Metalexikographie beitragen. Zentrale Themen sind Mikro- und Makrostruktur, typologische und wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Aspekte und angewandte lexikographische Dokumentation Cognitive Lexicography demonstrates how insights gained in cognitive semantic research can be applied to different parts of the traditional English monolingual dictionary entry. Three features are developed, and cover the example section, the definitions, and the microstructure of polysemous entries, each for a different set of lexemes. Dictionary analyses related to all features and user studies on two of the features complement the approach Carolin Ostermann. Revised Version Of The Author's Thesis (doctoral)--ludwig-maximilians-universität, München, 2014. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 211-230).