Cognitive Biases in Health and Psychiatric Disorders : Neurophysiological Foundations

__Cognitive Biases in Health and Psychiatric Disorders: Neurophysiological Foundations__ focuses on the neurophysiological basis of biases in attention, interpretation, expectancy and memory. Each chapter includes a review of each specific bias, including both positive and negative information in both healthy individuals and psychiatric populations. This book provides readers with major theories, methods used in investigating biases, brain regions associated with the related bias, and autonomic responses to specific biases. Its end goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the neural, autonomic and cognitive mechanisms related to processing biases. Dedication Front Matter Copyright Contributors Preface References Acknowledgments Beyond negativity: Motivational relevance as cause of attentional bias to positive stimuli Introduction Main theories of attention to positive information Phylogenetic relevance Ontogenetic relevance Current relevance Arousal as cause of attentional bias to phylogenetic and ontogenetic relevant events Methods Cueing paradigms Exogenous spatial cueing paradigm Dot probe paradigm Emotional Stroop paradigm Emotional flanker paradigm Visual search Brain regions involved in the emergence of the Bias Somatovisceral responses related to the Bias Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations Limitations and future directions Summary References Attention bias toward negative stimuli Introduction Major theories on the nature and underlying causes of attention biases Prevalent paradigms and findings in attention bias Brain regions involved in the emergence of attention bias Autonomic responses related to attention bias Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations Limitations and future directions Summary References Further Reading The neurophysiological basis of optimism bias Introduction Major theories in the field When does optimism bias manifest? How and why does optimism bias emerge? Methods used to investigate the optimism bias Brain regions involved in the emergence and maintenance of the bias Somatovisceral responses related to optimism bias Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations Limitations Future directions Summary References Negative expectancy biases in psychopathology Introduction Methods used to investigate expectancy biases Development of expectancy biases Negative expectancy biases Pathways to expectancy bias Factors that contribute to the robustness of expectancy bias Avoidance behaviors Modulatory effects of expectancies Uncontrollability of expected outcomes Uncertainty and illusory correlations Postevent “validation” processes (rumination and immunization) The neural basis of expectancy biases Expectations influencing perception Neural correlates of overgeneralization of fear stimuli Neural correlates of regulatory responses Somatovisceral responses related to negative expectancy biases Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations Recapitulation, limitations, and some future directions References Further reading Positive interpretation bias across the psychiatric disorders☆ Introduction Major theories in the field Methods used to investigate a positive interpretation bias Brain regions involved in the emergence of a positive interpretation biases Positive interpretation bias specifically Constructs related to a positive interpretation bias Summary Somatovisceral (e.g., autonomic) responses involved in the emergence of a positive interpretation bias Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations in the biological basis of positive interpretation bi ... Depression Social anxiety disorder Comorbid depression and social anxiety disorder Other anxiety disorder Summary and debate Limitations Future directions Chapter summary References Resolving ambiguity: Negative interpretation biases Introduction Major theories in the field Methods used to investigate the biases Direct measures of interpretation biases Indirect measures of interpretation biases Brain regions involved in the emergence of the bias Somatovisceral responses related to the biases Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations Negative interpretation biases: A risk factor for anxiety and depression Limitations Future directions Summary References A “rosy view” of the past: Positive memory biases Methods used to investigate the bias Major theories in the field Self-protecting and self-enhancing mechanisms Avoiding negative information and assimilating positive information Distancing negative memories Emotion regulation strategies Social disclosure Self-consistency Consistency with current knowledge Consistency with current emotions Consistency with expectations Variables that may moderate the bias—Individual differences Cultural differences Age-related differences Personality differences Brain regions involved in the emergence of the bias Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations Summary, limitations, and future directions References Further reading Negative memory biases in health and psychiatric disorders Introduction Major theories of affective memory biases Semantic/associative network models Beck’s theory of emotional disorders Elaboration/priming hypotheses Overgeneral memory and executive functioning The combined cognitive bias hypothesis Methods for examining memory biases Measuring negative encoding biases Measuring negative recall biases Brain regions involved in the emergence of memory biases Somatovisceral contributions Endocrine correlates Similarities and differences between healthy and clinical populations Limitations Future directions Summary References Further reading The interplay among attention, interpretation, and memory biases in depression: Revisiting the combined cognitive bias hyp ... Introduction Major theories in the field The causal loop diagram of depression dynamics The attention-memory bias-interaction research framework Conceptualizing the combined influence of cognitive biases on depression over time Methods used to investigate the CCBH Association questions Causal questions Predictive magnitude questions Empirical research on the CCBH Association questions Causal questions Predictive magnitude questions Limitations and future directions Summary References Further reading The impact of top-down factors on threat perception biases in health and anxiety Introduction Major theories and evidence supporting top-down threat processing Theoretical considerations Methods used to investigate threat perception Neural mechanisms involved in threat processing Neural mechanisms of bottom-up threat processing Neural mechanisms of top-down threat processing Peripheral mechanisms of threat processing Threat processing in anxiety versus healthy populations Neural mechanisms of threat processing in anxiety versus healthy populations Limitations Future directions Summary and conclusions References Cognitive biases across development: A detailed examination of research in fear learning Introduction Cognitive biases related to fear learning across development Fear acquisition and extinction Retrieval of fear extinction memories Biases related to overgeneralization of fear Conclusions and future directions References Further reading Attentional control and cognitive biases as determinants of vulnerability and resilience in anxiety and depression Introduction Cognitive biases and emotional vulnerability Neurocognitive mechanisms of attentional control in emotional vulnerability A mediating role for attentional control in cognitive biases Exercising attentional control to reduce emotional vulnerability Implications for real world, educational, and clinical settings Can adaptive cognitive training change cognitive bias? Concluding remarks and future directions References Further reading Index A B C D E F G I M N O P R S T U V W Cognitive Biases in Health and Psychiatric Disorders: Neurophysiological Foundations focuses on the neurophysiological basis of biases in attention, interpretation, expectancy and memory. Each chapter includes a review of each specific bias, including both positive and negative information in both healthy individuals and psychiatric populations. This book provides readers with major theories, methods used in investigating biases, brain regions associated with the related bias, and autonomic responses to specific biases. Its end goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the neural, autonomic and cognitive mechanisms related to processing biases. Outlines neurophysiological research on diverse types of information processing bias, including attention bias, expectancy bias, interpretation bias, and memory bias Discusses both normal and pathological forms of each cognitive biases Provides specific examples on how to translate research on cognitive biases to clinical applications Processing Biases Have Been Widely Linked As A Causal Role In The Diagnosis And Maintenance Of Different Mental Disorders, Including Anxiety And Depression. Cognitive Biases In Health And Psychiatric Disorders Focuses On Neurophysiological Basis Of Biases In Attention, Interpretation, Expectancy, And Memory. Each Chapter Includes A Review Of The Specific Bias Including Both Positive And Negative Information In Both Healthy Individuals As Well As The Psychiatric Populations. This Book Provides Readers With Major Theories, Methods Used In Investigating Biases, Brain Regions Associated With The Related Bias, And Autonomic Responses To Specific Biases. The Book Aims To Provide A Comprehensive Overview Regarding The Neural, Autonomic, And Cognitive Mechanisms Related To Processing Biases. "Cognitive Biases in Health and Psychiatric Disorders: Neurophysiological Foundations focuses on the neurophysiological basis of biases in attention, interpretation, expectancy and memory. Each chapter includes a review of each specific bias, including both positive and negative information in both healthy individuals and psychiatric populations. This book provides readers with major theories, methods used in investigating biases, brain regions associated with the related bias, and autonomic responses to specific biases. Its end goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the neural, autonomic and cognitive mechanisms related to processing biases." -- Publisher's description