کد ملت: رایانه شخصی و جنبش یادگیری برنامه‌نویسی در آمریکا (کتاب‌های ACM)

A new history of computer programming and the rise of PC user communities in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Code Nation explores the rise of software development as a social, cultural, and technical phenomenon in American history. The text offers a new history of personal computing that emphasizes the technical and business challenges that software developers faced when building applications for CP/M, MS-DOS, UNIX, Microsoft Windows, the Apple Macintosh, and other emerging platforms. Halvorson presents a popular history of computing that explores the experiences of novice computer users, tinkerers, hackers, and power users, as well as the ideals and aspirations of leading computer scientists, engineers, educators, and entrepreneurs. Code Nation includes a “behind-the-scenes” look at application and operating-system programming practices, the diversity of historic computer languages, the rise of user communities, and early attempts to market PC software. The histories of Apple, Microsoft, and IBM are here, as well as the social movements that shaped personal computing and computer literacy debates in the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Code samples and over 80 historic photographs support the text. I LEARNING TO CODE 0 1 How Important is Programming? 0 1.1 Programming Culture 0 1.2 Learning a Language 0 1.3 New Ways of Thinking 0 1.4 Equity and Access 0 1.5 Personal Connections 0 1.6 Manifestos of the Movement 0 1.7 A New History of Personal Computing 0 2 Four Computing Mythologies 0 2.1 The NATO Conference on Software Engineering 0 2.2 The Complexity of Software 0 2.3 Systems are for Customers 0 2.4 The Counterculture Movement 0 2.5 Everything is Deeply Intertwingled 0 2.6 The Birth of Computer Science 0 2.7 Computers for the People 0 2.8 Personal Computing 0 3 FORTRAN, Logo, and the Tower of Babel 0 3.1 Solving Problems with Computers 0 3.2 The Tower of Babel 0 3.3 High-level Languages 0 3.4 Learning FORTRAN 0 3.5 Daniel McCracken's Primers 0 3.6 Seymour Papert and Logo 0 3.7 Cynthia Solomon 0 3.8 Logo as a Model for Code Nation 0 3.9 How successful was Logo? 0 4 Advocating Computer Literacy 0 4.1 Robert Albrecht and the Popularization of the Movement 0 4.2 I Speak BASIC 0 4.3 The B. F. Skinner Approach 0 4.4 Hold Me Closer Tiny BASIC 0 4.5 Arthur Luehrmann and the Computer Literacy Debate 0 4.6 A Blow to the Movement 0 4.7 Apple Computer's Education Agenda 0 4.8 Applications over Languages 0 5 Four Million BASIC Programmers 0 5.1 Introducing David Ahl 0 5.2 A Proliferation of BASICs 0 5.3 IBM BASICA 0 5.4 Adventure Games 0 5.5 Structured Programming 0 5.6 Microsoft Press and Learn BASIC Now 0 5.7 Microsoft Game Shop 0 5.8 Visual Basic for Windows 0 5.9 Innovative Programming Primers 0 II HOBBYIST AND HACKER CULTURES 0 6 Power Users, Tinkerers, and Gurus 0 6.1 Computing Terminology 0 6.2 Tinkering with Personal Computers 0 6.3 Van Wolverton and Batch Files 0 6.4 The DOS for Dummies Phenomenon 0 6.5 The Economic Impact of Personal Computers 0 6.6 Cary Lu Introduces the Macintosh 0 6.7 The Waite Group's Macintosh Primers 0 6.8 The Maturing Mac Platform 0 7 Hackers and Cyberpunks 0 7.1 Bill Landreth and 1980s Hacker Culture 0 7.2 Jude Milhon: From Civil Rights Activist to Cyberpunk 0 7.3 Mondo 2000 and The Cyberpunk Handbook 0 7.4 Cypherpunks and Cryptography 0 8 Computer Magazines and Historical Research 0 8.1 Magazines and a Popular Culture of Computing 0 8.2 Letters from the Programming Community 0 8.3 New PC Users 0 8.4 Power Users 0 8.5 Advanced Hobbyists 0 8.6 Professional Programmers 0 8.7 New Approaches to Historical Research 0 III PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMING CULTURES 0 9 Developing for MS-DOS: Authors and Entrepreneurs 0 9.1 New Platforms for Commercial Software 0 9.2 Inside the IBM PC with Peter Norton 0 9.3 Borland's Turbo Pascal 0 9.4 Ray Duncan's Advanced MS-DOS 0 9.5 The MS-DOS Encyclopedia 0 9.6 MS-DOS Sample Code 0 9.7 Technology Diffusion 0 10 C Programming Nation: From Tiny C to Microsoft Windows 0 10.1 The C Language 0 10.2 Learning C on Personal Computers 0 10.3 Academic and Professional Resources 0 10.4 C Programming for the People 0 10.5 Charles Petzold's Programming Windows 0 10.6 On Complexity 0 11 “Evangelism is sales done right”: PCs and Commercial Programming Culture 0 11.1 The Macintosh Way 0 11.2 The West Coast Computer Faire 0 11.3 COMDEX and the Trade Show Movement 0 11.4 The Trouble with Self-taught Programmers 0 11.5 Software Engineering for the People 0 11.6 Professional and Enterprise Development Systems 0 11.7 Commercialization 0

Code Nation explores the rise of software development as a social, cultural, and technical phenomenon in American history. The movement germinated in government and university labs during the 1950s, gained momentum through corporate and counterculture experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, and became a broad-based computer literacy movement in the 1980s. As personal computing came to the fore, learning to program was transformed by a groundswell of popular enthusiasm, exciting new platforms, and an array of commercial practices that have been further amplified by distributed computing and the Internet. The resulting society can be depicted as a “Code Nation”—a globally-connected world that is saturated with computer technology and enchanted by software and its creation.

Code Nation is a new history of personal computing that emphasizes the technical and business challenges that software developers faced when building applications for CP/M, MS-DOS, UNIX, Microsoft Windows, the Apple Macintosh, and other emerging platforms. It is a popular history of computing that explores the experiences of novice computer users, tinkerers, hackers, and power users, as well as the ideals and aspirations of leading computer scientists, engineers, educators, and entrepreneurs. Computer book and magazine publishers also played important, if overlooked, roles in the diffusion of new technical skills, and this book highlights their creative work and influence.

Code Nation offers a “behind-the-scenes” look at application and operating-system programming practices, the diversity of historic computer languages, the rise of user communities, early attempts to market PC software, and the origins of “enterprise” computing systems. Code samples and over 80 historic photographs support the text. The book concludes with an assessment of contemporary efforts to teach computational thinking to young people.

Code Nation explores the rise of software development as a social, cultural, and technical phenomenon in American history. The movement germinated in government and university labs during the 1950s, gained momentum through corporate and counterculture experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, and became a broad-based computer literacy movement in the 1980s. As personal computing came to the fore, learning to program was transformed by a groundswell of popular enthusiasm, exciting new platforms, and an array of commercial practices that have been further amplified by distributed computing and the Internet. The resulting society can be depicted as a "Code Nation"-a globally-connected world that is saturated with computer technology and enchanted by software and its creation. Code Nation is a new history of personal computing that emphasizes the technical and business challenges that software developers faced when building applications for CP/M, MS-DOS, UNIX, Microsoft Windows, the Apple Macintosh, and other emerging platforms. It is a popular history of computing that explores the experiences of novice computer users, tinkerers, hackers, and power users, as well as the ideals and aspirations of leading computer scientists, engineers, educators, and entrepreneurs. Computer book and magazine publishers also played important, if overlooked, roles in the diffusion of new technical skills, and this book highlights their creative work and influence. Code Nation offers a "behind-the-scenes" look at application and operating-system programming practices, the diversity of historic computer languages, the rise of user communities, early attempts to market PC software, and the origins of "enterprise" computing systems. Code samples and over 80 historic photographs support the text. The book concludes with an assessment of contemporary efforts to teach computational thinking to young people Explores the rise of software development as a social, cultural, and technical phenomenon in American history. The book emphasizes the technical and business challenges that software developers faced when building applications for CP/M, MS-DOS, UNIX, Microsoft Windows, the Apple Macintosh, and other emerging platforms. "Code Nation is a popular history of programming and software culture from the first years of personal computing in the 1970s to the early commercial infrastructure of the World Wide Web." -- Publisher description