Clinical Use of Anti-infective Agents : A Guide on How to Prescribe Drugs Used to Treat Infections

This second edition of Clinical Use of Anti-Infective Agents provides a comprehensive overview of current approaches to using drugs to treat infections, including historical perspectives, definitions, and discussion of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and their uses. It includes a detailed explanation of different classes of drugs, outlining their spectrum, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and dosing in clinical settings. This book has been designed as a reference tool for pharmacists, clinicians, nurse practitioners, and clinical microbiologists, as well as a teaching vehicle for students studying infection and patient treatment. Each section includes references allowing for in-depth study of specific agents, Q & As, and illustrative case studies accompanied by commentary on how to approach patients and organisms, optimal methods of making a diagnosis, and prescribing treatment Acknowledgments Contents Part I: Introduction to Anti-infective Therapy, Structures and Mechanisms of Action of Commonly Used Antibacterial Agents Chapter 1: Introduction and History Chapter 2: Basic Principles of Drug Delivery and Dosing Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Agents Role of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in the Management of Bacterial Infectious Diseases PK/PD Profiles of Antimicrobial Agents Time-Dependent Agents (Duration of Exposure to a Specific MIC) Concentration-Dependent Killing Pharmacokinetic Variability Renal Impairment Hepatic Impairment Drug Dosing in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Antimicrobial Dosing in Patients with Obesity Antimicrobial Dosing in Neonates Antimicrobial Dosing in the Geriatric Population Dosage Adjustment in Geriatric Patients Beers Criteria to Optimize Medication Use Critically Ill Patients Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Tissue Concentrations Bacteriostatic Versus Bactericidal Drugs Conclusion Further Reading Chapter 3: Sulfonamides Introduction Mechanism of Action Trimethoprim Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combinations Spectrum of Activity Common Uses of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim®, Septra®) Adverse Effects Further Reading Chapter 4: Penicillins Introduction Mechanism of Action Classes of Penicillins Natural Penicillins (Penicillin G and Penicillin V) Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Antistaphylococcal Penicillins: Methicillin, Oxacillin, and Nafcillin Common Uses for Antistaphylococcal Penicillins Aminopenicillins Spectrum of Activity of Aminopenicillins Common Uses of Aminopenicillins Combinations of Aminopenicillins with Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors Spectrum of Activity of Aminopenicillin/Beta-Lactamase Combinations Common Uses for Aminopenicillin/Beta-Lactamase Combinations Extended-Spectrum Penicillins Spectrum of Activity of Extended-Spectrum Penicillins Common Uses of Extended-Spectrum Penicillins Extended-Spectrum Penicillins Combined with Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors Spectrum of Activity of Extended-Spectrum Penicillins Combined with Beta-Lactamases Common Uses of Extended-Spectrum Penicillins Combined with Beta-Lactamases Adverse Effects and Toxicities of Penicillins Further Reading Chapter 5: Cephalosporins Introduction Mechanism of Action Classes of Cephalosporins Spectrum of Activity of Cephalosporins Combined with Beta-Lactamases Common Uses of Cephalosporins Combined with Beta-Lactamases Adverse Effects Common Uses of Cephalosporins (Table 5.2) Further Reading Chapter 6: Monobactam: Aztreonam Introduction Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Further Reading Chapter 7: Carbapenems Introduction Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Imipenem Meropenem Ertapenem Doripenem Spectrum of Carbapenems with β-lactamase Inhibitors Summary Further Reading Chapter 8: Glycopeptides and Other Agents Used to Treat Gram-Positive Cocci Introduction Vancomycin Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Teicoplanin Dalbavancin, Oritavancin, and Telavancin Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Adverse Effects Miscellaneous Nonglycopeptide Agents Streptogramins Quinupristin/dalfopristin Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Adverse Effects Oxazolidinones Linezolid and Tedizolid Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Daptomycin Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Fidaxomicin Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Further Reading Chapter 9: Vancomycin Dosing: New Area-Under- the-Curve-Based Therapeutic Monitoring AUC-Guided Therapeutic Monitoring Trapezoidal Model or First-Order Equation Calculations Bayesian-Guided Dosing ASHP/IDSA/PIDS/SIDP Recommendations Summary Further Reading Chapter 10: Aminoglycosides Introduction Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Pharmacokinetics Traditional Multiple Daily Dosing: Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin Single Daily Dose Plazomicin Adverse Effects Common Uses Further Reading Chapter 11: Macrolides Introduction Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Erythromycin Azithromycin Clarithromycin Resistance Common Uses Adverse Effects Further Reading Chapter 12: Metronidazole and Clindamycin Introduction Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Clindamycin Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Further Reading Chapter 13: Quinolones Introduction Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Conclusion Further Reading Chapter 14: Tetracyclines Introduction Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Effects Further Reading Chapter 15: Pleuromutilin Mechanism of Action Spectrum of Activity Common Uses Adverse Events Further Reading Chapter 16: Antimicrobial Stewardship: Evolution into the Twenty-First Century History of Antimicrobial Stewardship Components of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Current Recommendations for Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Initial Steps Recommended for Building an ASP Program Next Phase Practice Recommendations “Think Before You Prescribe” Case Vignette Conclusion Further Reading Part II: The Clinician Approaches a Patient with an Infectious Disease Chapter 17: Clinical Approach to the Treatment of Infectious Diseases The Four Questions Asking the Four Questions The Remainder of the History Specific Issues in the Physical Examination Use of the Laboratory Chapter 18: Understanding Drug Allergies and Drug Toxicities Antibiotic Allergy Classification of Antibiotic Allergy Clinical Features Diagnosis of Antibiotic Allergy Other Methods Differential Diagnosis Cross-Reactivity Between Cephalosporins and Penicillins Cross-Reactivity Among Cephalosporins Penicillin Allergy and Carbapenems Penicillin and Monobactams Sulfonamide Allergy Nonsulfonylarylamines Drugs in which the Sulfonamide Moiety is Not Connected to the Benzene Ring Sulfonylarylamine Drugs Multiple Antibiotic Allergy Treatment Options Desensitization Rechallenge Test Conclusion Further Reading Chapter 19: Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Definition and Diagnosis Clostriodioides difficile and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Other Microorganisms Associated with Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Further Reading Chapter 20: Principles of Antibiotic Resistance Further Reading Chapter 21: Clinical Approach to Treatment of Bacterial Infections Approaching the Patient with a Bacterial Infection Further Reading Chapter 22: Clinical Approach to Treatment of Mycobacterial Infections Further Reading Chapter 23: Clinical Approach to Treatment of Fungal Infections Drugs Used for Treatment of Fungal Infections Polyene Antifungals Azole Antifungals Echinocandins Treatment of Specific Fungal Infections Further Reading Chapter 24: Clinical Approach to Treatment of Viral Infections Further Reading Part III: Sample Cases and Analyses of the Use of Anti-infective Agents Chapter 25: Sample Cases and Analyses of the Use of Anti-infective Agents Case 1: Streptococcal Sore Throat Case 2: Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Case 3: Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Case 4: A Complicated Urinary Tract Infection Case 5: Community-Acquired Pneumonia Case 6: A Patient with Meningitis Case 7: A Patient with an Abdominal Perforation Case 8: A Patient with Endocarditis Case 9: A Patient with Neutropenia Case 10: A Patient with HIV-1 Infection Case 11: Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea Case 12: Tick-Borne Illness Case 13: Sexually Transmitted Infection Case 14: Infection Due to Animal Bites Case 15: Acute Otitis Media and Mastoiditis in a Diabetic Patient Further Reading Appendix A: Common Infectious Diseases and Empiric Antibiotic Recommendations for Adult Emergency Department and Inpatients at UMass Memorial Medical Center,  Appendix B: Bioavailability of Anti-infective Agents Further Reading Appendix C: Dosage and Intervals for Administration of IV Antimicrobials Further Reading Appendix D: Dosage and Intervals for Administration of Oral Antimicrobials in Adult Patients Further Reading Appendix E: Important Interactions with Commonly Used Anti-infectives Further Reading Appendix F: Oral Agents that May Have Interactions with Food Further Reading Appendix G: Drug Interactions With Anti-retroviral Agents i. Drug Interactions Between Protease Inhibitors and Other Drugs ii. Drug Interactions Between Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Other Drugs iii. Drug Interactions Between Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Other Drugs iv. Drug Interactions Between Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors and Other Drugs v. Drug Interactions Between CCR5 Antagonist Maraviroc and Other Drugs vi. Drug Interactions Between Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Protease Inhibitors Appendix H: Dosage in Obesitya Further Reading Appendix I: Recommendations for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ASB): 2019 Updatea Further Reading Appendix J: Guidelines for Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Further Reading Appendix K: Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Adult Patients with Cancer-Related Immunosuppressiona Further Reading Appendix L: Guidelines for Treatment of Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Further Reading Appendix M: Guidelines for Management of Adults with Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Further Reading Appendix N: Guidelines for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Surgery Further Reading Appendix O: Guidelines for Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Influenza Further Reading Appendix P: Antimicrobial Dosing in Adult Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)a Further Reading Appendix Q: Antimicrobial Dosing in Neonates Index