راهنمای بالینی بیماری آلزایمر و دیگر زوال عقل‌ها

In Clinical Manual of Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias, practicing psychiatrists and neurologists provide essential input into neuropsychiatric assessment and the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer disease and traumatic brain injury. The manual provides invaluable information on both evaluation/diagnosis and treatment. Case studies offer real-life clinical experiences by some of the country's leading experts in the field. Clinical Manual of Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias - Includes DSM-IV-TR cognitive disorders and addresses other cognitive syndromes and psychiatric symptoms that may confound diagnosis.- Provides clinical insights into the diagnostic signs and symptoms of dementing illnesses, including Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementias, delirium, amnesia, and other cognitive disorders.- Reviews the psychiatric syndromes that are related to dementing illnesses and deals with their treatment.- Discusses the detection and management of depression in the evaluation of a person with a cognitive complaint or symptoms.- Emphasizes the behavioral disorders that accompany dementing illness and presents an approach to their pharmacological and nonpharmacological management.- Delineates clinical workup for medical conditions that may underly cognitive or other psychiatric symptoms.- Provides an overview of clinical tools and techniques for diagnosing cognitive dysfunction, including history taking, mental status evaluation, physical and neurological examination, and neuropsychological testing.- Presents an illustrated review of the most current techniques of neuroimaging in differential diagnosis.- Includes key clinical points in every chapter summarizing important concepts. In addition to topics covered in the textbook, the manual includes a chapter on community resources to enable clinicians to better support patients and families through local and national organizations and agencies. This text is a must-have reference for clinical psychiatrists, resident fellows, residents in training, medical students in psychiatry rotations, clinical psychologists, and psychiatric nurses. Cover......Page 1 Contents......Page 8 Contributors......Page 24 Introduction......Page 32 PART I: Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 36 1 Neuropsychiatric Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 38 Normal Cognitive Aging......Page 39 The Complaint of Cognitive Impairment......Page 44 Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 45 Dementia......Page 46 Delirium......Page 53 Other Cognitive Disorders......Page 55 Psychiatric Disorders......Page 56 Speech and Language......Page 65 Clinical Techniques and Tools for Diagnosing Cognitive Dysfunction......Page 67 Characterizing Dementing Illnesses......Page 73 Quantifying Cognitive Impairment......Page 74 References......Page 78 Further Reading......Page 81 2 Medical and Neurological Evaluation and Diagnosis......Page 82 History......Page 83 Neurological Examination......Page 88 Laboratory Studies......Page 90 Special Diagnostic Procedures......Page 91 Other Diagnostic Procedures......Page 92 How Much Evaluation Is Enough?......Page 95 Key Clinical Points......Page 96 References......Page 97 Further Reading......Page 98 3 Neuropsychological Assessment......Page 100 Comprehensive Neuropsychological Evaluation for Dementia......Page 101 Neuropsychological Evaluation of Cognitive Domains......Page 103 Neuropsychological Screening Batteries for Dementia......Page 114 Neuropsychological Profiles in Dementia......Page 115 Conclusion......Page 119 References......Page 120 Further Reading......Page 123 Rational Use of Neuroimaging in Dementia Care......Page 124 Structural Neuroimaging......Page 127 Molecular Neuroimaging......Page 137 Special Situations......Page 149 Emerging Neuroimaging Methods......Page 154 New Neuroimaging Applications......Page 156 Key Clinical Points......Page 157 References......Page 158 Further Reading......Page 161 Epidemiology......Page 162 Clinical History and Course of Illness......Page 163 Mental Status Findings......Page 171 Pathology......Page 181 Genetics......Page 186 Key Clinical Points......Page 189 References......Page 190 Further Reading......Page 193 6 Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 194 Progression of MCI to Dementia......Page 195 Clinical Features......Page 196 Subtypes......Page 197 Neuropsychiatric Features......Page 198 Neuroimaging......Page 200 Neuropathology......Page 201 Key Clinical Points......Page 202 References......Page 203 Further Reading......Page 205 7 Vascular Cognitive Disorder......Page 206 Diagnostic Criteria......Page 207 Subtypes......Page 211 Epidemiology......Page 213 Genetics......Page 214 Etiology......Page 215 Assessment......Page 218 Outcome......Page 220 References......Page 221 Further Reading......Page 226 8 Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Other Synucleinopathies......Page 228 Dementia With Lewy Bodies......Page 229 Parkinson Disease With Dementia......Page 236 Neuropathology......Page 239 Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 242 Therapeutics......Page 243 Key Clinical Points......Page 248 References......Page 249 Further Reading......Page 253 9 Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Tauopathies......Page 254 Clinical Subtypes of FTD......Page 255 Clinical Syndromes Associated With FTD......Page 257 Neuropathology......Page 258 Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 259 Treatment......Page 261 References......Page 263 Further Reading......Page 265 10 Traumatic Brain Injury......Page 268 Proximal Effects of TBI: Dementia Due to Head Trauma......Page 269 Neuroimaging for Estimating Severity of Brain Injury in TBI......Page 271 Stability of Dementia Due to Head Trauma: Living With Brain Injury and Aging......Page 279 Remote Effects of TBI: Relation to Late-Life Neurodegenerative Changes......Page 280 Repetitive Head Injuries......Page 283 Conclusion......Page 285 References......Page 286 Further Reading......Page 291 11 Other Causes of Dementia......Page 292 Diseases Primarily Affecting the Central Nervous System......Page 293 Diseases Primarily Affecting an Organ Outside the Central Nervous System......Page 306 Diseases Caused by Exposure to Toxic Substances......Page 311 Diseases Due to Deficiency of an Essential Substance......Page 315 References......Page 316 Further Reading......Page 320 PART II: Treatment......Page 322 12 Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in People With Dementia......Page 324 Depression......Page 325 Psychosis......Page 329 Apathy......Page 337 Executive Dysfunction Syndrome......Page 340 Agitation and Aggression......Page 343 References......Page 347 Further Reading......Page 350 13 Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms......Page 352 Nonpharmacological Interventions......Page 353 Pharmacological Interventions......Page 355 Antidementia Therapies......Page 368 Key Clinical Points......Page 369 References......Page 370 Further Reading......Page 375 14 Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 376 General Principles......Page 377 Cholinergic Augmentation......Page 378 NMDA Receptor Antagonists......Page 387 Serotonin Augmentation......Page 388 Antioxidants......Page 392 Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 393 Key Clinical Points......Page 394 References......Page 395 Further Reading......Page 398 15 Supporting Family Caregivers......Page 400 Education About the Illness......Page 401 Imparting a Psychological Point of View......Page 407 Impact of Dementia on the Family......Page 410 Caregiver Stress......Page 414 Driving......Page 416 Long-Term-Care Placement......Page 417 Ethical Issues for Caregivers......Page 418 Key Clinical Points......Page 420 References......Page 421 Further Reading......Page 422 National Agencies......Page 424 State Agencies......Page 429 Other Sources of Information......Page 430 A......Page 432 C......Page 436 D......Page 440 E......Page 443 F......Page 444 G......Page 445 H......Page 446 I......Page 447 M......Page 448 N......Page 451 P......Page 454 R......Page 457 S......Page 458 T......Page 460 V......Page 461 W......Page 462 Z......Page 463 MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict MuPDF error: syntax error: invalid key in dict Cover 1 Contents 8 Contributors 24 Introduction 32 PART I: Assessment and Diagnosis 36 1 Neuropsychiatric Assessment and Diagnosis 38 DSM-IV-TR Cognitive Disorders 39 Normal Cognitive Aging 39 The Complaint of Cognitive Impairment 44 Mild Cognitive Impairment 45 Dementia 46 Delirium 53 Amnestic Disorder 55 Other Cognitive Disorders 55 Psychiatric Disorders 56 Speech and Language 65 Clinical Techniques and Tools for Diagnosing Cognitive Dysfunction 67 Characterizing Dementing Illnesses 73 Quantifying Cognitive Impairment 74 Key Clinical Points 78 References 78 Further Reading 81 2 Medical and Neurological Evaluation and Diagnosis 82 Setting 83 History 83 Physical Examination 88 Neurological Examination 88 Laboratory Studies 90 Special Diagnostic Procedures 91 Other Diagnostic Procedures 92 How Much Evaluation Is Enough? 95 How Often Are Evaluations Indicated? 96 Conclusion 96 Key Clinical Points 96 References 97 Further Reading 98 3 Neuropsychological Assessment 100 Effect of Aging on Cognitive Function 101 Comprehensive Neuropsychological Evaluation for Dementia 101 Neuropsychological Evaluation of Cognitive Domains 103 Neuropsychological Screening Batteries for Dementia 114 Interpretation of Neuropsychological Results 115 Neuropsychological Profiles in Dementia 115 Conclusion 119 Key Clinical Points 120 References 120 Further Reading 123 4 Neuroimaging 124 Rational Use of Neuroimaging in Dementia Care 124 Structural Neuroimaging 127 Molecular Neuroimaging 137 Special Situations 149 Emerging Neuroimaging Methods 154 New Neuroimaging Applications 156 Key Clinical Points 157 References 158 Further Reading 161 5 Alzheimer Disease 162 Epidemiology 162 Clinical History and Course of Illness 163 Mental Status Findings 171 Pathology 181 Genetics 186 Treatment 189 Key Clinical Points 189 References 190 Further Reading 193 6 Mild Cognitive Impairment 194 History 195 Progression of MCI to Dementia 195 Clinical Features 196 Subtypes 197 Neuropsychiatric Features 198 Neuroimaging 200 Neuropathology 201 Treatment 202 Key Clinical Points 202 References 203 Further Reading 205 7 Vascular Cognitive Disorder 206 History 207 Diagnostic Criteria 207 Subtypes 211 Epidemiology 213 Genetics 214 Etiology 215 Assessment 218 Treatment 220 Outcome 220 Conclusion 221 Key Clinical Points 221 References 221 Further Reading 226 8 Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Other Synucleinopathies 228 Dementia With Lewy Bodies 229 Parkinson Disease With Dementia 236 Neuropathology 239 Diagnostic Evaluation 242 Therapeutics 243 Conclusion 248 Key Clinical Points 248 References 249 Further Reading 253 9 Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Tauopathies 254 History 255 Clinical Subtypes of FTD 255 Overlap of FTD Clinical Syndromes 257 Clinical Syndromes Associated With FTD 257 Neuropathology 258 Diagnostic Evaluation 259 Treatment 261 Key Clinical Points 263 References 263 Further Reading 265 10 Traumatic Brain Injury 268 Proximal Effects of TBI: Dementia Due to Head Trauma 269 Neuroimaging for Estimating Severity of Brain Injury in TBI 271 Stability of Dementia Due to Head Trauma: Living With Brain Injury and Aging 279 Remote Effects of TBI: Relation to Late-Life Neurodegenerative Changes 280 Repetitive Head Injuries 283 Conclusion 285 Key Clinical Points 286 References 286 Further Reading 291 11 Other Causes of Dementia 292 Diseases Primarily Affecting the Central Nervous System 293 Diseases Primarily Affecting an Organ Outside the Central Nervous System 306 Diseases Caused by Exposure to Toxic Substances 311 Diseases Due to Deficiency of an Essential Substance 315 Key Clinical Points 316 References 316 Further Reading 320 PART II: Treatment 322 12 Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in People With Dementia 324 Depression 325 Psychosis 329 Apathy 337 Executive Dysfunction Syndrome 340 Agitation and Aggression 343 Key Clinical Points 347 References 347 Further Reading 350 13 Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms 352 A Rational Approach to Evaluation 353 Nonpharmacological Interventions 353 Pharmacological Interventions 355 Antidementia Therapies 368 Conclusion 369 Key Clinical Points 369 References 370 Further Reading 375 14 Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment 376 General Principles 377 Cholinergic Augmentation 378 NMDA Receptor Antagonists 387 Serotonin Augmentation 388 Antioxidants 392 Ginkgo Biloba 393 Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment 393 Conclusion 394 Key Clinical Points 394 References 395 Further Reading 398 15 Supporting Family Caregivers 400 Education About the Illness 401 Imparting a Psychological Point of View 407 Impact of Dementia on the Family 410 Caregiver Stress 414 Driving 416 Sexuality 417 Long-Term-Care Placement 417 Ethical Issues for Caregivers 418 Conclusion 420 Key Clinical Points 420 References 421 Further Reading 422 Appendix: Resources 424 National Agencies 424 State Agencies 429 Other Sources of Information 430 Index 432 A 432 B 436 C 436 D 440 E 443 F 444 G 445 H 446 I 447 J 448 K 448 L 448 M 448 N 451 O 454 P 454 Q 457 R 457 S 458 T 460 U 461 V 461 W 462 X 463 Z 463 Neuropsychiatric assessment and diagnosis / Myron F. Weiner, Robert Garrett, Mary E. Bret Medical/neurological evaluation and diagnosis / Anne M. Lipton, Craig D. Rubin Neuropsychological assessment / C. Munro Cullum, Laura H. Lacritz Neuroimaging / Norman L. Foster Alzheimer disease / David S. Geldmacher Mild cognitive impairment / Yonas E. Geda, Selamawit Negash, Ronald C. Petersen Vascular cognitive impairment / Cassandra E.I. Szoeke ... [et al.] Dementia with lewy bodies and other synucleinopathies / Rawan Tarawneh, James E. Galvin Frontotemporal dementia and other tauopathies / Anne. M. Lipton, Adam Boxer Traumatic brain injury / Erin D. Bigler Other causes of dementia / Edward Y. Zamrini, Mary Quiceno Psychiatric disorders in people with dementia / Martin Steinberg, Constantine G. Lyketsos Pharmacologic treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms / Roy Yaari, Pierre N. Tariot, Danielle Richards Pharmacologic treatment of alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment / Martin R. Farlow, Malaz Boustani Supporting family caregivers / Kristin Martin-Cook, Myron F. Weiner.

It is well known that impaired cognition becomes more prevalent with aging and affects more than a third of those over the age of 85. Differentiating normal aging from pathological cognitive decline is of paramount significance for early intervention, developing a plan of care and guiding families. In Clinical Manual of Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias, practicing psychiatrists and neurologists address neuropsychiatric assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of various clinical neuropsychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer disease and traumatic brain injury, in a highly readable format. Drawing on the detailed coverage of diagnostic and treatment approaches in The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias, Clinical Manual of Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias is an essential and highly readable clinical management guide for busy clinicians.

American Psychiatric Publishing

Myron Weiner and Anne Lipton practicing psychiatrists and neurologists provide invaluable input into neuropsychiatric assessment and the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer disease and traumatic brain injury. The manual provides invaluable information on both evaluation/diagnosis and treatment. Case studies offer real-life clinical experiences by some of the country's leading experts in the field. In addition to topics covered in the textbook, the manual includes a chapter on community resources to enable clinicians to better support patients and families through local and national organizations and agencies. This text is a must-have reference for clinical psychiatrists, resident fellows, residents in training, medical students in psychiatry rotations, clinical psychologists, and psychiatric nurses.