Clinical Embryology : An Atlas of Congenital Malformations

This Comprehensive Atlas Is Unique In Combining Information On The Embryological Development Of The Human With Detailed Presentation Of The Congenital Malformations Encountered In Clinical Practice. As A Consequence It Will Not Only Assist Practitioners And Trainees In Recognizing And Evaluating Malformations, But Also Enable Them To Understand How A Malformation Has Developed And To Explain The Mystery Of Congenital Malformations To Relatives And Patients. The Book Is Organized According To Anatomic Region, With Additional Chapters On Hernias, Tumors, Lymphogenesis And Lymphatic Malformations. According To Who Statistics, Each Year Congenital Anomalies Result In Approximately 3.2 Million Birth Defect-related Disabilities Worldwide. All Too Often, However, Training In Embryology Is Now A Neglected Area, And Medical Graduates Frequently Lack Confidence In Their Knowledge Of The Field. Clinical Embryology: An Atlas Of Congenital Malformations Will Help To Rectify This Deficit And To Ensure That Malformations Are Comprehended And Managed Appropriately. It Will Be Of Value For Postgraduate Trainees In Pediatric Surgery, Pediatrics, And Neonatology, Undergraduate Medical Students, And General Practitioners/family Physicians. Intro; Preface; Contents; 1: A Brief History Of Embryology: Historical Vignettes In Embryology; Suggested Reading; 2: General Embryology; Female Reproductive Tract; Ovary; Genital Ducts; Ovaries (fig. 2.2); Uterine Tubes; Uterus; Male Reproductive Tract; Testes; Epididymis; Vas (ductus) Deferens; Accessory Glands; Penis; Gametogenesis; Oogenesis; Formation Of The Graafian Follicle; Fate Of The Graafian Follicle And The Ovum; Spermatogenesis And Spermiogenesis; Spermiogenesis; Fertilisation; Results Of Fertilisation; Implantation; Week 2 Of Pregnancy; Trophoblast; Embryonic Layers And Cavities Amniotic Cavityyolk Sac; Week 3; Ectoderm; The Neural Tube; Differentiation Of The Neural Tube; Mesoderm (fig. 2.21); Intermediate Mesoderm; Lateral Plate Mesoderm; Endoderm; 3: Embryology Of The Foetal Membranes And Placenta; The Amnion; The Yolk Sac; The Chorion; The Placenta; Abnormalities Of The Placenta; Size And Shape Anomalies; Abnormalities Of Position; 4: Foetal Circulation; Changes In The Circulation After Birth; General Remarks About The Foetal Circulation; Foetal And Transitional Circulation; References; 5: Teratogenesis And Infection; Overview Of Teratogenesis Principles Of Teratologydrugs; Thalidomide; Nutrients; Folic Acid; Vitamin A; Infections; Cytomegalovirus (cmv); Rubella; Varicella Zoster; Zika Virus; Toxins; Alcohol; Maternal Conditions; Diabetes; Phenylketonuria (pku); Further Reading; 6: Embryological Basis Of Congenital Anomalies; Definition Of Congenital Anomalies; Aetiology Of Congenital Anomalies; Genetic Defects; Chromosomal Aberrations; Epigenetic Modifications; Environmental Factors; The Concept Of Developmental Field; Terminology Of Congenital Anomalies; Primary Congenital Defects; Abnormalities Of Monozygous Twinning; References 7: Antenatal Screening/prenatal Diagnosisintroduction; Aim; Epidemiology Of Foetal Anomalies; Routine Testing; First Trimester Screening; Second Trimester Screening; Amniocentesis; Chorion Villus Sampling; Laboratory Analysis; Cytogenetic Analysis; Dna Analysis; Biochemical And Enzymatic Analysis; Diagnosis Of Structural Abnormalities; Neural Tube Defects; Congenital Heart Defects; Brief Historical Perspective; Investigations Based On Ultrasound; Three-dimensional Ultrasound; Foetal Mri; References; 8: Antenatal Counselling And Genetics; Introduction; Case 1; Labour Suite Management Bowel Reductionrecovery And Feeding; Case 2; References; 9: The Embryological Basis Of Behavioural And Psychiatric Conditions; Introduction; The Development Of Sense Of Self; Development Of A Sense Of Others; Development Of Self-esteem; Development Of Body Image [11]; Is Fear Of Difference Normal?; Considering Psychopathology; Myths Of Visible Difference (www.changingfaces.org.uk); The Myth Of Success; The Myth Of Surgery; The Myth Of Heroism; The Myth Of Horror; The Myth Of Learning Difficulties; The Myth That Appearances Don't Matter Robert Carachi, Sameh Helmi Edward Doss, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Front Matter ....Pages i-xiii A Brief History of Embryology: Historical Vignettes in Embryology (Basith Amjad)....Pages 1-9 General Embryology (Sameh H. Doss, Sharon F. Sneddon)....Pages 11-30 Embryology of the Foetal Membranes and Placenta (Sharon F. Sneddon)....Pages 31-38 Foetal Circulation (Maria Ilina)....Pages 39-43 Teratogenesis and Infection (Suzie Wills)....Pages 45-53 Embryological Basis of Congenital Anomalies (Srinivas Annavarapu)....Pages 55-67 Antenatal Screening/Prenatal Diagnosis (Nicola Brindley)....Pages 69-72 Antenatal Counselling and Genetics (Nicola Brindley)....Pages 73-75 The Embryological Basis of Behavioural and Psychiatric Conditions (Laxmi Kathuria)....Pages 77-83 Animal Models (Piotr Hajduk)....Pages 85-89 Embryology Education for Nurses and Midwives (Gian Battista Parigi, Gloria Pelizzo)....Pages 91-100 Oral and Dental Malformations (Eiling Wu, Catherine Wicks, Tom W. M. Walker, Robert Carachi)....Pages 101-110 Development of Cleft Lip and Palate (Ambika Chadha, Alistair R. M. Cobb)....Pages 111-118 Facial Clefts (Tom W. M. Walker, Ben C. Green, Caroline Mills, Peter Ayliffe)....Pages 119-126 TMJ and Mandibular Congenital Malformations (Nabeela Ahmed, N. Shaun Matthews)....Pages 127-131 Craniofacial Syndromes (Elizabeth Anne Gruber, Michael Stephen Dover)....Pages 133-142 External, Middle, and Inner Ear (Frank G. Garritano, Vito C. Quatela)....Pages 143-148 Nose and Paranasal Sinuses (Catherine Lau, Steve Goudy)....Pages 149-155 Congenital Abnormalities of the Thyroid and Parathyroid (John D. Collin, Ceri Hughes)....Pages 157-163 Embryology of the Salivary Glands (Catherine Lau, Mark McGurk)....Pages 165-168 Embryology of the Branchial Arches (Mark Wilson, Margaret Coyle)....Pages 169-176 Congenital Malformations of the Larynx and Trachea (Christopher Barringer, Ramanathan Kasivisvanathan, Mark Catolico, Steve Goudy)....Pages 177-184 Vascular Anomalies of the Head and Neck (Ross Elledge, Kevin McMillan, Andrew Monaghan, Rhodri Williams)....Pages 185-190 Eyes (Aaron Jamison, Gerard McGowan)....Pages 191-200 Skin and Soft Tissues (Mairi Steven)....Pages 201-212 The Brain and Central Nervous System (Roddy O’Kane, Thomas Begg)....Pages 213-235 Chest Wall Abnormalities (James Andrews)....Pages 237-241 Cardiac Abnormalities (Maria Ilina, Stuart Lilley)....Pages 243-274 Embryology of the Great Vessels (Maria Ilina, Stuart Lilley)....Pages 275-288 Pulmonary and Airways (Peter Carachi)....Pages 289-295 The Diaphragm (Rania Kronfli)....Pages 297-301 Abdominal Wall Defects (Lynne A. Mcintosh)....Pages 303-309 Hernia and Hydrocele (Aileen Rooney)....Pages 311-315 Gastrointestinal Tract 1: Foregut (Gregor M. Walker)....Pages 317-323 Gastrointestinal Tract II: Midgut (Marie Steven)....Pages 325-332 Gastrointestinal Tract III: Hindgut (Tim J. Bradnock)....Pages 333-346 The Umbilicus (Paul Cullis)....Pages 347-352 The Liver and Gallbladder (Mark Davenport)....Pages 353-363 The Pancreas (Suzanne McMahon)....Pages 365-370 Spleen (Mohamed Abdel-Latif, Mohamed Sameh Shalaby)....Pages 371-377 Anorectal Malformations and Cloacal Anomalies (Constantinos A. Hajivassiliou)....Pages 379-389 The Kidneys and Ureters (Boma Lee, Martyn Flett)....Pages 391-407 The Bladder and Urachus (Emily Broadis)....Pages 409-416 Normal Development of the Penis and Urethra (Ahmed T. Hadidi)....Pages 417-426 Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) (John Hutson)....Pages 427-435 The Testis (John Hutson)....Pages 437-441 Congenital Abnormalities of the Testis and Epididymis (Prabhu Sekaran)....Pages 443-447 The Limbs (Laura Burton, Robert Carachi)....Pages 449-461 Embryological Basis of Congenital Tumours (Philip Hammond, Srinivas Annavarapu)....Pages 463-473 Conjoined Twins (Mohamed Abdel-Latif, Mohamed Sameh Shalaby, Sameh Abd Elhay)....Pages 475-480 Back Matter ....Pages 481-497