Climate Vulnerability and Resilience in the Global South: Human Adaptations for Sustainable Futures (Climate Change Management)

This book provides hands-on conceptual, theoretical, and case study discussions on vulnerability and resilience in the global south. This book covers the core of adaptation strategies in developing countries context in an easy-to-follow theoretical and empirical examples. This book shares contemporary approaches on vulnerability, adaptation strategies, and resilience, which aim to assist its targeted audience (academics, policymakers, and practitioners) to understand and make informed decisions in a wide variety of real-world resilience situations. Preface Contents 1 Climate Risks, Adaptation and Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Introduction Climate Risks and Factors Contributing to Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia Study Area, Data, and Methodology Study Area and Data Methodology Results and Discussion Climate Risks Experienced in Past 10 Years Descriptive Statistics Factors Determining Climate Adaptation by Farmers Conclusion and Policy Recommendations References 2 Climate Modeling, Drought Risk Assessment and Adaptation Strategies in the Western Part of Bangladesh Introduction Data and Methods Selection of Study Area Data Sources Missing Data Estimation Trend Analysis Methods Prediction of Climate Variables Modeling Agricultural Drought Using Markov Chain Drought Proneness Index Drought Hazard Index (DHI) Calculation Calculation and Classification of Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI) Index of Drought Risk (DRI) Interpolation with GIS Results and Discussions Descriptive Statistics of Rainfall and Temperature Analysis of Mean Annual Rainfall Analysis of Mean Annual Rainfall in the Cropping Season Analysis of Mean Annual Temperature Analysis of Mean Annual Temperature in the Cropping Season Prediction of Annual Mean Temperature Using the ARIMA Model Agricultural Drought Modeling Using Markov Chain Spatial Distribution of the Seasonal Probability of Dry and Wet Weeks Seasonal Characteristics of DI Indices The Trend in Drought Index (DI) in Kharif Season The Trend in Drought Index (DI) in Pre-Kharif Season Annual Occurrences of Agricultural Drought Drought Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis Drought Hazard Index and Hazard Map Drought Susceptibility of Socio-economic and Physical Indicators Population Density Female to Male Ratio Literacy Rate People Reliant on Agriculture Irrigated Land to Cultivable Land Crop Production Drought Susceptibility Drought Risk Conclusions and Policy Recommendations References 3 Contextualizing Resilience Amidst Rapid Urbanization in Kenya Through Rural-Urban Linkages Introduction Rural-Urban Linkages and Climate Change Linear and Non-linear Linkages in the Rural-Urban Context Climate Change as a Threat-Multiplier Methods The Study Area Data Collection and Analysis Results and Discussion Anchorage of Rural-Urban Linkages in Kenya Status of the Road to Resilience in Kenya Conclusions and Policy Implications Pathways to Improved Resilience Policy Implications References 4 Modeling and Forecasting Climate Change Impact on Groundwater Fluctuations in Northwest Bangladesh Introduction Research Problem Objective of the Study Methods and Materials Study Area and Data Collection NARX Model Architecture Normalization Training Algorithms Data Preprocessing Evaluation of Performance Data Analysis and Discussion Trend of Annual Average Maximum Temperature Yearly Average Min Temperature Trend Yearly Mean Temperature Trend Yearly Mean Rainfall Trend Trend of Yearly Average Relative Humidity (%) Interaction of Climatic Indicators in Northwest Bangladesh Groundwater Table Depth: Temporal Analysis Modeling Results Major Findings Conclusions Recommended Policy References 5 Modeling Household Socio-Economic Vulnerability to Natural Disaster in Teesta Basin, Bangladesh Introduction Literature Review Methodology Study Area Description Techniques of Data Collection Indicators and Factors of the Study for SeVI Calculation Procedure of SeVI Model Calculation Procedure of IPCC-SeVI Results Adaptive Capacity Index of the Study Area Exposure Index of the Study Area Sensitivity Index of the Study Area IPCC-SeVI of the Study Area Overall and HHs SeVI Score Benefits of SeVI and IPCC-SeVI Approaches Discussion Conclusion Appendix References 6 Post-cyclone Occupational Vulnerabilities of Farmers in South-West Coastal Region of Bangladesh Introduction Methods Design Study Area Sampling and Participants Data Collection Tools and Data Collection Data Analysis Ethical Consideration Results and Discussion Theme 1: Pre-Cyclone Occupational Situation and Impact of Cyclone Theme 2: Post-Cyclone Occupational Vulnerabilities by Waterlogging and Salinity Intrusion Theme 3: Post-Cyclone Occupational Vulnerabilities: Sand Falling, Crisis of Irrigation Water and Loan Debt Theme 4: Impact of Occupational Vulnerabilities on Life and Adaptation to Climate Change Theme 5: Solution to Reduce Vulnerabilities Discussion Conclusion and Policy Recommendation References 7 Modeling of Greenhouse Gas Emission and Its Impact on Economic Growth of SAARC Countries Introduction Objectives of the Research Data and Method Data Source Time Series Models and Methods Results and Discussions Conclusions References 8 Agriculture and Climate Change in Nepal: GHG Emissions, Mitigation, Indications of Climate Change, Impact on Agriculture, Adaptation, and Co-benefits Introduction Methodology Results and Discussion Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Mitigation from Agriculture and Forestry in Nepal Climate Change Indications and Impact on Agriculture Climate Change Adaptation in Agriculture Sector in Nepal Co-benefits Leading to Resilient Agriculture System Conclusion References 9 Vulnerability, Food Security and Adaptation to Climate Change of Coastal Rice Farmers in Bangladesh Introduction Methodology Description of the Study Area Sampling and Data Collection Measurement of Variables and Data Analysis Results and Discussion Livelihood Status and Institutional Accessibility Farmers’ Perception About Vulnerabilities Food Security Status Coping Strategies Adaptation Strategies of Farmers Conclusion and Policy Implication References 10 What Influence Evacuation Decisions at Cyclone Shelters? Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh Introduction Methodology Study Area Data Collection Data Analysis Results and Discussion Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents Changes in Settlement Pattern and the Cyclone Shelters in the Last 20 years Establishment of a Cyclone Shelter Spatial Distribution of Cyclone Shelters Factors that Influence Evacuation Decisions Impact of Factors on Evacuation Decisions Conclusion References 11 Assessment of Structural Weakness of Government Response to Natural Hazards Introduction Literature Review Methodology Geographical Features of the Study Areas Population and Sample Sampling Technique Data Collection Approaches to Analysis Data Processing Results and Discussion Governance Issues in Char Areas Status of Institutional Response Public Perception and Institutional Response to Flood Control Conclusion References 12 Ensemble Technique for Predicting Rainfall of Drought Vulnerability of Barind Track in Bangladesh Introduction Review of Literature Methodology Study Area Framework of the Study Sources of Data Data Preparation Modeling Model Evaluation Calculate Drought Index Based on Forecasted Data Results and Discussions Conclusions References 13 Riverbank Erosions, Coping Strategies, and Resilience Thinking of the Lower-Meghna River Basin Community, Bangladesh Introduction Resilience to Natural Hazards and Disasters Resilience Thinking Community Resilience Methods Study Area Results Impacts of Riverbank Erosions Coping Strategies and Responses to Riverbank Erosions Discussion and Conclusions References 14 Understanding the Climatic and Non-climatic Drivers of Livelihood Vulnerability in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia Introduction Methodology Study Area Data Collection Approach and Methods Data Analysis Techniques Results and Discussion Identifying the Factors that Influence Livelihood Vulnerability Comparing the Importance of Stressors that Influence Livelihood Vulnerability Comparing the Importance of Livelihood Vulnerability Factors Across Villages The Impacts of Climatic Factors on Farmers’ Lives and Livelihoods The Impacts of Non-climatic Factors on Farmers’ Lives and Livelihoods Conclusion and Policy Recommendations References 15 Drivers of Vulnerability and Its Socio-economic Consequences: An Example of River Erosion Affected People in Bangladesh Introduction Research Context Review of Literature Methodology Research Context and Location Research Approach Research Method Data Collection Methods and Data Collection Instruments Sampling and Respondents Respondents’ Profile Data Analysis Techniques Research Ethics Results Physical Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability Social Vulnerability Psychological Vulnerability Discussion Conclusions References 16 Analyzing Influential Factors to Flood Resilience in the Northern Flood- Prone Rural Areas of Bangladesh Introduction Methodology Study Area Data Collection Data Analysis and Visualization Results and Discussion Flood Resilience Capacity of the Unions Influential Factors for Vulnerability to Flood Influential Factors for Resilience to Flood Comparison of Resilience Capacity Conclusion References 17 Climate Change and Livelihood Vulnerabilities: The Forest Resource-Dependent Communities of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh Introduction The Sundarbans Forest of Bangladesh and the Dependent Communities Amidst Climate Change Livelihood Vulnerabilities of FRDCs of the Sundarbans Indicators of Livelihood Vulnerability of the FRDCs Due to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy of the FRDCs in the Sundarbans Conclusion Recommendation References 18 Socio-political Distancing Amid Disaster: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh Introduction Review of Literature Methodology Study Area Data Collection Data Characteristics and Analysis Results and Discussions Demographic and Socio-economic Profile of the Respondents Knowledge of Local People in Disaster Management and Climate Change Adaptation Socio-political Context Disaster Management and Climate Change Adaptation: How the Local Political Leaders Deal How Do the Disaster Victims Evaluate Various Factors Affecting Disaster Management, and How Does It Differ Amongst the Respondents? To What Extent Does the Individual Level Political Engagement Contribute to Assessing Political Leaders’ Role in Disaster Management? Conclusion and Policy Recommendation References 19 Climate Change and Health Care Vulnerability in South East Asia: A Review Introduction Data and Method Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change Strength of Existing Health Care Service in SEA Region Health Care Vulnerability in SEA Region Essential Health Service and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality Conclusion References 20 Understanding Climate Change Perception of Teachers and Students: An Overview Introduction Climate Change and Academic Institutions Variations in Perception of Climate Change Among Teachers and Students Teachers’ Perception of Climate Change Students’ Perception of Climate Change Variations in Teachers’ and Students’ Perceptions of Climate Change Conclusion and Policy Recommendation References 21 Assessing the Role of Organizations for Health Amenities of Flood Affected People in Char Areas of Bangladesh Introduction Materials and Methods Description of the Study Area Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation Measuring Intervention of Organizations on Health Amenities Results and Discussion Health Impacts Due to Flood Disaster Health Amenities to the Affected People: Measures Taken by GOs and NGOs Sufficiency and Quality of Medical Facilities (People’s Experience) Problems and Challenges in Receiving Health Facilities Conclusion and Recommendations References 22 Resilience for Disaster Management: Opportunities and Challenges Introduction Methodology Search Approach and Scholarly Resources Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Results Discussions Conceptualization of Resilience Dimensions of Disaster Resilience Challenges of Resilience for Disaster Management Opportunities of Resilience for Disaster Management Conclusion References 23 Hailstorms in Northern Bangladesh: Investigating Hazard Prioritization by and Perceived Risks for Farmers Introduction Methodology Study Area Data Collection Data Analyses Result and Findings Identification of Existing Hazards and Their Seasonal Variation in the Study Area Natural Hazard Mapping of the Study Area Hazard Categorization, Risk Levels, and Existing Mitigation/institutional Approaches Community Level Risk Assessment of Hailstorms and Other Natural Hazards Prioritization of the Hazards Based on Perceived Risks for Farmers Frequency and Distribution of Hailstorms in Bangladesh Discussion Conclusion and Implications References 24 Assessing and Mapping Spatial Variations in Climate Change and Climatic Hazards in Bangladesh Introduction Climate Change and Climatic Hazards in Bangladesh Methodology Sources of Data Calculation of Hazard Scores Results Spatial Variations in Climate Change for Bangladesh District-Wise Scores for Specific Climatic Hazards in Bangladesh Spatial Variations and a Multi-Hazard Map of Bangladesh Discussion Conclusion and Recommendation References 25 Climate Change Vulnerability and its Impacts on Live and Livelihood Patterns in the South-Middle Coastal Areas of Bangladesh Introduction Materials and Methods Study Area Sample Size Determination Data Collection Data Analysis and Processing Measurement of Climate Change Vulnerability Results and Discussion People's Perception of Climatic Variability Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability Vulnerability Ranking at Community Levels Climate Vulnerability and Influences on Livelihoods Vulnerability Contexts Versus Well-Being at Community Level Adaptation Capacity and Strategy at Community Level Identification of Local Adaptation Strategies Mitigation Measures Conclusion References 26 Temporal Evaluation of Climate Change on Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Southeastern Region of Bangladesh from 2001 to 2016 Introduction Materials and Methods Features of the Study Area Datasets Determination of Land Use Classification System Image Classification and Change Detection Data Integration Results and Discussions Land Use and Land Cover Classification Land Use and Land Cover Changing Transfer Matrix Land Surface Temperature (LST) Changes Climatic Data and Evidence of Climate Change Conclusion Competing Interest References 27 Assessing Farm-Households’ Vulnerability to Climate Change Risks in Semi-arid Ghana Introduction Theoretical Review Vulnerability-Resilience Nexus Contextual Vulnerability Materials and Methods Profile of Study Area Sampling and Data Collection Data Analysis Results Spatial Variation in Vulnerability of Farm Households Linking Type of Farm-Household Headship to Vulnerability Status Discussion How Does a Farm-Household’s Locational Context Influence Its Vulnerability Status? Gender of Farm-Household Head as a Determinant of Climate Vulnerability Conclusions Appendices Appendix A: Design of Farm-Household Livelihood Vulnerability Index (FLVI) Appendix B: Sub-component Values and Minimum and Maximum Values by Household Type Appendix C: Indexed Major Components, Sub Components, and Overall FLVI by Household Type References