Climate change and environmental hazards related to shipping : an international legal framework : proceedings of the Hamburg International Environmental Law Conference 2011

In “Climate Change and Environmental Hazards Related to Shipping” the editors offer an overview on the recent discussions regarding legal questions of tackling climate change and the legal instruments related to environmental problems caused by international shipping. Contents 5 Foreword by the Editors 13 Part One Welcoming Addresses 17 Welcome Speech 19 Opening Speech 23 Part Two Climate Change 25 Presentations 27 The Budget Approach—A Framework for a Global Transformation towards a Low Carbon Economy 29 1. The 2°C-guardrail Requires Immediate Action 30 2. The International Climate Policy Context 31 3. The Budget Approach—Solving the Climate Dilemma 33 3.1. Basic Principles 33 3.2. Calculating National Emission Budgets 36 3.3. Taking Stock Based on National Emissions Budgets 38 3.4. Foundations for a New Global Climate Architecture 40 4. The Institutional Design for a Low-Carbon Global Economy 43 5. New Climate Partnership Patterns 46 A Tale of Two Architectures: The Once and Future U.N. Climate Change Regime 51 1. The Origins of the U.N. Climate Change Regime 52 2. The Kyoto Protocol: The Ascendance of the Top-Down Approach 55 3. Copenhagen and Cancun: The Bottom-Up Approach Strikes Back 57 4. Comparing the Top-Down and the Bottom-Up Approaches 62 5. Conclusion 66 Energy Switch in Germany: 100% Renewable Electricity by 2050 69 1. Introduction 69 2. Challenges to Meet Energy Supply 70 3. Point of Departure in the Discussion 71 4. Sustainability Assessment of Technology Options 72 4.1. The Goal: Sustainable Electricity Supply in 2050 74 4.2. The Path to Transition 76 4.3. The Elements of Transition 78 Working Groups 83 International Climate Policy before COP 17 85 Legal Options for Regime Evolution in the Climate Change Regime: Some Comments 87 1. Introduction 87 2. Options for Regime Development 88 2.1. Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol 88 2.2. New Protocol under the UNFCCC 90 2.3. Amendment of the UNFCCC 90 International Climate Change Policy: An Indian Perspective 93 1. Introduction 93 2. India’s Negotiating Position 94 3. India at Durban 95 4. India’s Domestic Policies & Actions 96 International Climate Law and Policy: An Australian Perspective 99 Discussion Summary—Working Group: International Climate Policy before COP 17 103 EU and National Initiatives 109 Climate Protection: A South American Perspective 111 1. Our Vision Concerning the International Process on Climate Change 111 2. The Case of Latin America 112 3. Conclusions 113 4. The Sense of Urgency 113 Climate Protection and Sustainability in Japan—Tasks following March 11th 2011 115 1. Introduction 115 2. National Politics under Frameworks of International Law 115 3. A Critical Appraisal 116 3.1. Industrial Metabolism 116 3.2. Over- and Underestimating New Technologies 116 3.3. Dependency on Nuclear Power Plants 116 3.4. Climate Protection Measures as a Political Steering Device 116 4. Rebuilding and Climate Protection 117 5. Conclusion 117 6. Supplementary Remarks 117 Discussion Summary—Working Group: Initiatives on an EU and on a National Level 119 Part Three Environmental Hazards Related to Shipping 121 Presentations 123 Integrating Shipping into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme? 125 1. Introduction 125 2. Political Progress and Backlashes at IMO 127 3. Actual Activities of the European Commission 129 3.1. Levy / Compensation Fund 130 3.2. Emission Trading Scheme 131 3.3. Taxation on Fuel or Greenhouse Gas Emissions 131 3.4. Mandatory Ship-level Emissions Reduction 131 3.5. Other Measures under Discussion 132 3.6. Relevant Legal Aspects in the Decision-Making Process of the Commission 132 4. Learning from Aviation—The Judgement of the ECJ (Case 366/10) 133 4.1. Legal Arguments against Measures in European Ports 133 4.1.1. Unilateral Regulation in Ports Amounts to Unlawful Extraterritorial Action 133 4.1.2. The Kyoto Protocol Gives IMO (Exclusive) Competence to Regulate International Maritime Emissions 134 5. Conclusion 135 A Cooperative Compliance Strategy: The Voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme 137 1. Introduction 137 2. Who are the Principal Actors, Their Roles and Compliance Regimes 138 3. A New Approach to Compliance Monitoring in International Shipping 140 4. Conclusion 143 The ‘Erika III’ Package: Progress or Breach of International Law? 145 1. Introduction 145 2. The ‘Erika III’ Package: An Overview 148 3. Intertanko and the Limits of Union Competences in the Field of Maritime Safety 152 3.1. The ECJ’s Intertanko Decision 152 3.2. Critical Appraisal of the Decision 153 3.2.1. On the Direct Applicability and Executability of Older National Treaties 153 3.2.2. On the Interpretation of European Union Law in a Friendly Manner towards International Law 157 4. The Compatibility of the ‘Erika III’ Measures with International Law 164 4.1. Insurance of Ship Owners for Maritime Claims 165 4.2. Notification Requirement in Accordance with the Directive on Port State Control 166 4.3. Access Refusals in Accordance with the Directive on Port State Control 167 5. Conclusion 169 Working Groups 173 Emissions Reduction and Emissions Trading Systems in Shipping 175 Emissions Reduction and Emissions Trading Systems in Shipping: A BIMCO Perspective 177 The Prevention of Shipping Accidents 181 Some Comments on the Role of Industry in the Prevention of Environmental Hazards Related to Shiping 183 Discussion Summary—Working Group: The Prevention of Shipping Accidents 187 Part Four Protection of the Marine Environment and Climate Change 193 The Impact of Global Warming on the Oceans 195 1. Abstract 195 2. Introduction 195 3. Natural Variability 196 4. Response Uncertainty 201 5. Climate Change Projections 203 6. Conclusions 205 Use and Protection of the Seas in Times of Climate Change 209 1. Introduction 209 2. How Can Protection and Uses of the Seas Stabilise the Climate? 210 2.1. Preserving the Function of Our Seas as a Carbon Sink through Marine Protection and Climate Change Mitigation 210 2.2. Strengthening the Resilience of Marine Ecosystems to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change on the Seas 211 2.3. The Seas as an Inexhaustible Energy Source—Wind Power, Wave Power 212 2.4. Ocean Energy 213 2.5. CCS as a Bridging Technology 214 2.6. Marine Geo-Engineering 214 2.7. Change in Existing Uses 215 3. Implementation Needs and Successes 215 4. Concluding Remark 220 Discussion Summary—Forum 1: Protection of the Marine Environment and Climate Change 221 1. Introduction 221 2. Discussed Topics 221 2.1. Hard or Soft Law Approach 221 2.2. Fragmentation 222 2.3. Legal Basis for CCS on the (Extended) Continental Shelf 223 2.4. International Efforts to Reduce Global Emissions 224 Part Five Offshore Wind Energy 225 Wind Energy and Marine Environment Protection 227 1. Introduction 227 1.1. Expectations 227 1.2. Resulting Conflicts 228 1.3. In Particular: Approaches to Combine Nature Conservation and Offshore Wind in Germany 228 2. Nature Conservation in Consent Procedures 229 2.1. Consent Procedure 229 2.2. Construction and Operation; Decommissioning 230 2.3. Violation of Binding Provisions of Habitat and/or Bird Directives? 231 3. Habitat Protection 231 3.1. Designation of Protected Sites 231 3.1.1. Legal Obligation 231 3.1.2. Status in Germany 231 3.2. Economical Instruments 232 3.3. Evaluation 233 4. Species Protection 233 4.1. Legal Obligation 233 4.2. Status of Species Protection in Germany 234 4.2.1. Marine Mammals (in Particular: Harbour Porpoises) 234 4.2.2. Loons (gavia arctica and gavia stellata) 236 4.2.3. Migratory Birds 237 4.3. Evaluation 237 5. Conclusion 237 Wind Energy and Maritime Spatial Planning 239 Discussion Summary Forum on Offshore Wind Energy: Actors, Legal Instruments and Decision-Making Procedures 243 1. Introduction 243 2. Offshore Wind Energy Development and the Obligation to Protect the Marine Environment 246 3. Marine Spatial Planning and Wind Energy in the Germany EEZ 250 4. Offshore Wind Energy and Shipping 252 5. General Remarks 253 Part Six Cities’ Contributions to Environmental Protection 257 Introductory Remarks on Opportunities of the Cities in the Field of Local Climate Change Governance 259 1. Introduction 259 2. Drivers for and Functions of the Cities in International Climate Protection 261 3. Framing the Process of Transition to a Low Carbon Future 263 4. Key Design Elements of Further Local Legal Action 267 5. Conclusions 269 Conclusions of FORUM II: Cities’ Contributions to Environmental Protection 271 1. Introduction 271 2. Importance of Cities for Environmental Protection 271 3. Present City Action 272 4. Problems and Answers 273 5. Outlook on Future Possibilities for Cities to Act on Climate Protection 275 Part Seven Results 277 Results: Climate Change 279 Results: Environmental Hazards Related to Shipping 281 List of Participants 285 Foreword / The Editors -- Part One: Welcoming Addresses -- Welcome Speech / Dieter Lenzen -- Opening Speech / Hans-joachim Koch -- Part Two: Climate Change -- Presentations -- The Budget Approach - A Framework For A Global Transformation Towards A Low Carbon Economy / Dirk Messner [et Al.] -- A Tale Of Two Architectures: The Once And Future U.n. Climate Change Regime / Daniel Bodansky -- Energy Switch In Germany: 100% Renewable Electricity By 2050 / Heidi Foth And Sönke Bohm -- Working Groups: International Climate Policy Before Cop 17 -- Legal Options For Regime Evolution In The Climate Change Regime: Some Comments / Marc Pallemaerts -- International Climate Change Policy: An Indian Perspective / Lavanya Rajamani -- International Climate Law And Policy: An Australian Perspective / Jacqueline Peel -- Discussion Summary - Working Group: International Climate Policy Before Cop 17 / Sebastian Oberthür. Eu And National Initiatives. Climate Protection: A South American Perspective / Jorge Caillaux -- Climate Protection And Sustainability In Japan - Tasks Following March 11th 2011 / Masanori Okada -- Discussion Summary - Working Group: Initiatives On An Eu And On A National Level / Astrid Epiney -- Part Three: Environmental Hazards Caused By Shipping -- Presentations -- Integrating Shipping Into The Eu Emissions Trading Scheme? / Tim Bäuerle -- A Cooperative Compliance Strategy: The Voluntary Imo Member State Audit Scheme / Lawrence D. Barchue Sr. -- The 'erika Iii' Package: Progress Or Breach Of International Law? / Alexander Proelss -- Working Groups -- Emissions Reduction And Emissions Trading Systems In Shipping -- Emissions Reduction And Emissions Trading Systems In Shipping: A Bimco Perspective / Torben Skaanild -- The Prevention Of Shipping Accidents -- Some Comments On The Role Of Industry In The Prevention Of Environmental Hazards Caused By Shipping / Aldo Chircop. Discussion Summary - Working Group: The Prevention Of Shipping Accidents / Henrik Ringbom -- Part Four: Protection Of The Marine Environment And Climate Change -- The Impact Of Global Warming On The Oceans / Mojib Latif -- Use And Protection Of The Seas In Times Of Climate Change / Jochen Flasbarth -- Discussion Summary - Forum 1: Protection Of The Marine Environment And Climate Change / Lilly Weidemann -- Part Five: Offshore Wind Energy -- Wind Energy And Marine Environment Protection / Ursula Prall -- Wind Energy And Maritime Spatial Planning / Monika Breuch-moritz And Nico Nolte -- Discussion Summary - Forum On Offshore Wind Energy / Ronán Long -- Part Six: Cities' Contributions To Environmental Protection -- Introductory Remarks On Opportunities Of The Cities In The Field Of Local Climate Change Governance / Joachim Sanden -- Conclusions Of Forum Ii: Cities' Contributions To Environmental Protection / Martin Huber And Joachim Sanden. Part Seven: Results. Results: Climate Change / Hans-joachim Koch -- Results: Environmental Hazards Caused By Shipping / Doris König. Edited By Hans-joachim Koch ... [et Al.]. Includes Bibliographical References. In Climate Change and Environmental Hazards Related to Shipping Hans-Joachim Koch, Doris König, Joachim Sanden and Roda Verheyen provide an edited overview on the recent discussions regarding legal questions of tackling climate change, and the legal instruments related to environmental problems caused by international shipping. An esteemed international group of authors make important contributions to the legal challenges in international, European and domestic law. Focal points are multilateral environmental agreements and the law of the sea as well as the potential contributions by municipalities. This important new collection, based on the research findings of the Hamburg International Environmental Law Conference 2011, are of particular relevance for lawyers and scholars interested in the recent legal discussions on climate change law and environmental Law of the Sea.